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countermeasure

 
Dictionary: coun·ter·meas·ure   (koun'tər-mĕzh'ər) pronunciation
n.
A measure or action taken to counter or offset another one.


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Thesaurus: countermeasure
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noun

    Something that corrects or counteracts: antidote, corrective, curative, cure, remedy. See better/worse.

US Military Dictionary: countermeasure
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n. an action taken to counteract a danger or threat.

See the Introduction, Abbreviations and Pronunciation for further details.

Games: Countermeasure
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  • Release Date: 1984
  • Genre: Shooter
  • Style: Overhead Free-Roaming Shooter
  • Similar Games: Combat (Atari Video Computer System), Assault (Atari Video Computer System), Armor Ambush (Atari Video Computer System), Armor Battle (Intellivision)

Game Description

CONDITION RED! Terrorists have seized a missile silo complex and are threatening to destroy Washington D.C.! These malevolent miscreants have wired the missiles to a silo computer and started the launch sequence timer. Unless your reflexes and tank driving skills are exceptionally sharp, the missiles will take off for Washington. To avert catastrophe, you must destroy all the silos in the complex before the timer reaches zero.

If the timer begins running out before you have accomplished your mission, you still have a chance to prevent what could be World War III. Prior to impact, you can dock your supertank at a silo, enter a War Room, and enter a code that might disarm the missiles. The code each time is a randomly chosen combination of the letters L, E and O. If your guess is wrong, it's goodbye capital.

The tank you pilot moves on a scrolling playfield and is equipped with a long-range turret gun that rotates 360 degrees. The turret moves independently of the body of the tank. When out in the open, the tank can cruise at fast speed, but it moves slower through fields and slower still through woods and towns. You will run low on fuel from time to time, but you can refuel at supply depots that dot the field of play. You can also pick up fail-safe code clues at some of the supply depots.

As you go about your silo-destroying business, tanks, jeeps and cruise missiles will try to detract you from your mission and destroy your tank. Shoot them or try to avoid their fire. Also, pillboxes, which are little arrows that rotate and fire in your direction, guard the silos and supply depots. You can knock them out of commission for extra points.

If you are successful in destroying all the silos or entering the proper code, you will earn 10,000 points, an extra life, and a Congressional Medal of Honor. Good luck! The safety of our great nation is in your capable hands!
~ Brett Alan Weiss, All Game Guide

Roots & Influences

Although Countermeasure lacks a two-player simultaneous mode, it does owe its origins to Combat (1977), a ground-breaking tank shooter for the Atari 2600.

Armor Battle, with its trees and other terrain, is also an influence. It was released in (1979) for the Intellivision.
~ Brett Alan Weiss, All Game Guide

Review: Overall

At first glance, Countermeasure appears to be an action/strategy war game along the lines of War Room or WarGames, both of which were released for the ColecoVision -- the Atari 5200's greatest rival. However, upon further inspection, you'll discover that it is a tank shooter in the tradition of Front Line (for the ColecoVision), Armor Attack (for the Vectrex) and Armor Battle (for the Intellivision). As tank shooters go, Countermeasure is, as they say, certainly one of them.

Countermeasure is much too difficult, even for seasoned gamers. There are ten difficulty levels and, with the exception of level zero, which could be used as a training ground of sorts, they are all wickedly treacherous. The pillboxes that are placed throughout your pathways point your way at just the wrong times. Your tank is much too slow and cumbersome for the routes you must take. The operating system for the tank works really well with separate controls for aiming and driving, but you're an easy target much of the time and will get picked off far more often than you would deem fair.

The developers of the game obviously knew they had created an inordinately humbling game, so they inserted an unusual feature: a secret code that gives you a chance to win no matter how poorly you are playing. When things are looking grim, simply hop into a silo and begin pushing various combinations of the letters L, E, and O as fast as you can. It's very difficult to beat Countermeasure fairly (by destroying all the silos in a level), so you will resort to this "cheat" often. The combinations aren't exactly infinite, but you'll definitely need luck on your side to land the right one within the time limit.

