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Cyril Connolly

 
Biography: Cyril Connolly
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A British novelist and literary and social critic, Cyril Connolly (1903-1974) is best known for two works which combine criticism with autobiography, "Enemies of Promise" (1938) and "The Unquiet Grave" (1944).

Cyril (Vernon) Connolly was born on September 10, 1903, in Coventry, England, to Matthew and Muriel (Vernon) Connolly and died in London on November 25, 1974. The father, an army major, was an eccentric, according to critic Peter Quennell, who had known Connolly since their school days, and the mother, judging by Connolly's own account of her, was a rather restless person for whose love the son yearned in vain. Whether she might actually have loved him more is less important than the fact that he perceived that she might have and that he felt this yearning in later years. Eventually the parents separated.

Shortly after the author's death Quennell, in describing Connolly in their days together at Balliol College, Oxford, called him "gaily cynical," and noted in his young schoolmate a lack of ambition which was also apparent to Stephen Spender, the poet, who was also a friend of Connolly. Far from denying the charge of laziness, Connolly refused to make any excuses for not having accomplished more in his lifetime: "I would say only myself prevented me from doing the writing" was his candid confession. He confessed, too, that his parents had been ambitious for him and had wanted him to enter the Foreign Office or to clerk in the House of Commons or Lords. He doubted, he said, that he would ever write his masterpiece.

Like Quennell, another friend, John Lehmann, also remembered Connolly's gift for parody, a gift which prompted Spender to term him "the spectator of his own life," because parody, especially self-parody, presumably enabled him to achieve a kind of detachment.

Lehmann looked on Enemies of Promise (1938) as Connolly's attempt to write a masterpiece, but like a number of others he considers the last essay of the book, "A Georgian Boyhood," to be the most memorable one. Pritchett declared himself impressed with the earlier sections which try to put even present English literature in perspective by comparing past and present trends; yet certainly it is the last section in which the poignancy and immediacy of the description narrow the gap between writer and reader.

The account of the British public (actually private) school system - the sometimes sadistic headmasters, the severe or stupid teachers, the institution known as "fagging," which made it possible for the boys of the upper forms or classes to make virtual slaves of the boys of the lower classes - is unforgettable. According to colleague David Pryce-Jones, Connolly asked the adult Eric Blair (George Orwell) "to corroborate the horror of the past they had once shared at St. Cyprian's, then a relatively new school where both had been students before going on to Eton. Out of this request came Orwell's Such, Such Were the Joys, in which, Pryce-Jones says, St. Cyprian's "and all its work stand, in miniature, for everything that Orwell thought wrong with England."

To Spender The Unquiet Grave, which was first issued in 1938 but then revised in 1944, is "a masterpiece-non-masterpiece of a peculiarly modern kind" which deliberately aimed at fragmentariness. To Pritchett the book is "Connolly's mythical confession and elegy," and he points out the author's obsession with Palinurus whose name Connolly adopted as a pseudonym in writing the book. He took the name from Virgil's Aeneid in which Palinurus is the pilot who falls overboard with the ship's rudder and uses it as a kind of raft which enables him to reach shore. Here, however, he is killed by the natives. It is during Aeneas's visit to the underworld that he learns of Palinurus's fate. Now that unfortunate begs help in finding rest from his ceaseless tossing in the sea. His is the "unquiet grave."

The book is also filled with, as Pritchett puts it, "exotic flowers, fruits, animals, birds and insects" which were to Connolly "texts." One rather moving but brief section of the book is devoted to a pet lemur that had died. Pritchett thinks that the book had the effect on Connolly of "curing himself of guilt."

