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counter1

  (koun'tər) pronunciation
adj.

Contrary; opposing: moves and counter moves on the checkerboard.

n.
  1. One that is an opposite.
  2. Sports. A boxing blow given while receiving or parrying another.
  3. Sports. A fencing parry in which one foil follows the other in a circular fashion.
  4. A stiff piece of leather around the heel of a shoe.
  5. Nautical. The portion of a ship's stern extending from the water line to the extreme outward swell.
  6. Printing. The depression between the raised lines of the face on a piece of type.

v., -tered, -ter·ing, -ters.

v.tr.
  1. To meet or return (a blow) by another blow.
  2. To move or act in opposition to; oppose.
  3. To offer in response: countered that she was too busy to be thorough.
v.intr.

To move, act, or respond so as to be in opposition.

adv.
  1. In a contrary manner or direction.
  2. To or toward an opposite or dissimilar course or outcome: a method running counter to traditional techniques.

[Middle English countre, from Old French contre, from Latin contrā. See counter–.]


count·er2 (koun'tər) pronunciation
n.
  1. A flat surface on which money is counted, business is transacted, or food is prepared or served.
  2. Games. A piece, as of wood or ivory, used for keeping a count or a place.
    1. An imitation coin; a token.
    2. A piece of money.
idioms:

over the counter

  1. Without being listed or available on an officially recognized stock exchange but traded in direct negotiation between buyers and sellers: bought stocks over the counter.
  2. Without a doctor's prescription being legally required: cold medicine that is available over the counter.
under the counter
  1. In an illegal or surreptitious manner; illicitly: arrested for selling prescription drugs under the counter.

[Middle English countour, from Anglo-Norman counteour, from Medieval Latin computātōrium, countinghouse, from Latin computāre, to calculate. See count1.]


count·er3 (koun'tər) pronunciation
n.

One that counts, especially an electronic or mechanical device that automatically counts occurrences or repetitions of phenomena or events.


 
 

(1) In programming, a variable that is used to keep track of anything that must be counted. The programming language determines the number of counters (variables) that are available to a programmer.

(2) In electronics, a circuit that counts pulses and generates an output at a specified time.



 
Thesaurus: counter

adjective

    Diametrically opposed: antipodal, antipodean, antithetical, antonymic, antonymous, contradictory, contrary, converse, diametric, diametrical, opposing, opposite, polar, reverse. See support/oppose.

noun

    That which is diametrically opposed to another: antipode, antipodes, antithesis, antonym, contrary, converse, opposite, reverse. Logic contradictory, contrapositive,, support/oppose.

verb

  1. To return like for like, especially to return an unfriendly or hostile action with a similar one: hit back, reciprocate, retaliate, retort, strike back. See attack/defend, forgiveness/vindictiveness.
  2. To place in opposition or be in opposition to: match, oppose, pit, play off. Idioms: bump heads with, meet head-on, setbeat odds, setbeat someone's throat, tradeblowspunches. See support/oppose.

 
Antonyms: counter

adj

Definition: opposite, opposing
Antonyms: agreeing, concurring, corresponding, corroborating, equal, same, similar

adv

Definition: contrary, reverse
Antonyms: equally, same, similarly


 

n

A device for enumerating ionizing events.

 

n. the curved part of the stern of a ship projecting aft above the waterline.

See the Introduction, Abbreviations and Pronunciation for further details.

 
Architecture: counter


1. A long horizontal surface used in stores, shops, banks, etc., for display of goods, for work-top areas, or for business transactions.
2. The top or working surface of the base of a kitchen cabinet.


 

An instrument or apparatus by which numerical value is computed; in radiology, a device for enumerating ionizing events.

  • Coulter c. — see coulter counter.
  • Geiger c., Geiger–Müller c. — a radiation counter using a gas-filled tube that indicates the presence of ionizing particles.
  • scintillation c. — a device for detecting beta and gamma rays, permitting determination of the concentration of radioisotopes in the body or other substance. It is more important for gamma rays, which are poorly measured by a Geiger counter.
 
