crustacean
American Heritage Dictionary:
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crus·ta·cean
(krŭ-stā'shən) 
n.
Any of various predominantly aquatic arthropods of the class Crustacea, including lobsters, crabs, shrimps, and barnacles, characteristically having a segmented body, a chitinous exoskeleton, and paired, jointed limbs.
adj.
Of or belonging to the Crustacea.
n.
Any of various predominantly aquatic arthropods of the class Crustacea, including lobsters, crabs, shrimps, and barnacles, characteristically having a segmented body, a chitinous exoskeleton, and paired, jointed limbs.
adj.
Of or belonging to the Crustacea.
[From New Latin Crūstācea, class name, neuter pl. of crūstāceus, hard-shelled, from Latin crūsta, shell.]
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crustacean
Visual Food Lover's Guide:
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crustacean
Crustaceans are invertebrate animals with a hard shell (its "carapace"), most of which live in the sea (crab, shrimp, lobster, spiny lobster, scampi). Some, however, live in freshwater, such as crayfish and some species of shrimp and crab. Crustaceans move by walking, on the seabed in most cases. Their red-colored eggs ("coral") are edible.
Crustaceans can cause allergic reactions in some people.
Tips for buying crustaceans
Live crustaceans should be heavy and vigorous (lobsters and crabs move their legs), with a pleasant smell and an intact shell. After cooking, the shell should be pink or bright red, without any greenish or blackish marks; the meat should be firm with a pleasant smell; and the tail should be curled, a sign that the crustacean was still alive when it was cooked. The freshness of frozen crustaceans (raw, cooked or prepared as a dish) is shown by the absence of frost on the inside of the packaging or any drying-out of the meat (freezer burn). Raw or cooked, crustaceans may have been defrosted. It is best to check, as, if this is the case, they should not be refrozen and do not keep as long.
Tips for cooking crustaceans
Crustaceans should be alive until the moment they are cooked. Almost all crustaceans change color and become pink when plunged into boiling water. Before cooking, fill in any holes in the shell of lobsters and crabs using pressed pieces of crustless bread.
There are several ways to boil live crustaceans. Generally, they are plunged headfirst into boiling water to kill them instantly (be careful of splashes caused by the tail curling). Some claim that crustaceans killed this way are tastier; others consider this method to be cruel, and find that it toughens the meat. In this case, crustaceans are placed in the freezer for an hour (to put them to sleep so that they die gently) or into freshwater, seawater, fresh salted water (add 1-2 tablespoons/15-30 ml of salt per 4 cups/1 l of water) or a fish stock that is then brought slowly to a boil. Cooking time varies depending on the species and its size, but overcooked crustacean meat becomes tough and loses its flavor.
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Britannica Concise Encyclopedia:
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crustacean
Any member of the 45,000 arthropod species in the subphylum Crustacea. Distributed worldwide, crustaceans are distinguished by having two pairs of antenna-like appendages in front of the mouth and other paired appendages near the mouth that act like jaws. Most species are marine, including shrimps and barnacles. Some, including crayfishes, live in freshwater habitats; others (e.g., sand fleas, land crabs, and sow bugs) live in moist terrestrial environments. The typical adult body is composed of a series of segments (somites) either fused or linked to each other by flexible areas that form movable joints. The carapace (shell) varies in thickness among species and must be periodically molted to allow growth. Many species of marine crustaceans are scavengers, and many (including copepods and krill) are significant components of the diets of larger organisms. decapod.
For more information on crustacean, visit Britannica.com.
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crustacean
Columbia Encyclopedia:
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crustacean
crustacean (krŭstā'shən), primarily aquatic arthropod of the subphylum Crustacea. Most of the 44,000 crustacean species are marine, but there are many freshwater forms. The few groups that inhabit terrestrial areas have not been particularly successful in an evolutionary sense; most require very humid environments in order to survive.
