| Cristina Fernández de Kirchner |
|
|
| Incumbent |
Assumed office
December 10, 2007 |
| Vice President |
Julio Cobos |
| Preceded by |
Néstor Kirchner |
|
In office
May 25, 2003 – December 10, 2007 |
| Preceded by |
Hilda Duhalde |
| Succeeded by |
Néstor Kirchner (First Spouse of Argentina)
|
|
In office
December 10, 2005 – November 28, 2007 |
|
In office
December 10, 2001 – December 9, 2005
December 10, 1995 – December 3, 1997 |
|
In office
December 10, 1997 – December 9, 2001 |
|
| Born |
19 February 1953 (1953-02-19) (age 56)
La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina[1] |
| Political party |
Front for Victory (FPV)
Justicialist Party (PJ) |
| Spouse(s) |
Néstor Kirchner |
| Children |
Máximo Kirchner
Florencia Kirchner |
| Alma mater |
National University of La Plata |
| Profession |
Lawyer |
| Religion |
Roman Catholicism |
| Signature |
 |
| Website |
The Casa Rosada |
Cristina Elizabet Fernández de Kirchner (born February 19, 1953), commonly known as Cristina Fernández or Cristina Kirchner, is the current President of Argentina. A member of the Justicialist Party, she was a Senator for Buenos Aires Province prior to taking office. She is the wife of former President of Argentina Néstor Kirchner, and acted as First Lady during his term.
In the October 2007 general election, Fernández ran for the presidency of Argentina, representing the ruling Front for Victory party. She won with 45.3% of the vote, a 22% lead over her nearest rival. This was one of the widest margins obtained by a candidate since democracy returned in 1983, and it avoided the need for a runoff election.[2] She is Argentina's first elected female President, and the second female President ever to serve (after Isabel Martinez de Perón, 1974-1976). In 2009, she was ranked by the magazine Forbes as eleventh in the list of the 100 most powerful women in the world.
Personal life
Fernández was born in Tolosa, a suburb west of La Plata, Province of Buenos Aires, daughter of Eduardo Fernández and Ofelia Esther Wilhelm. She studied law at the National University of La Plata during the 1970s. During her studies there, she met her future spouse, Néstor. They were married on March 9, 1975, and had two children: Máximo and Florencia.[3] Florencia received international media attention during early 2008 when she started keeping a Fotolog.[4][5][6]
Political career
Fernández started her political career in the Peronist Youth movement of the Justicialist Party in the 1970s. During the period of authoritarian rule in the country, she and Néstor dropped out of politics and practiced law in Río Gallegos. She picked up politics again in the late 1980s, and was elected to the Santa Cruz Provincial Legislature in 1989, a position to which she was re-elected in 1993.
In 1995 Fernández was elected to represent Santa Cruz in the Senate. She was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1997, and in 2001, returned to the Senate. Fernández provided the main backbone to her husband's successful campaign for the presidency in 2003, against two other Justicialist candidates and several other competitors. In the April 27, 2003, presidential election first round, former president Carlos Saúl Menem won the greatest number of votes (25%), but failed to get the votes necessary to win an overall majority. A second-round run-off vote between Menem and runner-up Néstor Kirchner was scheduled for May 18. Feeling certain that he was about to face a resounding electoral defeat, Menem decided to withdraw his candidacy, thus automatically making Kirchner the new president, with 22% of the votes (the lowest number in the history of the country).[7]
During her husband's term, Fernández became an itinerant ambassador for his government. Her highly combative speech style polarized Argentine politics, recalling the style of Eva Perón. Although she repeatedly rejected the comparison later, Cristina once said in an interview that she identified herself "with the Evita of the hair in a bun and the clenched fist before a microphone" (the typical image of Eva Perón during public speeches) more than with the "miraculous Eva" of her mother's time, who had come "to bring work and the right to vote for women".[8][9][10]
Fernández was the main candidate for Senator of the Front for Victory faction of her party in the province of Buenos Aires, for the October 2005 elections, in a heated campaign directed mainly against Hilda González de Duhalde, the wife of former president Eduardo Duhalde. Kirchner won the elections by a 25% margin over González de Duhalde.
