cosmetology

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Cosmetology class in California, 1946

Cosmetology (from Greek κοσμητικός, kosmētikos, "skilled in adornment"^[1]; and -λογία, -logia) is the study and application of beauty treatment. Branches of specialty including hairstyling, skin care, cosmetics, manicures/pedicures, and electrology.

Types of cosmetology

Hair stylist

A hair stylist specializes in the styling of hair, including cutting and chemical services such as relaxers, texturizers, perms, and color, as well as restorative treatments.

Shampoo technician

A shampoo technician shampoos and conditions a client's hair in preparation for the hair stylist. A shampoo tech may assist with rinsing permanent waves, and shampooing color and chemical relaxers out of the hair after processing. Shampoo techs are normally only employed by corporate or concept salons and large-volume beauty salons that are operated simultaneously. In some states, a shampoo tech must have a cosmetology permit. This is usually a temporary position, held by a person who is newly licensed with little or no experience.

Manicurist

A manicure is a cosmetic treatment for the fingernails or hands. The word "manicure" derives from Latin: Manus for hand, cura for "care." When performed on the feet, such a treatment is a pedicure.

Many manicures start by soaking the hands or feet in a softening substance, followed by the application of lotion. A common type of manicure involves shaping the nails and applying nail polish. A manicure may also include the application of artificial nail tips, acrylics, or artificial nail gels. Some manicures can include the painting of pictures or designs on the nails, or applying small decals or imitation jewels.

In many areas, manicurists are licensed and follow regulations. Since skin is manipulated and sometimes even trimmed during a manicure, there is a certain risk of spreading infection when the tools are used on many different people. Therefore, sanitation is a serious concern.

Esthetician

Facials may include the use of a facial mask.

An esthetician specializes in the study of skin care, including facials, microdermabrasion, body wraps (relaxing treatments which involve hot linens, plastic sheets, and blankets), salt glows (an exfoliation treatment), waxing as a form of hair removal, cosmetic make-up services and other services with advanced training. Estheticians may work independently in a spa or salon or may assist a doctor in his or her practice. Working with a doctor an esthetician may perform more advanced services that require a doctor's supervision, such as deep chemical peels. In addition to performing beauty services, an esthetician must be skilled in recommending skin and body care products and retailing them to their clients. Many state board cosmetology schools do not offer training in retailing, but post graduate colleges will offer training in retailing skills.

An esthetician can be licensed solely for that skill. An esthetician is not necessarily licensed in cosmetology, but is typically well versed in knowledge of skin care.

Beauty therapist

Specializes in treatments including hair removal, massage, body wraps, skin care, eye lash and eyebrow tinting, and make-up along with machine treatments such as non surgical facelifts and faradic muscle tone. The specialist may under go special training for treatments such as laser hair removal and electrolysis.

Nail technician

A nail technician specializes in the art form and care of nails. This includes manicures, pedicures, acrylic nails, gel nails, nail wraps, fake nails, etc. They are also knowledgeable in nail irregularities and diseases and may be able to identify such problems. They do not treat diseases and would typically refer a client to a physician.

Electrologist

An electrologist offers services with the use of an electrolysis machine. As opposed to the hair removal via waxing offered by an esthetician, hair removal via electrolysis is permanent.

Becoming a cosmetologist

Electric face mask, circa 1939

General cosmetology courses in the United States not only focus primarily on hairstyling, but also train their students as general beauticians versed in manicures, facials, etc. In a state-licensed beauty school, a certificate course in general cosmetology typically takes approximately one year to complete. Specialized, non-hairstyling courses such as manicure, facials, or makeup art are usually of shorter duration, lasting anywhere from two weeks to six months, although the most prestigious and exclusive beauty schools may offer much longer courses.

