cortisone

[Shortening of CORTICOSTERONE.]

A corticosteroid sometimes used to treat sports injuries. If applied directly into an injured joint, it can have serious side-effects, including damage to bone and muscle.

A hormone produced by the adrenal cortex; a glucocorticoid, 17-hydroxy-1 1-dehydrocorticosterone; useful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, and some allergic conditions. Has marked antiinflammatory properties. Excess production or administration produces signs of hyperadrenocorticalism (Cushing’s syndrome) with hyperlipemia and obesity hyperglycemia and edema.

Brand names: Cortone®

Chemical formula:

Español:
• Acetato de cortisona, Tableta oral

Cortisone Acetate Oral tablet

What is this medicine?

CORTISONE (KOR ti sone) is a corticosteroid. It is commonly used to treat inflammation of the skin, joints, lungs, and other organs. Common conditions treated include asthma, allergies, and arthritis. It is also used for other conditions, such as blood disorders and diseases of the adrenal glands.
 
This medicine may be used for other purposes; ask your health care provider or pharmacist if you have questions.

What should I tell my health care provider before I take this medicine?

They need to know if you have any of these conditions:
•Cushing's syndrome
•diabetes
•glaucoma
•heart problems or disease
•high blood pressure
•infection like herpes, measles, tuberculosis, or chickenpox
•kidney disease
•liver disease
•mental problems
•myasthenia gravis
•osteoporosis
•previous heart attack
•seizures
•stomach, ulcer or intestine disease including colitis and diverticulitis
•thyroid problem
•an unusual or allergic reaction to cortisone, other corticosteroids, medicines, foods, dyes, or preservatives
•pregnant or trying to get pregnant
•breast-feeding

How should I use this medicine?

Take this medicine by mouth with a glass of water. Follow the directions on the prescription label. Take it with food or milk to avoid stomach upset. If you are taking this medicine once a day, take it in the morning. Do not take more medicine than you are told to take. Do not suddenly stop taking your medicine because you may develop a severe reaction. Your doctor will tell you how much medicine to take. If your doctor wants you to stop the medicine, the dose may be slowly lowered over time to avoid any side effects.

Talk to your pediatrician regarding the use of this medicine in children. While this drug may be prescribed for selected conditions, precautions do apply.

Overdosage: If you think you have taken too much of this medicine contact a poison control center or emergency room at once.
NOTE: This medicine is only for you. Do not share this medicine with others.

What may interact with this medicine?

Do not take this medicine with any of the following medications:
•mifepristone, RU-486
•vaccines

This medicine may also interact with the following medications:
•antibiotics like clarithromycin, erythromycin, and troleandomycin
•aspirin and aspirin-like drugs
•barbiturates, like phenobarbital
•ketoconazole
•phenytoin
•rifampin
•warfarin

This list may not describe all possible interactions. Give your health care provider a list of all the medicines, herbs, non-prescription drugs, or dietary supplements you use. Also tell them if you smoke, drink alcohol, or use illegal drugs. Some items may interact with your medicine.

What should I watch for while using this medicine?

Visit your doctor or health care professional for regular checks on your progress. If you are taking this medicine over a prolonged period, carry an identification card with your name and address, the type and dose of your medicine, and your doctor's name and address.

This medicine may increase your risk of getting an infection. Stay away from people who are sick. Tell your doctor or health care professional if you are around anyone with measles or chickenpox.

If you are going to have surgery, tell your doctor or health care professional that you have taken this medicine within the last twelve months.

Ask your doctor or health care professional about your diet. You may need to lower the amount of salt you eat.

The medicine can increase your blood sugar. If you are a diabetic check with your doctor if you need help adjusting the dose of your diabetic medicine.

What side effects may I notice from receiving this medicine?