Election to Presidency of Argentina
President-elect Cristina Kirchner celebrates election night with her husband and predecessor, Néstor.
With Fernández leading all the pre-election polls by a wide margin, her challengers were trying to force her into a run-off. She needed either more than 45% of the vote, or 40% of the vote and a lead of more than 10% over her nearest rival, to win outright. Fernández won the election in the first round with 45.3% of the vote, followed by 22% for Elisa Carrió (candidate for the Civic Coalition) and 16% for former Economy Minister Roberto Lavagna. Eleven others split the remaining 15%.[11] Mrs. Kirchner was popular among the suburban working class and the rural poor, while Ms. Carrió received more support from the urban middle class, as did Mr. Lavagna.[12] Of note, Kirchner lost the election in the three largest cities (Buenos Aires, Córdoba and Rosario), although she won in most other places elsewhere, including the large provincial capitals such as Mendoza and Tucumán.[13]
The president elect began a four-year term on December 10, 2007, facing challenges including inflation, union demands for higher salaries, private investment in key areas, lack of institutional credibility (exemplified by the controversy surrounding the national statistics bureau, INDEC), utility companies demanding authorization to raise their fees, low availability of cheap credit to the private sector, and the upcoming negotiation of the defaulted foreign debt with the Paris Club.[14][15][16]
Cabinet
The President in a meeting with her Ministers.
On November 14, the president-elect publicly announced the names of her new cabinet, which was sworn in on December 10. Of the 12 ministers appointed, seven were already ministers in Néstor Kirchner's government, while the other five took office for the first time.[17] Two other ministerial posts were created afterwards.
Chiefdom of Cabinet and Ministries
of Cristina Kirchner's Government |
| Office |
Name |
Term |
|
| Chief of Ministers' Cabinet |
Alberto Fernández
Sergio Massa
Aníbal Fernández |
December 10, 2007 – July 23, 2008
July 24, 2008 – July 7, 2009
July 8, 2009 - incumbent |
|
| Ministry of Interior |
Florencio Randazzo |
December 10, 2007 – incumbent |
|
Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
International Trade and Worship |
Jorge Taiana |
December 10, 2007 – incumbent |
|
| Ministry of Defense |
Nilda Garré |
December 10, 2007 – incumbent |
|
| Ministry of Economy |
Martín Lousteau
Carlos Fernández
Amado Boudou |
December 10, 2007 – April 24, 2008 [18]
April 25, 2008 – July 7, 2009
July 8, 2009 - incumbent |
|
Ministry of Federal Planning,
Public Investment and Services |
Julio de Vido |
December 10, 2007 – incumbent |
|
Ministry of Justice,
Security and Human Rights |
Aníbal Fernández
Julio Alak |
December 10, 2007 – July 7, 2009
July 8, 2009 - incumbent |
|
Ministry of Work,
Labour and Social Security |
Carlos Tomada |
December 10, 2007 – incumbent |
|
| Ministry of Health and Environment |
Graciela Ocaña
Juan Luis Manzur |
December 10, 2007 – June 30, 2009
July 1, 2009 - incumbent |
|
| Ministry of Social Development |
Alicia Kirchner de Mercado |
December 10, 2007 – incumbent |
|
| Ministry of Education |
Juan Carlos Tedesco
Alberto Sileoni |
December 10, 2007 – July 20, 2009
July 20, 2009 - incumbent |
|
Ministry of Science,
Technology and Productive Innovation |
Lino Barañao |
December 10, 2007 – incumbent |
|
| Ministry of Industry and Tourism |
Débora Giorgi |
November 26, 2008 [19] – incumbent |
| Ministry of Agriculture |
Julián Domínguez |
October 1, 2009 - incumbent |
Presidency
The President in a meeting with the nation's governors.