Connolly's novel The Rock Pool well repays reading today. In the 1930s British publishers were reluctant to publish it, Lehmann recalled, and Quennell suggested in his introduction to the 1981 re-issuing of the novel that its theme of lesbianism had been objectionable. Quennell disclosed that the novel, though no roman a clef is actually based on people whom Connolly had known, and that in the protagonist, Naylor, a good deal of the author is to be found. He sees the book as an attack on the English social system and on the competitiveness stemming from it, but he sees the true subject of the novel as the collision of two cultures, the elitist culture of the English world as it is represented by the unhappy Naylor and the remnants of pagan culture that Naylor himself sees as stubbornly persisting among the inhabitants of Trou-sur-Mer (Cagnes), who stubbornly follow their most primitive instincts. On the other hand, Pritchett regards the book as a kind of satire on what he calls "the typical sententious English youth" who deserted his public school and Oxford for "his first spree." The book also demonstrated Connolly's fascination with the Mediterranean and "the passing dissipation of foreign artists" of the town. Quennell thought the novel showed Connolly's "satirical wit and unfailing grasp of the cruelly descriptive image." This was no doubt an accurate judgment; yet the author lacked the more mordant wit and savage satire of, say, Evelyn Waugh, whom he knew. Still, as a picture of the France which was a mecca to many expatriates, including many Americans, in the 1920s and 1930s, the novel should be of interest today. Connolly tells a story well, shows an eye for detail, and makes the reader want to know more about the characters.

David Pryce-Jones, who met Connolly when the author was 50, speculated that he had allowed himself to grow fat and may have been unhappy with himself. Connolly struck him as "sloppy" and "bad-mannered." Pritchett used the metaphor of Connolly in a baby carriage to capture for the reader Connolly's character in middle age: willful, wanting what he could not have, and throwing it away if he got it and then wanting it again. He calls Connolly a good critic, inveterate traveller, and frank autobiographer who was kept back from greater things by his desire for pleasure, good food, women, "spendthrift habits," and his love of talk. As a literary critic Connolly had "a clinching gift for images," according to Pritchett. Apparently no critic would say that any one of Connolly's books was a masterpiece, and certainly no one book made him wealthy. As he confessed: "I don't think I could have lived on the profits of any single one of my books." Still, though he may have been a disappointment to himself as well as friends and family, many of his works continue to interest readers and his reputation survived his death. Nor must one forget Connolly's career as a journalist: from 1927 until the time of his death he was a practicing journalist, working for such newspapers as the New Statesman and the Sunday Times. He even founded Horizon, a journal for which he was editor and writer from 1939 to 1950.

Further Reading

For information about Connolly, see "Connolly, Cyril," in Contemporary Authors-Permanent Series (1978); Stephen Spender, "Cyril Connolly," Times Literary Supplement (December 6, 1974), a "memoir" by a poet and man of letters which reveals things of interest about Connolly's life and character and tells something about his oeuvre; Peter Quennell, "Cyril Connolly," Encounter (May 1975), in which, despite a friendship of long standing with the author, nevertheless estimates his friend, man and work, without glossing over the defects of either; John Lehmann, "Friend of Promise," Encounter (May 1975), in which another man of letters and old friend of Connolly reminisces about the man and his work; J. W. Lambert, "To Hell with Masterpieces," Encounter (May 1975); David Pryce-Jones, Journal and Memoir (1983); V. S. Pritchett, "Surviving in the Ruins," a review of various works of Connolly which were re-issued, some with interesting introductions or afterwords.

Sources by Connolly include "Richard Kershaw Speaks to Cyril Connolly," The Listener, April 11, 1968; David Pryce-Jones, editor, Journal: 1928-1937, which glitters with the names of the British cultural, scientific, and political worlds though his comments are brief to the point of being almost cryptic.

Additional Sources

Fisher, Clive, Cyril Connolly: the life and times of England's most controversial literary critic, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996.

Hobson, Anthony, Cyril Connolly as a book collector, Edinburgh: Tragara Press, 1983.

Pryce-Jones, David, Cyril Connolly: journal and memoir, New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1984.

Shelden, Michael, Friends of promise: Cyril Connolly and the world of Horizon, New York: Harper & Row, 1989.

Spender, Stephen, Cyril Connolly: a memoir, Edinburgh: Tragara Press, 1978.