Side effects that you should report to your doctor or health care professional as soon as possible:
•allergic reactions like skin rash, itching or hives, swelling of the face, lips, or tongue
•black, tarry stools
•breathing problems
•bulging eyes
•changes in vision
•fever, sore throat, infection, sores that do not heal
•frequent passing of urine
•high blood pressure
•increased thirst
•pain in hips, back, ribs, arms, shoulders, or legs
•swelling of feet or lower legs
•unusually weak or tired

Side effects that usually do not require medical attention (report to your doctor or health care professional if they continue or are bothersome):
•confusion, excitement, restlessness
•headache
•nausea, vomiting
•skin problems, acne, thin and shiny skin
•stomach upset
•trouble sleeping
•weight gain

This list may not describe all possible side effects. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

Where should I keep my medicine?

Keep out of the reach of children.

Store at room temperature between 20 and 25 degrees C (68 and 77 degrees F). Throw away any unused medicine after the expiration date.

Last updated: 7/1/2002

Important Disclaimer: The drug information provided here is for educational purposes only. It is intended to supplement, not substitute for, the diagnosis, treatment and advice of a medical professional. This drug information does not cover all possible uses, precautions, side effects and interactions. It should not be construed to indicate that this or any drug is safe for you. Consult your medical professional for guidance before using any prescription or over the counter drugs.

For more information on cortisone, visit Britannica.com.

A hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that is important in the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates. It is used in medicine to treat some forms of arthritis and to reduce inflammation.

A glucocorticoid with significant mineralocorticoid activity, isolated from the adrenal cortex; used as an anti-inflammatory agent and for adrenal replacement therapy.

Cortisone
IUPAC name	17,21-dihydroxypregn -4-ene-3,11,20-trione
Identifiers
CAS number	53-06-5 Y
MeSH	Cortisone
SMILES	C[C@@](C3)4[C@](CC[C@@](O)4 [C@@](CO)=O)([H])[C@]2([H])CCC1=CC (CC[C@@](C)1[C@]([H])2C3=O)=O
Properties
Molecular formula	C21H28O5
Molar mass	360.46 g/mol
Melting point	220–224 °C
Y (what is this?)  (verify) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references

Cortisone (pronounced /ˈkɔrtɨsoʊn/ or /ˈkɔrtɨzoʊn/ (ˈkôrtəˌsōn or -zōn)) (17-hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone) is a steroid hormone. Chemically, it is a corticosteroid closely related to corticosterone.

Contents 1 History 2 Production 3 Effects and uses 4 Side effects 5 Veterinary use 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Notes 7.2 Bibliography 8 External links

History

Cortisone was first identified by the American chemist Edward Calvin Kendall while a researcher at the Mayo Clinic.^[1] He was awarded the 1950 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine along with Philip S. Hench and Tadeus Reichstein for the discovery of adrenal cortex hormones, their structures, and functions. Cortisone was first produced commercially by Merck & Co. On September 30, 1949, Percy Julian announced an improvement in the process of producing cortisone from bile acids. This eliminated the need to use osmium tetroxide, a rare and expensive chemical.

Production

Cortisone is one of several end products of a process called steroidogenesis. This process starts with the synthesis of cholesterol which then proceeds through a series of modifications in the adrenal gland (suprarenal) to become any one of many steroid hormones. One end product of this pathway is cortisol. For cortisol to be released from the adrenal gland a cascade of signaling occurs. Corticotropin releasing hormone released from the hypothalamus stimulates corticotrophs in the anterior pituitary to release ACTH which relays the signal to the adrenal cortex. Here, the zona fasiculata and zona reticularis in response to ACTH secrete glucocorticoids, in particular cortisol. In the peripheral tissues cortisol is converted to cortisone by an enzyme called 11-beta-steroid dehydrogenase. Cortisol has much greater glucocorticoid activity than cortisone and thus cortisone can be considered an inactive metabolite of cortisol. However 11-beta-steroid dehydrogenase can catalyze the reverse reaction as well and thus cortisone is also the inactive precursor molecule of the active hormone cortisol. Cortisone is activated through hydrogenation of the 11-keto-group and cortisol is thus sometimes referred to as hydrocortisone. ^[2]

Effects and uses

Cortisol, a glucocorticoid, and adrenaline are the main hormones released by the body as a reaction to stress. They elevate blood pressure and prepare the body for a fight or flight response.