2007
During the first days of Fernández's presidency, Argentina's relations with the United States deteriorated as a result of allegations made by a United States assistant attorney of illegal campaign contributions, case known as the maletinazo (suitcase scandal). According to these allegations, Venezuelan agents tried to pressure a Venezuelan-American citizen (Guido Antonini Wilson) to lie about the origin of $790,550 in cash found in his suitcase on August 4, 2007 at a Buenos Aires airport. U.S. prosecutors allege the money was sent to help Mrs. Kirchner's presidential campaign. Some of the allegations were proven and several individuals received a prison sentence after a widely reported trial.
Fernández and Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez called the allegations "a trashing operation" and part of a conspiracy orchestrated by the U.S. to divide Latin American nations. On December 19, 2007, she restricted the U.S. ambassador's activities and limited his meetings to Foreign Ministry officials; a treatment reserved for hostile countries, in the opinion of a former U.S. Assistant Secretary of State.[20][21][22] However, on January 31, in a special meeting with Kirchner, the U.S. Ambassador to Argentina, Earl Anthony Wayne, clarified that the allegations "were never made by the United States government," and the dispute cooled down. Having said that the prosecutors making the charges are part of the independent judicial branch of the U.S. government[23]
Presidental styles of
Cristina Fernández de Kirchner |
|
 |
| Reference style |
Su Excelencia Señora Presidenta de la Nación Argentina
"Her Excellency Madam President of the Argentine Nation" |
| Spoken style |
Presidenta de la Nación
"President of the Nation" |
| Alternative style |
Señora Presidenta
"Madam President" |
Elisa Carrió and María Estenssoro, both high ranking members of the main opposition parties, have claimed that the Argentine government's response to the allegations and its criticism of the U.S. are a "smokescreen", that the U.S. involvement in the affair was merely symptomatic, and the root cause of the scandal is corruption in the Argentine and Venezuelan governments.[24]
2008
Riding a wave of approval during a dramatic economic recovery from a 2001-02 crisis, the Kirchners' FPV had prevailed enjoyed increasingly large majorities in Congress, reaching their peak following the 2007 general elections (with 153 Congressmen and 44 Senators, at the time). In March 2008, Kirchner introduced a new sliding-scale taxation system for agricultural exports, effectively raising levies on soybean exports from 35% to 44% at the time of the announcement.[25] This led to a nationwide lockout by farming associations, starting on March 12, with the aim of forcing the government to back down on the new taxation scheme. They were joined on March 25 by thousands of pot-banging demonstrators massed around the Buenos Aires Obelisk and in front of the presidential palace.
Argentine President Cristina Kirchner with Venezuelan President
Hugo Chávez (May 2008).
Protests extended across the country. In Buenos Aires, hours after Kirchner attacked farmers for their two-week strike and "abundant" profits, there were violent incidents between government supporters and opponents, to which the police was accused of wilfully turning a blind eye.[26] The media was harshly critical of Luis D'Elía, a former government official who took part in the incidents, with some media sources and members of the opposition (notably Elisa Carrió), claiming that he and his followers had disrupted the protest pursuant to the government's orders.[27][28][29] On April 1, the government organised a rally during which thousands of pro-government protesters marched through downtown Buenos Aires in support of the bill increasing Argentina's export taxes on the basis of a sliding scale; at the event, Kirchner called on farmers to act "as part of a country, not as owners of a country."[30]
The large majorities in the Argentine Congress enjoyed by the Front for Victory could not ultimately guarantee a legislative blank check: on July 16, 2008, the presidentially-sponsored bill met with deadlock, and was ultimately defeated by the tie-breaking "no" vote of Vice President Julio Cobos himself. The controversy cost the FPV 16 Congressmen and 4 Senators by way of defections. This put an end to the 2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector, though it cost Cobos access to the executive branch of the government. He was reportedly cosidered "a traitor" by the followers of Kirchner's administration. Cobos denied that he would resign, although the relationship between the President and the Vice President has an uncertain future.[31]
A poll result published in El País, Spain's most widely circulated daily newspaper, revealed that following the protests, Fernández's approval rating had "plummeted" from 57.8% at the start of her administration[32] to an unprecedented 23%.[33] Once recovered from the conflict with agrarian interests, Cristina Kirchner's public approval improved; her job approval ratings rose by 30% (Poliarquía, 08/22/08). Her inflexible handling of the protests and reluctance to review the policies that sparked the protest have led to speculation that it is her husband, predecessor in office and current leader of the Justicialist Party, Néstor Kirchner, who controls her administration. The British weekly newspaper The Economist has described this situation as Mrs. Kirchner "paying the price for her husbands pig-headedness",[34] and as of February 2009, her job approval rating was 28%.[35]
On October 20, 2008, Fernández proposed the transfer of nearly US$30 billion in private pension holdings to the social security system,[36] a law that was passed by Congress in late November.[37]
President Cristina Kirchner is a member of the Council of Women World Leaders, an international network of current and former women presidents and prime ministers whose mission is to mobilize the highest-level women leaders globally for collective action on issues of critical importance to women and equitable development.