Types of Crustaceans
The most important classes of Crustacea are Branchiopoda, which includes the brine shrimp; Maxillopoda, which includes the barnacles and copepods; Ostracoda, which includes the mostly very small seed shrimp; and Malacostraca, which includes the familiar shrimp, crayfish, lobsters, and crabs. Most of the smaller marine crustaceans can be found in plankton (see marine biology) and thereby occupy an important position in the marine food chain. For example, the crustacean subclass Copepoda supplies the food of the crustacean crustacean order Euphausiacea, the euphausids or krill, shrimplike creatures that are the food of baleen whales and other marine animals. Other copepods supply food for small fish, and still others exist as parasites on the skin and gills of fish. Best known of the smaller freshwater crustaceans are members of the genus Daphnia (water fleas), the fairy shrimp (a phyllopod that swims inverted), and Cyclops (a copepod). The order Isopoda includes the only large group of truly terrestrial crustaceans. Known as woodlice, sow bugs, or pillbugs, these small animals can be found under the bark of trees, beneath stones and rocks, and in other damp places. When disturbed they curl up armadillolike, withdrawing into the exoskeleton.
Crustacean Anatomy
All crustaceans have bilaterally symmetrical bodies covered with a chitinous exoskeleton, which may be thick and calcareous (as in the crayfish) or delicate and transparent (as in water fleas). Since it does not grow, the exoskeleton must be periodically molted when the animal undergoes metamorphosis (typically from free-swimming larva to adult) or simply outgrows its shell. The free-swimming larva characteristic of crustaceans, called a nauplius larva, has an unsegmented body, a median eye, and three pairs of appendages.
Like other arthropods, adult crustaceans have segmented bodies and jointed legs; the segments are usually grouped into a recognizable head, thorax, and abdomen. In the majority of larger crustaceans the head and thorax are fused into a cephalothorax, which is protected by a large shieldlike area of the exoskeleton called the carapace. The head bears two pairs of antennae, usually one median eye and two lateral eyes, and three pairs of biting mouthparts-the mandibles and the two pairs of maxillae. Crustacean appendages have undergone extensive adaptation for various tasks such as swimming, sensory reception, and walking. Many species have the first pair of thoracic appendages modified into claws and pincers. The gills are generally attached at the bases of the thoracic appendages, and the beating of the appendages creates a flow of water over the gills that facilitates respiration. Reproduction is sexual, and in most forms the sexes are separate. In many species the eggs are brooded beneath the abdominal segments of the female.
Classification
Crustaceans constitute the subphylum Crustacea of the phylum Arthropoda.
Word Tutor:
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crustacean
IN BRIEF: A large class of shelled, mostly water-dwelling animals with segmented limbs.
The lobster is a popular crustacean found in Maine.
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Dictionary of Cultural Literacy: Science:
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crustacean
(kru-stay-shuhn)
Crabs, lobsters, shrimp, and crayfish are crustaceans.
A class of arthropods with shells.
Wiley Dictionary of Flavors:
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Crustaceans
In the family of shellfish, there are the mollusks and crustaceans. Crustaceans are invertebrate animal species that carry a chitinous external shell. They mostly live in the sea, with the exclusion of the crayfish, some shrimp and crabs. They can elicit severe allergic reactions, and are one of the categories that need species disclosure according to the Allergen Labeling Act. All of these animals are not considered kosher to eat. The following list outlines the commonly eaten crustaceans:
- Shrimp (Pandalus spp.) - Including deep-water shrimp (Pandalus borealis), and the giant tiger prawn also known as black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon).
- Lobster (Homarus americanus) - (American species) and H. vulgaris (European species).
- Crab (Cancer spp.) - Including common shore crab (Carcinus maenus), Atlantic common crab (Cancer pagurus), velvet swimming crab (Portunus puber), spider crab (Maia squinado), snow crab (Chionoectes opilio), Pacific common crab (Cancer magister), and blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) (also known as the Atlantic blue crab). Soft-shell crabs are blue crabs that have shed their shells and have not yet replaced them.
- Scampi (Nephrops norvegicus) - Also known as Norway lobsters or Dublin bay prawns. (Not to be confused with the garlic-containing seafood dish).
- Crayfish (Astacus spp. and Cambarus spp.) - Freshwater species that live in the Southeastern U.S., especially around Louisiana. Varieties include red-clawed crayfish and white-clawed crayfish. Also called crawfish or as a slang, crawdads.
- Spiny lobster (Palinurus spp. and Jasus spp.) - According to allergen labeling, these ingredients should be specified by name. Example: Allergen Declaration: Crustacean Shellfish - Crab
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categories related to 'crustacean'
- Crustaceans - crustacean: member of a subphylum of mostly aquatic, invertebrate arthropods with gills, a hard outer shell, a jointed body, appendages on the thoracic segment, and two pairs of antennae
Bradford's Crossword Solver's Dictionary:
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crustacean
See crossword solutions for the clue Crustacea.