One of cortisone's effects on the body, and a potentially harmful side effect when administered clinically, is the suppression of the immune system. This could be the explanation for the apparent correlation between high stress and sickness.

Cortisone can be used as a drug to treat a variety of ailments. It can be administered intravenously, orally, intraarticularly,^[3] or cutaneously.

Cortisone may also be used to deliberately suppress immune response in persons with autoimmune diseases or following an organ transplant to prevent transplant rejection. The suppression of the immune system may also be important in the treatment of inflammatory conditions such as severe IgE-mediated allergies. http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/immuno/2000-April/015756.html

Lastly, cortisone is a common treatment for a severe sore throat which occurs commonly with EBV infectious mononucleosis. It is important to note that cortisone does not help lessen the duration of the virus, and is used purely to increase the comfort of a patient with trouble speaking or swallowing as a result of the mononucleosis-induced swollen throat.

Side effects

Long-term cortisone use potentially has a number of severe side effects: hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, anxiety, depression, gastritis, colitis, hypertension, ictus, erectile dysfunction, hypogonadism, hypothyroidism, amenorrhoea and retinopathy among other problems.^{[citation needed]}

Veterinary use

Because of cortisone's effect on the immune system, dogs treated with even moderate doses show an increase in thirst and urination frequency. The urine that is created is not concentrated. Higher doses increase the likelihood of life-threatening side effects, which include fluid in the abdomen and an increased risk of myocardial arrest.^[4]

See also

• Central serous retinopathy
• Corticosterol

References

Notes

1. ^ "Cortisone Discovery and the Nobel Prize". http://www.mayoclinic.org/tradition-heritage/cortisone-discovery.html. Retrieved 2009-07-04. 
2. ^ Samuels, Theophilus "Cortisol vs. corticosterone"
3. ^ Kruse DW (December 2008). "Intraarticular cortisone injection for osteoarthritis of the hip. Is it effective? Is it safe?". Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 1 (3–4): 227–33. doi:10.1007/s12178-008-9029-0. PMID 19468910. PMC: 2682414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12178-008-9029-0. 
4. ^ Bonagura et al, 2000

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2008)

Bibliography

• Bonagura J., DVM. et al. (2000). Current Veterinary Therapy. 13. pp. 321–381. 
• Ingle DJ (October 1950). "The biologic properties of cortisone: a review". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 10 (10): 1312–54. PMID 14794756. http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14794756. 
• Woodward R. B., Sondheimer F., Taub D. (1951). "The Total Synthesis of Cortisone". Journal of the American Chemical Society 73: 4057–4057. doi:10.1021/ja01152a551. 

External links

• Cortisone: The Wonder Drug

v • d • e Corticosteroids - glucocorticoid/receptor and mineralocorticoid/receptor (A07EA, C05AA, D07, D10AA, H02, R01AD, R03BA, S01BA, S02B, and S03B) (Endogenous in CAPS) Mineralocorticoids (3-one, 4-ene, no FG at 16) Pregnenedione: ALDOSTERONE · 11-DEOXYCORTICOSTERONE · HALOGENATED AT 9: Fludrocortisone Glucocorticoids (3-one, 4-ene, 11-FG, 17-hydroxy) Pregnene CORTISONE Pregnenedione (+20-one) HYDROCORTISONE/CORTISOL# (Hydrocortisone aceponate, Hydrocortisone buteprate, Hydrocortisone butyrate) · Budesonide · Ciclesonide · Deflazacort · Medrysone · Tixocortol · HALOGENATED AT 6: Cloprednol · HALOGENATED, WITH FG AT 16: Halcinonide Pregnadiene (+1-ene) Rimexolone · HALOGENATED, WITH FG AT 16: Flunisolide · Triamcinolone · Amcinonide · Fluocinolone acetonide (Fluocinonide) Pregnadienediol (+21-hydroxy) Prednisone (Meprednisone) · HALOGENATED AT 9: Fluorometholone · HALOGENATED, WITH FG AT 16: Fluocortolone (Clocortolone, Diflucortolone, Fluocortin) · Desoximetasone Pregnadienetriol (+11-hydroxy) Prednisolone# (Methylprednisolone, Methylprednisolone aceponate, Prednicarbate, Prednylidene) · Desonide · HALOGENATED: Fluprednisolone (Difluprednate, Fluperolone) · HALOGENATED, WITH FG AT 16: Dexamethasone# · Betamethasone (Clobetasol, Clobetasone, Diflorasone, Halometasone, Ulobetasol) · Beclometasone · Paramethasone  · Alclometasone · Fluclorolone · Flumetasone · Fluprednidene Pregnatriene (+2-ene) Cortivazol Androstene HALOGENATED, WITH FG AT 16: Fluticasone (Fluticasone propionate, Fluticasone furoate) Other/ungrouped HALOGENATED: Loteprednol · HALOGENATED, WITH FG AT 16: Fludroxycortide · Formocortal · Mometasone furoate Aldosterone antagonists Spironolactone · Eplerenone · Potassium canrenoate · Canrenone Synthesis Trilostane · Carbenoxolone · Aminoglutethimide · Metyrapone #WHO-EM. ‡Withdrawn from market. CLINICAL TRIALS: †Phase III. §Never to phase III