Fernández was invited to the prestigious Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy in Washington, D.C., on November 15, 2008, by President George W. Bush. During her stay in Washington, she held meetings with Brazilian leader Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (at the Four Seasons Hotel in Georgetown), Madeleine Albright (representing U.S. President-elect Barack Obama), Senator Christopher Dodd and Australia's Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd at the Park Hyatt Hotel. She then attended the G20 meeting in London April 2, 2009 and was given a seat of honour at the dinner held the night before at 10 Downing Street, when she was seated across from President Obama.[38]
2009
Following the June 28, 2009, mid-term elections, the ruling FPV's party list lost its absolute majority in both houses of Congress, shedding a further 24 seats in the Lower House (including allies) and 4 in the Senate. They lost in the four most important electoral districts (home to 60% of Argentines), and among these, the loss was narrow only in the Province of Buenos Aires. The FPV obtained a very narrow victory, overall, as a percentage of the national vote, and retained their plurality in Congress.[39] This will be reflected in strengthened opposition alliances, notably the center-right Unión Pro, the center-left Civic Coalition and the left-wing Proyecto Sur, when elected candidates in both chambers take office on December 11, 2009.[40]
Allegations of impropriety have contributed increasingly to the Kirchners' decline in approval, as well. The couple's own, latest federal financial disclosure in July 2009 revealed an increase in their personal assets by 7 times, since Néstor Kirchner's 2003 inaugural. The increase was partly the product of land deals in El Calafate, a scenic, Santa Cruz Province town where the couple has long vacationed and own property (including 450 acres of land and two hotels).[41]
On October 17, 2009, President Cristina Kirchner proposed the compulsory submission of DNA samples in cases related to crimes against humanity, in a move lauded by the Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo, but excoriated by opposition figures as a political move against Clarín Media Group Chairperson Ernestina Herrera de Noble, who is in litigation over her suspected adoption of two children of the "disappeared," and whose hitherto cordial relations with Kirchnerism had recently soured.[42] Similar motives are alleged by the opposition against the president's Media Law, which would restrict the number of media licences per proprietor and allocate a greater share of these to state and NGOs, thereby limiting the influence of Clarín and the conservative La Nación.[43] The president's proposed enactment of mandatory primary elections for all of Argentina's myriad political parties, and for every elected post, was likewise rejected by opposition figures, who charged that these reforms could stymy minor parties and the formation of new ones.[44][45]
Cristina Kirchner has travelled extensively as president, visiting Algeria, Brazil, Cuba, Egypt, France, Libya, Mexico, Qatar, Russia, Spain, the UK, the U.S. and Venezuela, among other nations.
Relationship with the media
Fernández and her husband have always had a tempestuous relationship with the national media. In April 2008, Kirchner received a stern public rebuke from the Argentine Journalists Association (ADEPA) for having publicly accused the popular cartoonist Hermenegildo Sábat of behaving like a "quasi mafioso".[46] In addition, a government proposal to create a watchdog to monitor racism and discrimination was received with suspicion by ADEPA, who called it a "covert attempt to control the media".[47] Nestor Kirchner, Cristina's husband and predecessor in office, received a similar rebuke for publicly and falsely denouncing Joaquín Morales Solá, a journalist critical of the government, for having produced an inflammatory text published in 1978.[48]
Kirchner’s government has promoted a highly controversial Audiovisual Media Law. According to the government, the aim of the law is to break up monopolies in the media. The opposition, however, contends that its aim is to silence voices critical of the government, especially those in the Clarín media group (the country's largest).