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Columbia Encyclopedia: Cyril Connolly
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Connolly, Cyril (kŏn'əlē), 1903-74, English critic and editor, b. Coventry, England. After attending the Univ. of Oxford, he began his career as a journalist. With Stephen Spender he founded Horizon (1939-49), a small literary magazine that reflected Connolly's own iconoclastic and mordant attitudes toward contemporary society. He also used his critical gifts as a long-time book reviewer for The New Statesman and London's Sunday Times. Among his works are Rock Pool (1935), a satirical novel that ranks with the best of Huxley and Waugh; Enemies of Promise (1938), an autobiography of ideas; The Unquiet Grave (1944), a potpourri of critical commentaries, quotations, and aphorisms; The Condemned Playground (1945) and Previous Convictions (1964), both collections of literary essays; and The Modern Movement: 100 Key Books From England, France, and America, 1880-1950 (1965).

Bibliography

See biography by C. Fisher (1995); D. Pryce-Jones, Cyril Connolly: Journal and Memoir (1983); M. Shelden, Friends of Promise: Cyril Connolly and the World of Horizon (1989).

Quotes By: Cyril Connolly
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Quotes:

"The goal of every culture is to decay through over-civilization; the factors of decadence, -- luxury, skepticism, weariness and superstition, -- are constant. The civilization of one epoch becomes the manure of the next."

"Green leaves on a dead tree is our epitaph -- green leaves, dear reader, on a dead tree."

"It is a mistake to expect good work from expatriates for it is not what they do that matters but what they are not doing."

"The one way to get thin is to re-establish a purpose in life."

"In America every woman has her set of girl-friends; some are cousins, the rest are gained at school. These form a permanent committee who sit on each other's affairs, who come out together, marry and divorce together, and who end as those groups of bustling, heartless well-informed club-women who govern society. Against them the Couple of Ehepaar is helpless and Man in their eyes but a biological interlude."

"There cannot be a personal God without a pessimistic religion. As soon as there is a personal God he is a disappointing God."

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Wikipedia: Cyril Connolly
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Cyril Connolly
Born September 10, 1903(1903-09-10)
Coventry, Warwickshire, United Kingdom
Died November 26, 1974 (aged 71)
Resting place Berwick, East Sussex
Nationality English
Education St Cyprian's School, Eastbourne and Eton College
Alma mater Balliol College, Oxford
Occupation Author

Cyril Vernon Connolly (10 September 1903 – 26 November 1974) was an English intellectual, literary critic and writer.

Contents

Early life

Cyril Connolly was born in Coventry, Warwickshire, the only child of Major Matthew William Kemble Connolly (1872-1947), an officer in the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, by his Anglo-Irish wife, Muriel Maud Vernon, daughter of Colonel Edward Vernon (1838-1913) J.P., D.L., of Clontarf Castle, Co. Dublin. His parents had met while his father was serving in Ireland, and his father's next posting was to South Africa.[1] Connolly's father was also a malacologist and mineral collector of some reputation and collected many samples in Africa.[2] Cyril Connolly's childhood days were spent with his father in South Africa, with his mother's family at Clontarf Castle, and with his paternal grandmother in Bath and other parts of England.[3]

Connolly was educated at St Cyprian's School, Eastbourne where he enjoyed the company of George Orwell and Cecil Beaton. He was a favourite of the formidable Mrs Wilkes but was later to criticise the "character-building" ethos of the school. He wrote "Orwell proved to me that there existed an alternative to character, Intelligence. Beaton showed me another, Sensibility."[3] Connolly won the Harrow History Prize, pushing Orwell into second place, and the English prize leaving Orwell with Classics.[4] He then won a scholarship to Eton a year after Orwell.