In the United States, all states require barbers, cosmetologists, and most other personal appearance workers (with the exception of shampooers) to be licensed; however, qualifications for a license vary by state. Generally, a person must have graduated from a state-licensed barber or cosmetology school and be at least 17 years old. A few states require applicants to pass a physical examination. Some states require graduation from high school, while others require as little as an eighth-grade education. In a few states, the completion of an apprenticeship can substitute for graduation from a school, but very few barbers or cosmetologists learn their skills this way. Applicants for a license usually are required to pass a written test and demonstrate an ability to perform basic barbering or cosmetology services.^[2]

In most states, there is a legal distinction between barbers and cosmetologists, with different licensing requirements. These distinctions and requirements vary from state to state. In most states, cosmetology sanitation practices and ethical practices are governed by the state's health department and a Board of Cosmetology. These entities ensure public safety by regulating sanitation products and practices and licensing requirements. Consumer complaints are usually directed to these offices and investigated from there.

Persons interested in practicing cosmetology can graduate from a general cosmetology course and then obtain a license in any of the cosmetology sub-disciplines, or they can choose to study only to become a manicurist or cosmetician. Students may choose a private beauty school or one of the many vocational schools which offer cosmetology courses to high school students. In addition, there are national organizations that provide educational and professional information.

Income

Cosmetologist and salon professionals can earn on average $50,000 per year including tips, according to the NACCAS and the United States Department of Labor. While much of this depends on whether the cosmetologist is paid hourly, salary, contract or commission, and whether they rent a booth and have increased overhead expenditures. The cosmetologist's wages may also depend on the ability of the cosmetology professional to market themselves, upsell products and services, and expand clientele and improve client loyalty. Other factors include the size and location of the salon or beauty business, how many hours worked, local tipping habits, and competition from other beauty businesses. The 2003 NACCAS Job Demand Survey suggests that there is a shortage of salon professionals in the working world, so cosmetologists and salon professionals have increased earning power. The salon industry has little to no unemployment.^[3]

Cosmetologists are paid in a variety of ways:

Partial-Commission: In addition to an hourly wage, a percentage of the money made from the provision of services is given back to the cosmetologist as income. Some compensated in this way are considered self-employed, and are responsible for taxes. The salon provides support, such as products, lights, and water.

Total Commission: All of the revenue derived from services provided is paid to the cosmetologist performing said services. In this arrangement, the cosmetologist pays a rental fee or a "chair fee" for the usage of salon facilities.

Hourly: Strictly hourly wage; client tips are pooled and distributed evenly amongst all beauty professionals working in the salon. Many corporate and small chains are trending toward this compensation structure, for it promotes a more controlled product by ensuring that employees are responsible for following company standards and policies.

Tips: Cosmetologists often make a considerable portion of their income from client tips.

Product Sales: Usually a commission is given on retail products sold, regardless of compensatory structure.

Notable cosmetologists

• Abulcasis
• Jonathan Antin
• Kevyn Aucoin
• John Frieda
• Marjorie Joyner
• Paul Mitchell
• Vidal Sassoon
• Lee Stafford
• Madam C.J. Walker

References

Look up cosmetology or coiffeur in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

External links

Some states have laws of reciprocity for cosmetologists who hold a current license in another state. These states can be found through their State Board of Cosmetology web pages, or by contacting the state cosmetology licensing department directly.

The Idaho Board of Cosmetology. [1]

The Washington State Board of Cosmetology. [2]

The Oregon Board of Cosmetology.[3]

Alaska holds a different title for the board that governs cosmetology licensing laws and regulations. The state refers to this entity as the Board of Barbers and Hairdressers.[4]

The NCA website is a networking tool for cosmetologists and other professionals in the beauty industry[5]

The NIC is networking tool for beauty professionals and consumers. The NIC website provides links to the board information for each of the fifty states and the U.S. territories.[6]

The Bureau of Labor Statistics provides statistics for hairdressers, hairstylists and cosmetologists.[7]

Milady's cosmetology textbooks appears to be a common resource available to students and professionals. Milady's also has a website for networking.[8]

An NIC 2005 Newsletter highlights Cimaglia.[9]

Beauty Schools in US

Historicals works on cosmetology digitized by the :BIUM (Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de médecine et d'odontologie, Paris),see its digital library Medic@.

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