v • d • e Cholesterol and steroid metabolic intermediates Mevalonate pathway to HMG-CoA Acetyl-CoA · Acetoacetyl-CoA · HMG-CoA Ketone bodies Acetone · Acetoacetic acid · beta-Hydroxybutyric acid to DMAPP Mevalonic acid · Phosphomevalonic acid · 5-Diphosphomevalonic acid · Isopentenyl pyrophosphate · Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate Geranyl- Geranyl pyrophosphate · Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate Carotenoid Prephytoene diphosphate · Phytoene Non-mevalonate pathway DOXP · MEP · CDP-ME · CDP-MEP · MEcPP · HMB-PP · IPP · DMAPP To Cholesterol Farnesyl pyrophosphate · Squalene · 2,3-Oxidosqualene · Lanosterol Lanosterol · Lathosterol · 7-Dehydrocholesterol · Cholesterol Lanosterol · Zymosterol · 7-Dehydrodesmosterol · Desmosterol · Cholesterol Steroid Corticosteroids (C21 pregnane) Mineralocorticoids Pregnenolone · Progesterone · 11-Deoxycorticosterone · Corticosterone · Aldosterone Glucocorticoids Pregnenolone · 17-Hydroxypregnenolone · 17-Hydroxyprogesterone · 11-Deoxycortisol · Cortisol Cortisol · Cortisone Sex steroids Androgens (C19 andrane) DHEA · Androstenedione/5-Androstenediol · Testosterone · Dihydrotestosterone DHEA sulfate · Epitestosterone Estrogens (C18 estrane) Estrone · Estradiol · Estriol Nonhuman Phytosterols Stigmasterol · Brassicasterol Ergosterols Ergosterol · Ergocalciferol see also enzymes, disorders Major families of biochemicals Saccharides/Carbohydrates/Glycosides · Amino acids/Peptides/Proteins/Glycoproteins · Lipids/Terpenes/Steroids/Carotenoids · Alkaloids/Nucleobases/Nucleic acids · Cofactors/Phenylpropanoids/Polyketides/Tetrapyrroles

This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)

Dansk (Danish)
n. - kortison

Nederlands (Dutch)
cortison

Français (French)
n. - cortisone

Deutsch (German)
n. - (Med.) Kortison

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - (φαρμακολ.) κορτιζόνη

Italiano (Italian)
cortisone

Português (Portuguese)
n. - cortisona (f) (Quím.)

Русский (Russian)
кортизон

Español (Spanish)
n. - cortisona

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - cortison

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
肾上腺皮质素, 考的松

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 腎上腺皮質素, 考的松

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 부신 피질 호르몬의 일종

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - コーチゾン

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) مادة الكورتزون, هورمون اصطناعي‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮קורטיזון (הורמון)‬

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