Eton

At Eton, after a traumatic first few terms, he settled into a comfortable routine. He won over his early tormentor Godfrey Meynell and became a popular wit. In 1919 his parents moved to The Lock House on the Basingstoke Canal at Frimley. At Eton Connolly was involved in romantic intrigues and school politics which he described in Enemies of Promise.[3] He established a reputation as an intellectual and earned the respect of Dadie Rylands and Denis King-Farlow. Connolly's particular circle included Denis Dannreuther, Bobbie Longden and Roger Mynors. In summer 1921 his father took him on a holiday to France initiating Connolly's love of travel. In the following winter he went with his mother to Murren where he became friends with Anthony Knebworth. By this time his parents were living separate lives, his mother having established a relationship with another army officer, and his father becoming an increasingly heavy drinker and absorbed in his study of slugs and snails. In 1922 Connolly achieved academic success winning the Rosebery History Prize, and followed this up with the Brackenbury History scholarship to Balliol College, Oxford. In the spring he visited St Cyprian's to report his achievement to his old headmaster, before setting off on a trip to Spain with a school friend. Returning moneyless, he spent the night in a kip at St Martins, London. In his last term at Eton he was elected to Pop which brought him into contact with others he respected including Nico Davis Teddy Jessel and Lord Dunglass.[1] He established rapport with Brian Howard, but, he concluded " moral cowardice and academic outlook debarred him from making friends with Harold Acton, Oliver Messel, Robert Byron, Henry Green and Anthony Powell". Connolly was for years afterwards nostalgic about his time at Eton.[3]

Oxford

Connolly undertook a tour of Germany Austria and Hungary before starting at Oxford University. After his cloistered existence as a King's Scholar at Eton, Connolly felt uncomfortable with the hearty beer-drinking rugby and rowing types Oxford. His own circle included his Eton friends Mynors and Dannruthers who were at Balliol with him and Kenneth Clark whom he met through Bobbie Longden at Kings.[1] He wrote "The only exercise we took was running up bills"[5] His intellectual mentors were the Dean of Balliol "Sligger" Urquhart who organised reading parties on the continent, and the Dean of Wadham, Maurice Bowra. Connolly's academic career languished while his Oxford years were characterised by his travel adventures. In January 1923 he went with Urquhart and other collegers to Italy. In March he undertook his annual visit to Spain and in September went on the annual trip with the college group to Urquhart's chalet in French Alps. On his return he visited his father now in hotel in South Kensington close to the Natural History Museum. At the end of the year he went to Italy and Tunis. At Oxford in 1924 he made a new friend Patrick Balfour, in the spring he went to Spain and in the summer of 1924 went successively to Greece and Crete, Urquhart's chalet in the Alps and Naples. Christmas he spent with his parents in a rare get-together at the Lock House in Hampshire and at the beginning of 1925 went with the college group to Minehead with Urquhart. In his last year at Oxford he was cultivating friendships with younger students Anthony Powell, Henry Yorke and Peter Quennell. In spring he was back in Spain before returning to Oxford to take his final exams.[1]

Drifting

Connolly left Balliol in 1925 with a third class degree in history. He struggled to find employment, while his frends and family sought to pay off his extensive debts. In summer he went for his annual stay at "Sligger" Urquhart's chalet in the French Alps, and in the autumn went to Spain and Portugal. He obtained a post tutoring a boy in Jamaica and set sail for the Caribbean in November 1925. He returned to England in April 1926 on a banana boat in the company of Alwyn Williams, headmaster of Winchester College. He enrolled as a special constable in the General Strike but it was over before he was actively involved. He responded to an advertisement to work as a secretary for Montague Summers but was warned off by his friends. Then in June 1926 he found a post as a secretary/companion for Logan Pearsall Smith. Pearsall Smith was based in Chelsea and also had a house called "Big Chilling" in Hampshire overlooking the Solent. Pearsall Smith was to give Connolly an important introduction to literary life and he influenced his ideas on the role of a writer with a distaste for journalism. Pearsall Smith gave Connolly £8 a week, whether he was around or not, and gave him the run of "Big Chilling".[1]

