Convection cell

Altocumulus cloud as seen from the space shuttle. Altocumulus is formed through convective activity.

Convection cells on the Sun, with North America superimposed.

A convection cell is a phenomenon of fluid dynamics that occurs in situations where there are temperature differences within a body of liquid or gas.

Fluids are materials that exhibit the property of flow. Both gases and liquids have fluid properties, and in sufficient quantity, even particulate solids such as salt, grain, and gravel show some fluid properties. When a volume of fluid is heated, it expands and becomes less dense and thus more buoyant than the surrounding fluid. The colder, denser fluid settles underneath the warmer, less dense fluid and forces it to rise. Such movement is called convection, and the moving body of liquid is referred to as a convection cell.

A rising body of fluid typically loses heat because it encounters a cold surface; because it exchanges heat with colder liquid through direct exchange; or in the example of the earth's atmosphere, because it radiates heat. At some point, the fluid becomes denser than the fluid underneath it, which is still rising. Since it cannot descend through the rising fluid, it moves to one side. At some distance, its downward force overcomes the rising force beneath it, and the fluid begins to descend. As it descends, it warms again through surface contact, conductivity,cycle repeats itself. The heating through compression of descending air is what is responsible for such welcome winter phenomena as the chinook (as it is known in western North America) or the foehn (in the Alps).

Convection cells can form in any fluid, including the Earth's atmosphere, boiling water, soup (where the cells can be identified by particles they transport, such as grains of rice), the ocean, the surface of the sun, or even a farmer's field, where large rocks have seemingly been forced to the surface over time in a process either analogous to or directly related to convection (the connection is not yet clear).

The size of convection cells is largely determined by the fluid's properties, and they can even occur when the heating of a fluid is uniform.

The Sun's photosphere is composed of convection cells called granules, rising columns of superheated (5800°C) plasma averaging about 1000 kilometres in diameter. The plasma cools as it rises and descends in the narrow spaces between the granules.

External links

• Mountainnature.com — Chinook