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Crustacean
| Crustacea Temporal range: 511–0 Ma Cambrian to Recent |
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|---|---|
 |
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| Abludomelita obtusata, an amphipod | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Crustacea Brünnich, 1772 |
| Classes & Subclasses | |
Crustaceans (Crustacea) form a very large group of arthropods, usually treated as a subphylum, which includes such familiar animals as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill and barnacles. The 67,000 described species range in size from Stygotantulus stocki at 0.1 mm (0.004 in), to the Japanese spider crab with a leg span of up to 12.5 ft (3.8 m) and a mass of 44 lb (20 kg). Like other arthropods, crustaceans have an exoskeleton, which they moult to grow. They are distinguished from other groups of arthropods, such as insects, myriapods and chelicerates, by the possession of biramous (two-parted) limbs, and by the nauplius form of the larvae.
Most crustaceans are free-living aquatic animals, but some are terrestrial (e.g. woodlice), some are parasitic (e.g. Rhizocephala, fish lice, tongue worms) and some are sessile (e.g. barnacles). The group has an extensive fossil record, reaching back to the Cambrian, and includes living fossils such as Triops cancriformis, which has existed apparently unchanged since the Triassic period. More than 10 million tons of crustaceans are produced by fishery or farming for human consumption, the majority of it being shrimps and prawns. Krill and copepods are not as widely fished, but may be the animals with the greatest biomass on the planet, and form a vital part of the food chain. The scientific study of crustaceans is known as carcinology (alternatively, malacostracology, crustaceology or crustalogy), and a scientist who works in carcinology is a carcinologist.
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Contents
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Structure
The body of a crustacean is composed of body segments, which are grouped into three regions: the cephalon or head,[1] the thorax,[2] and the pleon or abdomen.[3] The head and thorax may be fused together to form a cephalothorax,[4] which may be covered by a single large carapace.[5] The crustacean body is protected by the hard exoskeleton, which must be moulted for the animal to grow. The shell around each somite can be divided into a dorsal tergum, ventral sternum and a lateral pleuron. Various parts of the exoskeleton may be fused together.[6]:289
Each somite, or body segment can bear a pair of appendages: on the segments of the head, these include two pairs of antennae, the mandibles and maxillae;[1] the thoracic segments bear legs, which may be specialised as pereiopods (walking legs) and maxillipeds (feeding legs).[2] The abdomen bears pleopods,[3] and ends in a telson, which bears the anus, and is often flanked by uropods to form a tail fan.[7] The number and variety of appendages in different crustaceans may be partly responsible for the group's success.[8] Crustacean appendages are typically biramous, meaning they are divided into two parts; this includes the second pair of antennae, but not the first, which is uniramous.[9] It is unclear whether the biramous condition is a derived state which evolved in crustaceans, or whether the second branch of the limb has been lost in all other groups. Trilobites, for instance, also possessed biramous appendages.[10]
The main body cavity is an open circulatory system, where blood is pumped into the haemocoel by a heart located near the dorsum.[11] Malacostraca have haemocyanin as the oxygen-carrying pigment, while copepods, ostracods, barnacles and branchiopods have haemoglobins.[12] The alimentary canal consists of a straight tube that often has a gizzard-like "gastric mill" for grinding food and a pair of digestive glands that absorb food; this structure goes in a spiral format.[13] Structures that function as kidneys are located near the antennae. A brain exists in the form of ganglia close to the antennae, and a collection of major ganglia is found below the gut.[14]
In many decapods, the first (and sometimes the second) pair of pleopods are specialised in the male for sperm transfer. Many terrestrial crustaceans (such as the Christmas Island red crab) mate seasonally and return to the sea to release the eggs. Others, such as woodlice, lay their eggs on land, albeit in damp conditions. In most decapods, the females retain the eggs until they hatch into free-swimming larvae.[15]
Ecology
The majority of crustaceans are aquatic, living in either marine or fresh water environments, but a few groups have adapted to life on land, such as terrestrial crabs, terrestrial hermit crabs, and woodlice. Marine crustaceans are as ubiquitous in the oceans as insects are on land.[16][17] The majority of crustaceans are also motile, moving about independently, although a few taxonomic units are parasitic and live attached to their hosts (including sea lice, fish lice, whale lice, tongue worms, and Cymothoa exigua, all of which may be referred to as "crustacean lice"), and adult barnacles live a sessile life – they are attached headfirst to the substrate and cannot move independently. Some branchiurans are able to withstand rapid changes of salinity and will also switch hosts from marine to non-marine species.[18]:672 Krill are the bottom layer and the most important part of the food chain in Antarctic animal communities.[19]:64 Some crustaceans are significant invasive species, such as the Chinese mitten crab[20] and the Asian shore crab.[21]
Life cycle
Mating system
The majority of crustaceans have separate sexes, and reproduce sexually.[22] A small number are hermaphrodites, including barnacles, remipedes,[23] and Cephalocarida.[24] Some may even change sex during the course of their life.[24] Parthenogenesis is also widespread among crustaceans, where viable eggs are produced by a female without needing fertilisation by a male.[22] This occurs in many branchiopods, some ostracods, some isopods, and certain "higher" crustaceans, such as the Marmorkrebs crayfish.