Literary career

In August 1926 Connolly met Desmond MacCarthy who had come to stay at "Big Chilling". MacCarthy was literary editor of the New Statesman and was to be another major influence on Connolly's development. MacCarthy invited Connolly to write book reviews for the New Statesman. Later that year Connolly made a trip to Budapest and Eastern Europe and then spent the winter of 1926/1927 in London. Pearsall Smith took Connolly with him to Spain in the spring, and Connolly then set off on his own to North Africa and Italy. They met up again in Florence, where Kenneth Clark was working with Bernard Berenson who had married Pearson Smith's sister. Connolly then departed for Sicily and then returned to England via Vienna, Prague and Dresden. Connolly's first signed work in New Statesman, a review of Lawrence Sterne, appeared in June 1927. In July he set off to Normandy with his mother and then for his last stay at the chalet in the Alps. In August 1927, he was invited to become a regular reviewer and joined the staff of the New Statesman. His first review in September was of The Hotel by Elizabeth Bowen. Also in September, Connolly moved into a flat at Yeoman's Row with Patrick Balfour. He was working on various works that never saw the light of day - a novel Green Endings, a travel book on Spain, his diary and A Partial Guide to the Balkans. He approached Cecil Beaton to draw the cover design for the last and he received an advance for the work although it was eventually lost. However he did start contributing pieces to various publications that appeared under his own name and various pen-names. At his time he developed a fascination with low-life and prostitution and spent time in the poorer parts of london seeking out them out (while other contemporaries were seeking out tramps). At the same time he had developed an infatuation with Alix Kilroy whom he had met on a train back from the continent and used to wait outside her office for a sight of her. He then made a more positive romantic approach to Racy Fisher, who was one of a pair of nieces of Desmond MacCarthy's wife Molly. However their father Admiral Fisher wanted them to have nothing to do with a penniless writer and in February 1928 forbade further contact. [1]

Sharing a flat with Balfour, Connolly's social circle expanded with new friends like Bob Boothby and Gladwyn Jebb. However he was ill at ease and set off for Paris in April 1928 where he met Pearsall Smith and Cecil Beaton and visited brothels posing as a journalist. He went on to Italy where he stayed with Berenson and Mrs Keppel where he was taken with her daughter Violet Trefusis. Then via Venice and East European cities he made his way to Berlin to meet up with Jebb. Jebb and Connolly stayed with Harold Nicolson in the company of Ivor Novello and Christopher Sykes and then made a tour of Germany. Connolly returned to Paris in May, borrowing money off Pearsall Smith so he could live cheaply in the rue Delambre. In Paris he met Mara Andrews, a poetic lesbian who was in love with an absent American girl called Jean Bakewell. On the way back to London, Connolly stayed with Nicholson and his wife Vita Sackville-West at Sissinghurst. In August Connolly set off on his travels again to Germany, this time with Bobbie Longden and Raymond Mortimer and the experience gave rise to the essay "Conversations in Berlin" which MacCarthy published in his new magazine Life and Letters. Connolly travelled separately to Villefranche and spent five weeks in Barcelona with Longden before returning to London. Boothby lent him his London flat and he shared Gerald Brenan's fascination with working-class prostitutes with experiences that appeared in his fragment for a novel The English Malady. He spent Christmas at Sledmere with the Sykes family.[1]

At the beginning of 1929 Connolly went briefly to Paris and just before returning to London met Jean Bakewell and stayed an extra night to get to know her. After a while he was drawn to Paris again and through Jean and Mara became acquainted with the bohemian Montparnasse set including Alfred Perles and Gregor Michonze who was to become the basis for Racasse in The Rock Pool. He also met James Joyce about whom he wrote The Position of Joyce which appeared in Life and Letters. Connolly and Bakewell went to Spain together where they met up with Peter Quennell.[1] Connolly then went to Berlin to stay with Nicholson until the latter managed to remove him as "not perhaps the ideal guest"[6] Unable to return to "Big Chilling", he was stuck in Berlin for a month before returning to London. John Betjeman had moved into his room at Yeoman's Row, so he went to stay with Enid Bagnold at Rottingdean before visiting Dorset with Quennell. Bakewell had returned to America in the summer and was planning to return to Paris in the autumn to start a course at the Sorbonne. She had agreed before her departure to marry Connolly and Connolly established himself in Paris in September. They spent most of the rest of the year in Paris, and started their collection of exotic pets - first ferrets and then lemurs. Connolly spent Christmas again at Sledmere.[1]