Word Tutor: counter
pronunciation

IN BRIEF: n. - A piece of furniture that stands at the side of a dining room; Table consisting of a horizontal surface over which business is transacted; Also: In the opposite direction; In opposition; contrary.

pronunciation Theories that go counter to the facts of human nature are foredoomed. — Edith Hamilton 

 
Wikipedia: counter

In general, a counter is a device which stores (and sometimes displays) the number of times a particular event or process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock signal. In practice, there are two types of counters:

  • up counters which increase (increment) in value
  • down counters which decrease (decrement) in value

Counters in electronics

Toggle flip-flop. Output is not shown. Red=1, blue=0
Toggle flip-flop. Output is not shown. Red=1, blue=0

In electronics, counters can be implemented quite easily using register-type circuits such as the flip-flop, and a wide variety of designs exist, e.g:

  • Asynchronous (ripple) counters
  • Synchronous counters
  • Johnson counters
  • Decade counters
  • Up-Down counters
  • Ring counters

Each is useful for different applications. Usually, counter circuits are digital in nature, and count in binary, or sometimes binary coded decimal. Many types of counter circuit are available as digital building blocks, for example a number of chips in the 4000 series implement different counters.

Asynchronous (ripple) counters

Asynchronous Counter created from JK flip-flops.
Enlarge
Asynchronous Counter created from JK flip-flops.

The simplest counter circuit is a single D-type flip flop, with its D (data) input fed from its own inverted output. This circuit can store one bit, and hence can count from zero to one before it overflows (starts over from 0). This counter will increment once for every clock cycle and takes two clock cycles to overflow, so every cycle it will alternate between a transition from 0 to 1 and a transition from 1 to 0. Notice that this creates a new clock with a 50% duty cycle at exactly half the frequency of the input clock. If this output is then used as the clock signal for a similarly arranged D flip flop (remembering to invert the output to the input), you will get another 1 bit counter that counts half as fast. Putting them together yields a two bit counter:

cycle Q1 Q0 (Q1:Q0)dec
0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
2 1 0 2
3 1 1 3
4 0 0 0

You can continue to add additional flip flops, always inverting the output to its own input, and using the output from the previous flip flop as the clock signal. The result is called a ripple counter, which can count to 2n-1 where n is the number of bits (flip flop stages) in the counter. Ripple counters suffer from unstable outputs as the overflows "ripple" from stage to stage, but they do find frequent application as dividers for clock signals, where the instantaneous count is unimportant, but the division ratio overall is. (To clarify this, a 1-bit counter is exactly equivalent to a divide by two circuit - the output frequency is exactly half that of the input when fed with a regular train of clock pulses).

Synchronous counters

A 4-bit synchronous counter using J-K Flip-flops
Enlarge
A 4-bit synchronous counter using J-K Flip-flops

Where a stable count value is important across several bits, which is the case in most counter systems, synchronous counters are used. These also use flip-flops, either the D-type or the more complex J-K type, but here, each stage is clocked simultaneously by a common clock signal. Logic gates between each stage of the circuit control data flow from stage to stage so that the desired count behaviour is realised. Synchronous counters can be designed to count up or down, or both according to a direction input, and may be presettable via a set of parallel "jam" inputs. Most types of hardware-based counter are of this type.

Johnson counters

A Johnson counter is a special case of shift register, where the output from the last stage is inverted and fed back as input to the first stage. A pattern of bits equal in length to the shift register thus circulates indefinitely. These counters are sometimes called "walking ring" counters, and find specialist applications, including those similar to the decade counter, digital to analogue conversion, etc.

Decade counters

Decade counters are a kind of counter that counts in tens rather than having a binary representation. Each output will go high in turn, starting over after ten outputs have occurred. This type of circuit finds applications in multiplexers and demultiplexers, or wherever a scanning type of behaviour is useful. Similar counters with different numbers of outputs are also common.

Up-Down Counters

It is a combination of up counter and down counter, counting in straight binary sequence. There is an up-down selector. If this value is kept high, counter increments binary value and if the value is low, then counter starts decrementing the count.


Ring Counters

A ring counter is a counter that counts up and when it reaches the last number that is designed to count up to, it will reset itself back to the first number. For example, a ring counter that is designed using 3 JK Flip Flops will count starting from 001 to 010 to 100 and back to 001. It will repeat itself in a 'Ring' shape and thus the name Ring Counter is given.


See also: Frequency counter

Counters in computer science

Main article: Register machine

In computability theory, a counter is considered a type of memory. A counter stores a single natural number (initially zero) and can be arbitrarily many digits long. A counter is usually considered in conjunction with a finite state machine (FSM), which can perform the following operations on the counter:

  • Check whether the counter is zero
  • Increment the counter by one
  • Decrement the counter by one (if it's already zero, this leaves it unchanged).