Eggs
In many groups of crustaceans, the fertilised eggs are simply released into the water column, while others have developed a number of mechanisms for holding on to the eggs until they are ready to hatch. Most decapods carry the eggs attached to the pleopods, while peracarids, notostracans, anostracans, and many isopods form a brood pouch from the carapace and thoracic limbs.[22] Female Branchiura do not carry eggs in external ovisacs but attach them in rows to rocks and other objects.[25]:788 Most leptostracans and krill carry the eggs between their thoracic limbs; some copepods carry their eggs in special thin-walled sacs, while others have them attached together in long, tangled strings.[22]
Larvae
Main article: Crustacean larvae
Crustaceans exhibit a number of larval forms, of which the earliest and most characteristic is the nauplius. This has three pairs of appendages, all emerging from the young animal's head, and a single naupliar eye. In most groups, there are further larval stages, including the zoea (pl. zoeæ or zoeas[26]). This name was given to it when naturalists believed it to be a separate species.[27] It follows the nauplius stage and precedes the post-larva. Zoea larvae swim with their thoracic appendages, as opposed to nauplii, which use cephalic appendages, and megalopa, which use abdominal appendages for swimming. It often has spikes on its carapace, which may assist these small organisms in maintaining directional swimming.[28] In many decapods, due to their accelerated development, the zoea is the first larval stage. In some cases, the zoea stage is followed by the mysis stage, and in others, by the megalopa stage, depending on the crustacean group involved.
Classification
The name "crustacean" dates from the earliest works to describe the animals, including those of Pierre Belon and Guillaume Rondelet, but the name was not used by some later authors, including Carl Linnaeus, who included crustaceans among the "Aptera" in his Systema Naturae.[29] The earliest nomenclaturally valid work to use the name "Crustacea" was Morten Thrane Brünnich's Zoologiæ Fundamenta in 1772,[30] although he also included chelicerates in the group.[29]
The subphylum Crustacea comprises almost 67,000 described species,[31] although the number of undescribed species may be 10–100 times higher.[32] Although most crustaceans are small, their morphology varies greatly and they include both the largest arthropod in the world – the Japanese spider crab with a leg span of 14 feet (4.3 m)[33] – and the smallest – the 0.1 mm (0.004 in) long Stygotantulus stocki.[34] Despite their diversity of form, crustaceans are united by the special larval form known as the nauplius.