Marriage

In February 1930, Connolly and Bakewell set off for America. They married in New York on 5 April 1930. Jean Bakewell "was to prove one of the more liberating forces in his life... an uncomplicated hedonist, independent, adventurous, celebrating the moment...an attractive personality: warm, generous, witty and approachable ..."[7] She provided modest financial support that enabled him to enjoy travels, particularly around the Mediterranean, hospitality and good food and drink.[8] The newly married couple lived in various spots in England including the Cavendish Hotel, Bury Street, Bath and Big Chilling before settling in July 1930 at Sanary near Toulon in France. There their close neighbours were Edith Wharton and Aldous Huxley. Although Connolly admired Huxley, the two men failed to establish a rapport, and the wives fell out. Connolly's bohemian home with the disorder of the lemurs was shunned and with debts rising they were forced to scrounge off Jean's mother. Some time in 1931 they left Sanary and toured Provence, Normandy, Brittany, Spain, Morocco and Majorca, before returning to Chagford in Dorset. In November they found a flat near Belgrave Square, and Connolly made his first contribution to the New Statesman for two years. Connolly was also approached by John Betjman editor of the Architectural Review to act as an art critic.[1]

Connolly's art criques appeared in the magazine in 1932 and his friendship with Betjman resulted in visits to his home at Uffington, where he would meet Evelyn Waugh who delighted in teasing Connolly. The Connollys enjoyed being part of a sophisticated literary social scene in London, but towards the end of the year, Jean had to undergo a gynaecological operation. This meant she could not have a child, but made it hard to control her weight.[1]

In February 1933 Connolly took Jean to Greece to recover, where they met Brian Howard. While they were in Athens there was an attempted coup d'état which Connolly later reported in the New Statesman as "Spring Revolution". The Connollys then went with Howard and his boyfriend to Spain and the Algarve. After a row in a bar they were incarcerated in a police cell and were sent back to England with the help of the British Embassy. In June, encouraged by Enid Bagnold, they rented a house at Rottingdean. Writing to Bagnold from Cannes in September Jean complained that their cheques were being bounced and she asked Bagnold to appeal to her husband Sir Roderick Jones of Reuters for help in work. This was dismissed and in November the letting agents for the Rottingdean property wrote an appalling report on the state in which the Connollys had left the place.[1]

Early in 1934 the Connollys took a flat at 312A Kings Road, where they entertained their friends including Waugh and Quennell. Elizabeth Bowen arranged a dinner with Virginia Woolf and her husband when Connolly and Virginia Woolf took an instant dislike to each other. During the year the Connollys went to Mallow and Cork in Ireland. At the end of the year Connlly met Dylan Thomas at a party and early in 1935 invited him in the company of Anthony Powell, Waugh, Robert Byron and Desmond and Mollie McCarthy. By this time Connolly's father was finding himself short of funds and was no longer prepared to bail out his son. However Mrs Warner, Jean's mother funded an expedition to Paris, Juan-les-Pins, Venice, Yugoslavia and Budapest. In Paris, Connolly spent some time with Jack Kahane the avant garde publisher and Henry Miller with whom he established a strong rapport after an initial unsuccessful meeting. In Budapest they found themselves in the same hotel as Edward, Prince of Wales and Mrs Simpson. In 1934 Connolly was working on a trilogy - "Humane Killer", "The English Malady" and "The Rock Pool". Only "The Rock Pool" was completed, the others remaining as fragments.[1]

Books

Connolly's only novel, The Rock Pool (1936), is a satirical work describing a covey of dissolute drifters at an end of season French seaside resort, which was based on his experiences in the south of France. It was initially accepted by a London publishing house but they changed their minds. Faber and Faber was one of the publishers who rejected it, and so Connolly took it to Jack Kahane, who published it in Paris in 1936..[1]

Connolly followed this up with what is considered his best known work the autobiography which forms the second half of Enemies of Promise (1938). In this he attempted to explain his failure to produce the literary masterpiece which he and others believed he should have been capable of writing.