The law has aroused further controversy, given that in its passing through the chambers of the legislature, the mandatory 7 day period between debate and assent of the new legislation was ignored. The view among the opposition is that Mrs. Kirchner’s government is trying to rush the law through parliament before December 2009. when the government will lose its absolute majorities in Congress.[49]
Dr. Lauro Laíño, the president of ADEPA, in a speech given on the 24 September 2009, opposed the proposed law, and added that in Latin America, especially in Venezuela and Argentina, “press freedom was being undermined under the suspicious pretext of plurality” [50] Others, such as United Nations official Frank La Rue and press freedom advocacy group Reporters Sans Frontières, have expressed support for the measure, citing a need to repeal the 1980 Audiovisual Media Law. Enacted by Argentina's last dictatorship, the law has contributed to a marked concentration in the country's media ownership structure.[51][52]
The acrimony between Cristina Kirchner's government and the national media was exacerbated by a series of lock-ins carried out by the truck drivers' union lead by Pablo Moyano, son of Hugo Moyano, a close ally of the Kirchner government. During the lock in, the country's most widely circulated newspapers (Clarín and La Nación) were prevented by force and threats of violence from distributing papers to newsstands.[53] On 7 November 2009, the Association of Newspaper Editors of Buenos Aires (AEDBA) issued a statement in which it claimed that the truck drivers' unions' actions had been the fiercest attack on the free circulation of newspapers the country had seen since its return to democratic rule in 1983.[54]
Embezzlement charges
Following a charges of embezzlement filed by the attorney Enrique Piragini, on 29 October 2009 Federal Judge Norberto Oyabirde ordered an accounting expert to investigate the origin of the Kirchners’ wealth. Public records show that since their arrival to power in 2003, the declared assets of Mrs. and Mr. Kirchner have increased by 572%. A preliminary report on the investigation by the Argentine Anti Corruption Office (OA) established that the official figures provided by the Kirchners "don't stack up".[55]
References
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- ^ (Spanish) "Cristina Fernández ganó elecciones presidenciales con el 45,29% de los votos y una maleta de US$ 800.000". La Tercera. http://www.latercera.com/medio/articulo/0,0,3255_5702_311373480,00.html. Retrieved 2007-11-18.
- ^ (Spanish) "Senadora Nacional Cristina E. Fernández De Kirchner". República Argentina. http://web.archive.org/web/20071228053233rn_1/kirchner.senado.gov.ar/web/senadores/biografia.php?id_sena=212&iOrden=0&iSen=ASC. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
- ^ "There's Something About the President's Daughter". Time. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1700434,00.html. Retrieved 2008-11-04.
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- ^ (Spanish) "'Me identifico con la Eva del puño crispado'". Clarín. 27 July 2007. http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/07/27/elpais/p-00803.htm.
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- ^ "A Mixed Message in Argentina's Vote". Time. 29 October 2007. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1677374,00.html.
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- ^ El nuevo Gabinete: Lousteau va a Economía y De Vido sigue en Planificación Federal (Spanish)
- ^ "Argentine economy minister resigns". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSN2447606620080425. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
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- ^ "El verdadero mensaje de las cacerolas". La Nacion. 27 March 2008. http://www.lanacion.com.ar/EdicionImpresa/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=999018&pid=4186310&toi=5825.
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- ^ The Guardian
- ^ [1]
- ^ Clarín: Infografía
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- ^ Clarín: Fuerte rechazo de la oposición (Spanish)
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- ^ Argentina.ar: Frank La Rue (Spanish)
- ^ RSF: Radio station’s closure highlights need to replace radio broadcast law
- ^ "Moyano volvió a bloquear anoche la salida de diarios". La Nación. 7 November 2009. http://http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1196122&pid=7671715&toi=6258.
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- ^ "Avanza la causa por la fortuna de los Kirchner". La Nación. 9 November 2009. http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1197064.
External links