The following machines are listed in order of power, with each one being strictly more powerful than the one below it:

  1. Deterministic or Non-deterministic FSM plus two counters
  2. Non-deterministic FSM plus one stack
  3. Non-deterministic FSM plus one counter
  4. Deterministic FSM plus one counter
  5. Deterministic or Non-deterministic FSM

For the first and last, it doesn't matter whether the FSM is deterministic or non-deterministic (see determinism). They have equivalent power. The first two and the last one are levels of the Chomsky hierarchy.

The first machine, an FSM plus two counters, is equivalent in power to a Turing machine. See the article on register machines for a proof.

Counters in the Internet

A web counter counts how many time a website or certain page has been viewed. They are usually accurate but some controversies have started regarding if they are accurate or not. This is usually because most counters count the number of unique hits a page gets while other count how many times a page was viewed even if the same person viewed it twice.


See also

External Links


 
Translations: Translations for: Counter

Dansk (Danish)
1.
n. - disk, skranke, bardisk, brik, mønt, forhandlingsobjekt, tæller, partikeltæller, optæller

idioms:

  • over the counter    i almindelig handel

2.
v. tr. - modgå, modsige, imødegå
v. intr. - foretage modforanstaltninger, svare igen, slå kontra
adv. - i modsat retning, imod, i strid med
adj. - modsat, kontrol-
n. - bringe, afrundet del af agterspejl på skib, oval, bagkappe

idioms:

  • counter espionage    kontraspionage
  • counter to    imod

3.
n. - parade, kontrastød, det modsatte

4.
n. - bagkappe

Nederlands (Dutch)
toonbank, balie, bar, teller, fiche, wulf, tegenstoot (b.v. boksen), counter (voetbal), boeg (paard), tegenmaatregel, tegengestelde, tegenargument aanvoeren, zich verzetten tegen, tegenstoot geven, duplicaat-, logenstraffen

Français (French)
1.
n. - guichet, comptoir, bar, zinc, rayon, (Jeux) pion, jeton, compteur

idioms:

  • behind the counter    au guichet
  • over the counter    au comptoir, sans ordonnance, en vente libre

2.
v. tr. - répondre à, réagir à, s'opposer à, neutraliser, parer (un coup), enrayer (l'inflation)
v. intr. - riposter
adv. - à l'encontre de, contrairement à
adj. - contre (dans les composés)
n. - (Tech) compteur

idioms:

  • counter espionage    contre-espionnage
  • counter to    contraire à, contradictoire
  • go counter    s'opposer à, aller à l'encontre de

3.
n. - caissier

4.
n. - contrefort

Deutsch (German)
1.
n. - Ladentisch, Tresen, Spielmarke

idioms:

  • behind the counter    Schalterbeamte, der, Schalterbeamtin, die
  • over the counter    über dem Ladentisch (kaufen, verkaufen)

2.
v. - antworten, kontern
adv. - in entgegengesetzter Richtung, (fig) im Widerspruch
adj. - entgegengesetzt
n. - Gegenteil, Konter

idioms:

  • counter espionage    Gegenspionage, Spionageabwehr
  • counter to    gegen
  • go counter    in die falsche Richtung gehen

3.
n. - Zähler

4.
n. - Fersenleder

Ελληνική (Greek)
v. - αντισταθμίζω, εξουδετερώνω, αντιμάχομαι, καταπολεμώ, ανταπαντώ, ανταποδίδω
n. - μετρητής, αριθμητής, καταμετρητής, όργανο μέτρησης, κοντέρ, φίσα, μάρκα (χαρτοπαιξίας κ.λπ.), πάγκος πωλήσεων, θυρίδα ή γκισέ τράπεζας
pref. - αντι-, ανθ(υ)-, διπλο-, επ(ανα)-, ξανα-, παρα-

idioms:

  • counter espionage    αντικατασκοπία
  • counter to    αντίθετα από, αντίθετος προς, εχθρικός σε
  • over the counter    στα φανερά, ανοιχτά, (οικον.) στην εξωχρηματιστηριακή αγορά

Italiano (Italian)
smentire, ribattere, reagire, sportello, contatore, gettone, banco

idioms:

  • counter espionage    controspionaggio
  • counter to    contrariamente a
  • over the counter    in vendita libera, senza bisogno di ricetta medica
  • rev counter    contagiri

Português (Portuguese)
v. - opor-se
n. - contador (m), mostrador (m)
pref. - contra

idioms:

  • counter espionage    contra-espionagem (f)
  • counter to    contrário a
  • Geiger counter    contador (m) Geiger
  • over the counter    no balcão
  • rev counter    contador (m) de revoluções, conta-giros (m) (Téc.)
  • under the counter    ilegalmente

Русский (Russian)
противодействовать, парировать, окошко, прилавок, счетчик, фишка

idioms:

  • counter espionage    контрразведка
  • counter to    вопреки
  • Geiger counter    счетчик Гейгера
  • over the counter    без рецепта
  • rev counter    тахометр
  • under the counter    из-под прилавка

Español (Spanish)
1.
n. - ventanilla, taquilla, barra, mostrador

idioms:

  • behind the counter    detrás del mostrador
  • over the counter    pagar al contado, sin receta, extrabursátil

2.
v. tr. - refutar, rebatir, contrariar, contestar
v. intr. - refutarse, rebatirse, contrariarse, contestarse, medirse
adv. - contrariamente
adj. - contrario, opuesto
n. - ficha, barra, mostrador

idioms:

  • counter espionage    contraespionaje
  • counter to    contra, contrario a, en contra de, en conflicto con
  • go counter    ir contra algo o alguien

3.
n. - contador, medidor

4.
n. - contrafuerte (de un zapato)

Svenska (Swedish)
v. - motsätta sig, bemöta, besvara m schackdrag, kontra
n. - räknare, räkneapparat, spelmark, pjäs, pollett, butiksdisk, expeditionslucka, arbetsbänk (am.), motsats, kontraslag (boxn.), bringa på häst, valv (sjö.), bakkappa på sko
pref. - mot-, kontra-

中文(简体) (Chinese (Simplified))
1. 相反的, 对立的, 反对的, 相反之事物, 回拳, 还击, 对立物, 主跟, 后帮, 反对, 反驳, 反击, 抵消, 反方向地, 相反地

idioms:

  • counter espionage    反间谍, 策反
  • counter to    相反地

2. 柜台, 筹码, 柜台式长桌, 伪造的硬币

idioms:

  • over the counter    不通过交易所直接售给顾客的

3. 计算者, 计算器, 计数器

中文(繁體) (Chinese (Traditional))
1.
n. - 計算者, 計算器, 計數器

2.
n. - 櫃檯, 籌碼, 櫃檯式長桌, 偽造的硬幣

idioms:

  • over the counter    不通過交易所直接售給顧客的

3.
adj. - 相反的, 對立的, 反對的
n. - 相反之事物, 回拳, 還擊, 對立物, 主跟, 後幫
v. tr. - 反對, 反駁, 反擊, 抵消
v. intr. - 反對, 反駁, 反擊, 還擊
adv. - 反方向地, 相反地

idioms:

  • counter espionage    反間諜, 策反
  • counter to    相反地

한국어 (Korean)
1.
n. - 계산대, 카운터, 위조화폐

idioms:

  • over the counter    카운터에 돈을 치루다, 증권업자의 가계에서

2.
v. tr. - 대항하다, 무효로 하다, 받아 치다
v. intr. - 받아 치다
adv. - 반대 방향으로, 거꾸로
adj. - 반대의 , 거꾸로의, 짝의
n. - 역 , 반대, 받아 치기

idioms:

  • counter to    거스르다

3.
n. - 계산하는 사람, 계산기

4.
n. - 구두의 뒤꿈치 가죽

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 計算器, 計数器, カウンター, 数取り, 模造硬貨, 取引の材料, 利用されそうな人, 調理台, 逆, かかと革
adj. - 反対の, 命令撤回の, 片方の
v. - 逆に出る, 迎え撃つ
adv. - 反対の方向に

idioms:

  • bargaining counter    交渉の場, 特価品売り場
  • counter espionage    逆スパイ行為
  • counter to    逆らう
  • over the counter    店頭で, 小売業者を通じて

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(فعل) رد على, عارض, واجه (الاسم) عداد, طاوله البيع, فيشه قمار (بادئه الكلمه) بادئه تعني عكس أو ضد‏

עברית (Hebrew)
adj. - ‮נגדי, מנוגד, כפול, הפוך‬
n. - ‮צעד נגדי, דבר מנוגד, כיוון הפוך‬
v. tr. - ‮גמל במכה, הגיב, התנגד, אמר דבר מנוגד‬
v. intr. - ‮עשה צעד נגדי‬
adv. - ‮בניגוד, נגד, בכיוון הפוך‬
n. - ‮דלפק, דוכן, מד-, מונה, אסימון-משחק, העתק‬
n. - ‮חלק חזה הסוס שמתחת לצוואר, החלק העקום של ירכתי אוניה, חלק מוקף קווים של אות דפוס‬
n. - ‮הצד האחורי של נעל, סביב העקב‬


 
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  • ECCM (intelligence)
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  • CDIS (intelligence)
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