Horizon

In 1940 Connolly founded the influential literary magazine Horizon, with Peter Watson, its financial backer and de facto art editor. He edited Horizon until 1950, with Stephen Spender as an uncredited associate editor until early 1941. He was briefly (1942–43) the literary editor for The Observer, until a disagreement with David Astor. During World War II he wrote The Unquiet Grave under the pseudonym 'Palinurus', which is a noteworthy collection of observations and quotes. From 1952 until his death, he was joint chief book reviewer (with Raymond Mortimer) for the Sunday Times.

In 1962 Connolly wrote Bond Strikes Camp, a spoof account of Ian Fleming's character engaged in heroic escapades of dubious propriety as suggested by the title, and written with Fleming's support. It appeared in the London Magazine and in an expensive limited edition printed by the Shenval Press, Frith Street, London. It later appeared in Previous Convictions.[1]

Personal life

Connolly was married three times. His first wife Jean Bakewell (1910–1950) left him in 1939, moving back to the United States. She later became the wife of Laurence Vail (former husband of Peggy Guggenheim and Kay Boyle) but, following years of health problems, died of a stroke while on a trip to Paris at the age of 39. Connolly married secondly, in 1950, to Barbara Skelton. His third wife, whom he married in 1959, was Deirdre Craven, a granddaughter of James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon, by whom he had two children later in life. After Connolly's death in 1974 she married Peter Levi.

In 1967 Connolly settled in Eastbourne, to the amusement of Beaton who suggested he was lured back by the cakes they had enjoyed in school outings to the town.[9] He died at Eastbourne in 1974.

Since 1976, Connolly's papers and personal library of over 8,000 books have been housed at the University of Tulsa.

Assessment

Connolly did his best work as a critic. Like Edmund Wilson in the United States, he wielded enormous influence. An astute and often witty commentator, with great gifts for often cruel mimicry, Connolly informed the thinking and attitudes of a generation. In The Unquiet Grave he writes: "Approaching forty, sense of total failure: ... Never will I make that extra effort to live according to reality which alone makes good writing possible: hence the manic-depressiveness of my style,—which is either bright, cruel and superficial; or pessimistic; moth-eaten with self-pity."

As editor of Horizon, Connolly gave a platform to a wide range of distinguished and emerging writers. He was robust in his criticism of the decline of the Mandarin and perhaps too effusive in his welcome of the New Vernacular.[10] Kenneth Tynan, writing in the March 1954 Harper's Bazaar, praised Connolly's style as 'one of the most glittering of English literary possessions.'

References in popular culture

Cyril Connolly's name appears in a coda to the Monty Python song "Eric the Half-a-Bee", as a mishearing of the words "semi-carnally". Despite being corrected, the backing vocalists then sing "Cyril Connolly" to the melody of the song.[11] The same comedians made another reference to Connolly in The Brand New Monty Python Bok, which includes a facsimile Penguin paperback, "Norman Henderson's Diary", complete with (invented) praise from Connolly.

The critic and publisher Everard Spruce in Evelyn Waugh’s “Sword of Honour” trilogy is a satire of Connolly

Ed Spain, “the Captain” in Nancy Mitford’s 1951 novel “The Blessing” is a satire of Connolly

Michael Nelson’s novel “A Room in Chelsea Square” (1958) is a thinly disguised homosexualised account about Connolly’s time editing “Horizon”.