The exact relationships of the Crustacea to other taxa are not completely settled as of April 2012[update]. Studies based on morphology led to the Pancrustacea hypothesis,[35] in which Crustacea and Hexapoda (insects and allies) are sister groups. More recent studies using DNA sequences suggest that Crustacea is paraphyletic, with the hexapods nested within a larger Pancrustacea clade.[36][37]
Although the classification of crustaceans has been quite variable, the system used by Martin and Davis[38] largely supersedes earlier works. Mystacocarida and Branchiura, here treated as part of Maxillopoda, are sometimes treated as their own classes. Six classes are usually recognised:
| Class | Members | Orders | Photo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Branchiopoda | brine shrimp Cladocera Triops |
Anostraca Lipostraca Notostraca Laevicaudata Spinicaudata Cyclestherida Cladocera |
 Daphnia pulex (Cladocera) |
| Remipedia | Nectiopoda |  Speleonectes tanumekes (Speleonectidae) |
|
| Cephalocarida | horseshoe shrimp | Brachypoda | |
| Maxillopoda | barnacles copepods |
Calanoida Pedunculata Sessilia c. 20 others |
 Chthamalus stellatus (Sessilia) |
| Ostracoda | ostracods | Myodocopida Halocyprida Platycopida Podocopida |
 Cylindroleberididae |
| Malacostraca | crabs lobsters shrimp krill mantis shrimp woodlice sandhoppers etc. |
Decapoda Isopoda Amphipoda Stomatopoda c. 12 others |
 Gammarus roeseli (Amphipoda) |
Fossil record
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Crustaceans have a rich and extensive fossil record, which begins with animals such as Canadaspis and Perspicaris from the Middle Cambrian age Burgess Shale.[39][40] Most of the major groups of crustaceans appear in the fossil record before the end of the Cambrian, namely the Branchiopoda, Maxillopoda (including barnacles and tongue worms) and Malacostraca; there is some debate as to whether or not Cambrian animals assigned to Ostracoda are truly ostracods, which would otherwise start in the Ordovician.[41] The only classes to appear later are the Cephalocarida,[42] which have no fossil record, and the Remipedia, which were first described from the fossil Tesnusocaris goldichi, but do not appear until the Carboniferous.[43] Most of the early crustaceans are rare, but fossil crustaceans become abundant from the Carboniferous onwards.[39]
Within the Malacostraca, no fossils are known for krill,[44] while both Hoplocarida and Phyllopoda contain important groups that are now extinct as well as extant members (Hoplocarida: mantis shrimp are extant, while Aeschronectida are extinct;[45] Phyllopoda: Canadaspidida are extinct, while Leptostraca are extant[40]). Cumacea and Isopoda are both known from the Carboniferous,[46][47] as are the first true mantis shrimp.[48] In the Decapoda, prawns and polychelids appear in the Triassic,[49][50] and shrimp and crabs appear in the Jurassic;[51][52] however, the great radiation of crustaceans occurred in the Cretaceous, particularly in crabs, and may have been driven by the adaptive radiation of their main predators, bony fish.[52] The first true lobsters also appear in the Cretaceous.[53]
Consumption by humans
Many crustaceans are consumed by humans, and nearly 10,700,000 tons were produced in 2007; the vast majority of this output is of decapod crustaceans: crabs, lobsters, shrimp, and prawns.[54] Over 60% by weight of all crustaceans caught for consumption are shrimp and prawns, and nearly 80% is produced in Asia, with China alone producing nearly half the world's total.[54] Non-decapod crustaceans are not widely consumed, with only 118,000 tons of krill being caught,[54] despite krill having one of the greatest biomasses on the planet.[55]
References
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- ^ a b "Thorax". Crustacean Glossary. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. http://crustacea.nhm.org/glossary/define.html?term=Thorax. Retrieved February 26, 2010.
- ^ a b "Abdomen". Crustacean Glossary. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. http://crustacea.nhm.org/glossary/define.html?term=Abdomen. Retrieved February 26, 2010.
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- ^ "Carapace". Crustacean Glossary. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. http://crustacea.nhm.org/glossary/define.html?term=Carapace. Retrieved February 26, 2010.
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- ^ "Benthic animals". Icelandic Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture. http://www.fisheries.is/ecosystem/marine-life/benthic-animals/. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
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- ^ Craig R. McClain & Alison G. Boyer (2009). "Biodiversity and body size are linked across metazoans". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 296 (1665): 2209–2215. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0245. PMC 2677615. PMID 19324730. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/suppl/2009/03/16/rspb.2009.0245.DC1/rspb20090245supp01.doc.
- ^ J. Zrzavý & P. Štys (1997). "The basic body plan of arthropods: insights from evolutionary morphology and developmental biology". Journal of Evolutionary Biology 10 (3): 353–367. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.1997.10030353.x.
- ^ Jerome C. Regier, Jeffrey W. Shultz, Andreas Zwick, April Hussey, Bernard Ball, Regina Wetzer, Joel W. Martin & Clifford W. Cunningham (2010). "Arthropod relationships revealed by phylogenomic analysis of nuclear protein-coding sequences". Nature 463 (7284): 1079–1083. doi:10.1038/nature08742. PMID 20147900.
- ^ Björn M. von Reumont, Ronald A. Jenner, Matthew A. Wills, Emiliano Dell'Ampio, Günther Pass, Ingo Ebersberger, Benjamin Meyer, Stefan Koenemann, Thomas M. Iliffe, Alexandros Stamatakis, Oliver Niehuis, Karen Meusemann & Bernhard Misof (2011). "Pancrustacean phylogeny in the light of new phylogenomic data: support for Remipedia as the possible sister group of Hexapoda". Molecular Biology and Evolution 29 (3): 1031–1045. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr270. PMID 22049065.
