This article is about the architectural feature. For the mountaineering use, see
Cornice (climbing).
The term cornice comes from Italian cornice, meaning “ledge.” In French: “corniche” and German:
“Gesims.”
Cornice molding is generally any horizontal decorative molding which crowns any building or furniture element: the
cornice over a door or window, for instance, or the cornice around the edge of a pedestal. A simple cornice may be formed just
with a crown molding.
The function of the projecting cornice is to throw rainwater free of the building’s walls. In residential building practice,
this function is handled by projecting gable ends, roof eaves, and
gutters. The elimination of the cornice has been important enough in modernist architecture, often simply for demands of style, that elaborate internal drainage systems
are provided.
Classical architecture
The cornice molding is the set of projecting moldings that crown an
entablature along the top edge of a temple or building. The
cornice lies above the frieze, which rests on the architrave,
all supported by columns.
The sloping cornice, “raking cornice” or “rake board,” is also carried across the top of the triangular pediment, at the gable end of a building. (refer to image), found on the
front of such buildings as the Parthenon, the Acropolis, or
Schinkel’s Schauspielhaus. The sloping cornice hangs over the end of the structure supporting
the roof. In classical and neoclassical architecture, the sloping cornice uses the same molding profile as the cornice below.
Each of the classic orders has certain characteristic profiles to its
cornice:
The geison in classical Greek architecture
-
Labeled image of the Doric order entablature
Geison (Greek: γεῖσον) is a specialist's architectural
term, denoting the part of the entablature that projects outward from the top of the
frieze in the Doric order and from the top of the frieze course (or sometimes architrave) of
the Ionic and Corinthan orders: thus it is simply
an equivalent of cornice In classical Greek architecture the geison forms the outer edge of the roof on the sides
of a structure with a sloped roof. The upper edge of the exterior often had a drip edge formed as a hawksbeak moldingto shed
water; there were also typically elaborate moldings or other decorative elements, sometimes painted. Above the geison ran
the sima. The underside of the geison may be referred to as a soffit. The form of a geison (particularly the Hawksbeak molding of the outer edge) is often used as one
element of the argument for the chronology of its building. [1]
Horizontal geison
The entablature of the Hephaisteion (temple of
Hephaistos) in Athens, showing
geisa.
The horizontal geison runs around the full perimeter of a Greek temple, projecting from the top of the entablature to
protect it from the elements and as a decorative feature. [2] Horizontal geisa may be found in other ancient structures that are built according to one of
the architectural orders. The horizontal sima (with its antefixes and water-spouts) ran above the horizontal geison along the sides of a building, acting as a rain
gutter and final decoration.
Doric order
In the Doric order, the sloped underside of the horizontal geison is decorated with a series of protruding, rectangular
mutules aligned with the triglyphs and metopes
of the Doric frieze below. Each mutule typically had three rows of six guttae (decorative
conical projections) protruding from its underside. The gaps between the mutules are termed viae (roads). The effect of
this decoration was to thematically link the entire Doric entablature (architrave, frieze, and geisa) with a repeating
pattern of vertically and horizontally aligned architectural elements. Use of the hawksbill molding at the top of the projecting
segment is common, as is the undercutting of the lower edge to aid in dispersing rainwater. In order to separate the
geison from the frieze visually, there is typically a bed molding aligned with the face of the triglyphs.
Ionic and Corinthian orders
Horizontal geisa of these orders relied on moldings rather than the mutules of the Doric order for their
decoration.
Raking geison
Horizontal and raking
geisa of the Ionic/Corinthian order on the
Arch of
Hadrian.
A raking geison ran along the top edge of a pediment, on a temple or other structure such as the aedicula of a scaenae frons (theater stage building). This element was typically less decorative
than the horizontal geison, and often of a differing profile from the horizontal geison of the same structure. The
difference is particularly marked in the Doric order, where the raking geison lacks the distinctive mutules. The raking sima ran over the raking geison as a decorative finish and,
essentially, a rain gutter.
References
- Robertson, D. S. 1943. Handbook of Greek and Roman Architecture, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Gallery
Example of the projecting cornice of an Italianate residence
|
|
del palazzo dei Flavi sul Palatino (peristilio)
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)