Elaine Dundy’s novel “The Old Man and Me” (1964) is based on her affair with Connolly

A film producer in Julian MacLaren-Ross’s 1964 thriller “My Name is Love” is based on Connolly. MacLaren-Ross repeated many of the descriptions verbatim in his later memoir of Connolly

Since the film “A Business Affair” (1994) is adapted from Barbara Skelton’s memoirs of her marriage to Cyril Connolly, Jonathan Pryce’s character Alec Bolton in the film is based on Cyril Connolly

Connolly is also fictionalized in Ian McEwan's novel, Atonement. In the novel, the principal character, eighteen-year-old Briony Tallis, sends the draft of a novella she has written to Horizon magazine and Cyril Connolly is shown as replying at length as to why the novella had to be rejected, apart from explaining to Briony her strong and weak points and also mentioning Elizabeth Bowen.

Quotes

Connolly coined many witty epithets and insightful observations, which have been extensively quoted. A few of his best known quotes are listed:

  • "Better to write for yourself and have no public, than to write for the public and have no self."
  • "Slums may well be breeding grounds of crime, but the middle-class suburbs are incubators of apathy and delirium."
  • "No city should be so large that a man cannot walk out of it in a morning."
  • "Inside every fat man, there is a thin man struggling to get out."
  • "We must select the illusion which appeals to our temperament, and embrace it with passion, if we want to be happy."
  • "Truth is a river that is always splitting up into arms that reunite. Islanded between the arms, the inhabitants argue for a lifetime as to which is the main river."
  • "There is no more sombre enemy of good art than the pram in the hall."
  • "A lazy person, whatever the talents with which he starts forth, will have condemned himself to second-hand thoughts, and to second-rate friends."
  • "Perfect taste always implies an insolent dismissal of other people's."
  • " We are all serving a life sentence in the dungeon of the self."

Works

Search Wikiquote Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Cyril Connolly
  • The Rock Pool, 1935 (fiction)
  • Enemies of Promise, 1938
  • The Unquiet Grave, 1944
  • The Condemned Playground, 1945 (collection)
  • The Missing Diplomats, 1952
  • The Golden Horizon 1953 (ed., compilation from Horizon)
  • Les Pavillons: French Pavilions of the Eighteenth Century,1962 (with Jerome Zerbe)
  • Previous Convictions, 1963 (collection)
  • The Modern Movement: 100 Key Books From England, France, and America, 1880–1950, 1965
  • The Evening Colonnade 1973 (collection)
  • A Romantic Friendship, 1975 (letters to Noel Blakiston)
  • Cyril Connolly: Journal and Memoir, 1983 (Edited by D. Pryce-Jones)
  • Shade Those Laurels, 1990 (fiction, completed by Peter Levi)
  • The Selected Works of Cyril Connolly, 2002 (edited by Matthew Connolly) Volume One: The Modern Movement: Volume Two: The Two Natures

Biographies

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Jeremy Lewis Cyril Connolly: A Life Jonathan Cape 1997
  2. ^ Obituary Matthew William Kemble Connolly 1872–1947 Journal of Molluscan Studies· Volume 28, Number 1
  3. ^ a b c d Cyril Connolly Enemies of Promise Routledge & Kegan Paul 1938
  4. ^ St Cyprian's Chronicle - 1916
  5. ^ Cyril Connolly Oxford in our Twenties Harpers & Queen 1973
  6. ^ Nigel Nicholson (ed) Vita and Harold: The letters of Vita Sackville West and Harold Nicholson Weidenfield & Nicholson 1992
  7. ^ Clive Fisher Cyril Connolly: A Nostalgic Life
  8. ^ Peter Quennell Introduction to The Rock Pool" 1981 Persea Books ISBN 978-0-89255-059-3
  9. ^ Cecil Beaton Beaton in the Sixties: More unexpurgated diaries Weidenfield & Nicholson 2003
  10. ^ Michael Shelden (1989): Friends of Promise: Cyril Connolly and the World of Horizon, Hamish Hamilton / Harper & Row, ISBN 0-06-016138-8
  11. ^ Cleese, Idle, Jones: "Eric the Half a Bee", Monty Python's Previous Record, 1972, Charisma Records

External links


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