- ^ Joel W. Martin & George E. Davis (2001). An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. pp. 1–132. http://atiniui.nhm.org/pdfs/3839/3839.pdf.
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- ^ a b Derek Briggs (1978). "The morphology, mode of life, and affinities of Canadaspis perfecta (Crustacea: Phyllocarida), Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 281 (984): 439–487. doi:10.1098/rstb.1978.0005.
- ^ Matthew Olney. "Ostracods". An insight into micropalaeontology. University College, London. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/ostracod.html. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
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- ^ Stefan Koenemann, Frederick R. Schram, Mario Hönemann, & Thomas M. Iliffe (2007). "Phylogenetic analysis of Remipedia (Crustacea)". Organisms Diversity & Evolution 7 (1): 33–51. doi:10.1016/j.ode.2006.07.001.
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- ^ Ronald A. Jenner, Cees H. J. Hof & Frederick R. Schram (1998). "Palaeo- and archaeostomatopods (Hoplocarida: Crustacea) from the Bear Gulch Limestone, Mississippian (Namurian), of central Montana". Contributions to Zoology 67 (3): 155–186. http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/ctz/vol67/nr03/art01.
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- ^ Robert P. D. Crean (November 14, 2004). "Dendrobranchiata". Order Decapoda. University of Bristol. http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/Decapoda/dendrobranchiata.html.
- ^ Hiroaki Karasawa, Fumio Takahashi, Eiji Doi & Hideo Ishida (2003). "First notice of the family Coleiidae Van Straelen (Crustacea: Decapoda: Eryonoides) from the upper Triassic of Japan". Paleontological Research 7 (4): 357–362. doi:10.2517/prpsj.7.357. http://joi.jlc.jst.go.jp/JST.JSTAGE/prpsj/7.357.
- ^ Fenner A. Chace, Jr. & Raymond B. Manning (1972). "Two New Caridean Shrimps, One Representing a New Family, from Marine Pools on Ascension Island (Crustacea: Decapoda: Natantia)". Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 131: 18 pp. http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/5471/2/SCtZ-0131-Lo_res.pdf.
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- ^ Dale Tshudy, W. Steven Donaldson, Christopher Collom, Rodney M. Feldmann & Carrie E. Schweitzer (2005). "Hoploparia albertaensis, a new species of clawed lobster (Nephropidae) from the Late Coniacean, shallow-marine Bad Heart Formation of northwestern Alberta, Canada". Journal of Paleontology 79 (5): 961–968. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[0961:HAANSO]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ a b c "FIGIS: Global Production Statistics 1950–2007". Food and Agriculture Organization. http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/TabLandArea?tb_ds=Production&tb_mode=TABLE&tb_act=SELECT&tb_grp=COUNTRY. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
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General references
- Frederick Schram (1986). Crustacea. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503742-5.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Crustacea |
 |
Wikispecies has information related to: Crustacea |
- Crustacea.net, an online resource on the biology of crustaceans
- Crustacea: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
- Crustacea: Tree of Life Web Project
- The Crustacean Society
- Natural History Collections: Crustacea: University of Edinburgh
- Crustaceans (Crustacea) on the shore of Singapore
- Crustacea(crabs, lobsters, shrimps, prawns, barnacles): Biodiversity Explorer
- "Crustacea". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Crustacea.
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Translations:
Top
Crustacean
Dansk (Danish)
n. - skaldyr, krebsdyr
Nederlands (Dutch)
schaaldier, behorende tot de schaaldieren
Français (French)
n. - crustacé
Deutsch (German)
n. - Schalentier
Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - (ζωολ.) οστρακόδερμο, μαλακόστρακο
Português (Portuguese)
n. - crustáceo (m) (Zool.)
Русский (Russian)
ракообразное
Español (Spanish)
n. - crustáceo
Svenska (Swedish)
n. - kräftdjur, skaldjur
中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
甲壳类动物
中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 甲殼類動物
日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 甲殻類の動物, 甲殻類
adj. - 甲殻類の
العربيه (Arabic)
(الاسم) حيوانات قشريه
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Mentioned in
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(invertebrate zoology)
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(invertebrate zoology)
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