Your tank in this game goes very slow over rough terrain. This is a nifty feature in theory and is certainly logical, but it slows down an already lumbering game. Countermeasure trudges along at a boring pace and lacks the features (such as grenades, limited ammo, or the ability to jump out of your tank) that can make slower games more interesting. Limited fuel adds a little spice to the game, but not much.

Perhaps the most surprising weakness of Countermeasure is its muddled graphics during standard gameplay. It looks more like a defective Intellivision game than an Atari 5200 cartridge. Much of the terrain consists of scattered jumbles of blocks. The game looks much better after you save the world or unwittingly destroy it. After you destroy all the silos, you'll see a moonlit night as a background to your tank on a hill. If you fail, a colorfully flashing skull-and-crossbones symbol covers the entire screen.

One of the few Atari 5200 games not released for any other system, Countermeasure should have stayed unreleased. It's a slow, plodding game with muddy graphics and a prohibitive level of difficulty.
~ Brett Alan Weiss, All Game Guide

Review: Enjoyment

This game is hard, slow and frustrating. Definitely one of the weaker games in the Atari 5200 library.
~ Brett Alan Weiss, All Game Guide

Review: Graphics

The graphics are cluttered and lacking in crisp detail during the missions. Luckily, you'll get a visual treat after you win or lose.
~ Brett Alan Weiss, All Game Guide

Review: Sound

Sound effects throughout the game are grating. The constant whir of the tank's engine sounds like interference from sunspots in an old radio transmission. The music that plays after you destroy all the silos is adequate, though uninspired.
~ Brett Alan Weiss, All Game Guide

Review: Replay Value

Not unplayable, but very hard and prohibitively slow. A {*Combat}-like two-player mode would help.
~ Brett Alan Weiss, All Game Guide

Review: Documentation

The manual is thorough.
~ Brett Alan Weiss, All Game Guide
Wikipedia: Countermeasure
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RNLAF's F-16, firing countermeasures (flares) during a solo display at Radom Air Show 2005

A countermeasure is a system (usually for a military application) designed to prevent sensor-based weapons from acquiring and/or destroying a target.

Countermeasures that alter the electromagnetic, acoustic or other signature(s) of a target thereby altering the tracking and sensing behavior of an incoming threat (e.g., guided missile) are designated softkill measures.

Measures that physically counterattack an incoming threat thereby destroying/altering its payload/warhead in such a way that the intended effect on the target is majorly impeded are designated hardkill measures.

Contents

Softkill measures

Softkill measures are applied when it is expected that a sensor-based weapon system can be successfully interfered with. The threat sensor can be either an artificial one, e.g., a solid-state infrared detector, or the human sensory system (eye and/or ear).

Softkill measures generally interfere with the signature of the target to be protected. In the following the term signature refers to the electromagnetic signature of an object in either the ultraviolet (wavelength: 0.3-0.4 µm), visual (0.4-0.8 µm), or infrared (0.8 - 14 µm) spectral range as well as cm-radar range (frequency: 2-18 GHz), mmw-radar (35, 94, 144 GHz) and finally sonar range (either 50 Hz - 3 kHz and/or 3- 15 kHz).

One or more of the following actions may be taken to provide softkill:

  • Reduction of signature
  • Augmentation of signature

Softkill countermeasures can be divided into on-board and expendable countermeasures. Whereas on-board measures are fixed on the platform to be protected, expendable measures are ejected from the platform.

Preemptive action of countermeasures is directed to generally prevent lock-on of a threat sensor to a certain target. It is based on altering the signature of the target by either concealing the platform signature or enhancing the signature of the background, thus minimizing the contrast between the two.

Reactive action of countermeasures is directed toward break-lock of a threat already homing in on a certain target. It is based on the tactics of signature imitation, augmentation, or reduction.

Aerial countermeasures

Generally one has to distinguish between infrared and radar countermeasures. the wavelength range between 0.8 and 5 µm is considered as Infrared (IR), The frequency range between 2 and 18 GHz is considered as Radar.

Countermeasure Pod of Transall C-160 of the German Luftwaffe
Countermeasure block of CH-146 Griffon of the Canadian_Air_Force

In the wake of shoulder-launched missile attacks against civilian passenger and cargo airliners in the early 2000s, various agencies investigated the feasibility of equipping countermeasures chaff and flares. Many commercial carriers found the estimated price of countermeasures to be too costly. However, the Israeli airline El-Al, having been the target of the failed 2002 airliner attack, in which shoulder-launched surface-to-air missiles were fired at an airliner while taking off, began equipping its fleet with radar-based, automated flare release countermeasures from June 2004[1]. This caused concerns in some European countries, regarding the possible fire hazard at civilian airports, resulting in banning such aircraft from landing at their airports[2]. In 2007, Saab announced a new infrared countermeasure system called CAMPS that does not use pyrotechnic flares, thereby directly addressing these concerns.

IR-decoy flares

An HH-60H Seahawk helicopter discharges countermeasure flares alongside the conventionally-powered aircraft carrier USS Kitty Hawk

IR-decoy flares serve to counter infrared-guided surface-to-air missiles (SAM) or air-to-air missiles (AAM) and can be expelled from a craft according to an anticipated threat in defined sequences.

Radar decoys

To counter radar-guided missiles, chaff is used. These are copper nickel-coated glass fibers or silver-coated nylon fibers having lengths equal to half of the anticipated radar wavelength.

Naval decoys

Land and sea-based forces can also use such countermeasures, as well as smoke-screens that can disrupt laser ranging, infrared detection, laser weapons, and visual observation.

Hardkill measures

Except for countering ICBMs, hardkill measures generally refer to measures taken in the so-called "end-game" shortly before a warhead/missile hits its target. The hardkill measure in general physically affects the incoming warhead/missile by means of either blast and/or fragment action. The action may lead to:

  • disturbance of the stability of a kinetic energy penetrator which in turn will greatly lose its penetration ability as the deflection angle increases.
  • premature initiation of a shaped charge (e.g., too great stand-off), but most likely improper initiation, thereby impeding optimum jet development of the metallic lining, usually copper, in the shaped charge. The copper jet provides most of the anti armor capabilities of shaped charge weapons.
  • destruction of the airframe of an inbound missile or shell.

Reactive armour

An example of a Hardkill countermeasure is the reactive armour found on many modern armoured vehicles.

Antiaircraft weapons

Another example of hardkill countermeasures is the use of short-range missiles or rapid-fire guns to protect warships and fixed installations from cruise missile, bomb and artillery attacks.

Anti-ballistic missiles

Countermeasures are a complicating factor in the development of anti-ballistic missile defense systems targeting ICBMs. Like aircraft, ICBMs theoretically could evade such systems by deploying decoys and chaff in the midcourse phase of flight. Novel proposed chaff mechanisms describe the creation of a "threat cloud" by deploying large aluminized PET film balloons which could conceal a warhead among a large number of inert objects having similar radar profiles.

See also

References

  1. ^ Missile defense for El Al fleet, CNN, May 24, 2004. Accessed July 18, 2006.
  2. ^ Europe objects to El Al's anti-missile shield, Ynetnews, Feb 26, 2006. Accessed July 18, 2006.

Translations: Countermeasure
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Dansk (Danish)
n. - modforanstaltning, modtræk

Nederlands (Dutch)
tegenmaatregel

Français (French)
n. - contre-mesure

Deutsch (German)
n. - Gegenmaßnahme

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - αντίμετρο

Italiano (Italian)
contromisura

Português (Portuguese)
n. - contramedida (f)

Русский (Russian)
ответная мера

Español (Spanish)
n. - contramedida, contramedidas de emergencia

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - motåtgärd

中文(简体)(Chinese (Simplified))
对策, 反抗手段

中文(繁體)(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 對策, 反抗手段

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 대항책, 보복수단

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 対応策, 対抗手段

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) اجرا مضاد‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮תגובה, צעד נגדי‬


 
 

 

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Dictionary. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.  Read more
Thesaurus. Roget's II: The New Thesaurus, Third Edition by the Editors of the American Heritage® Dictionary Copyright © 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.  Read more
US Military Dictionary. The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military. Copyright © 2001, 2002 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Games. Copyright © 2008 All Media Guide, LLC. Content provided by All Game Guide ® , a trademark of All Media Guide, LLC. All rights reserved.  Read more
Wikipedia. This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Countermeasure" Read more
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