(1700–82; b. Gröningen, Netherlands; d. Basel, Switzerland) Swiss mathematical physicist. Daniel Bernoulli is best known to statisticians for his solution of the St Petersburg paradox posed by his cousin Nicolaus Bernoulli. Daniel, a famous prodigy, was the son of Johann Bernoulli and the nephew of Jacob Bernoulli, both being Professors of Mathematics. He gained a succession of degrees from U Basel whilst still a teenager: BA in philosophy and logic in 1715, MA in 1716, Doctor of Medicine in 1720. In 1724, whilst practising medicine in Venice, he applied mathematics to the design of an hour-glass for use at sea. This won him a prize and a post as Professor of Mathematics at St Petersburg U, where he worked on a number of probability problems. He returned to U Basel in 1734, initially as Professor of Botany, then as Professor of Physiology and finally, in 1750, as Professor of Physics.
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Daniel Bernoulli
Oxford Dictionary of Statistics:
Daniel Bernoulli |
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Houghton Mifflin Guide to Science & Technology:
Daniel Bernoulli |
[b. Groningen, Holland, February 8, 1700, d. Basel, Switzerland, March 17, 1782]
Daniel, son of Jean (Johann) Bernoulli, contributed to oceanography and astronomy as well as mathematics but is best known for his work in physics. He established Bernoulli's principle: A fluid produces less pressure as its velocity increases, an effect that provides much of the lift for airplanes. He also was the first to use the idea that a gas is made from tiny particles, thus deriving the gas laws, which had previously been discovered experimentally.
Gale Encyclopedia of Biography:
Daniel Bernoulli |
The Swiss mathematician and physicist Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782) is best known for his work on hydrodynamics, but he also did pioneering work on the kinetic theory of gases.
Daniel Bernoulli was born on Jan. 29, 1700, in Gröningen, Netherlands. He was the second son of Jean Bernoulli, a noted mathematician who began the use of "g" for the acceleration of gravity.
When Daniel was 11, he became the pupil of his 16-year-old brother, Nicholas. He continued his studies in Italy until he was 24 and received a doctorate in medicine. The following year he went to St. Petersburg, Russia, as a professor of mathematics. After 8 years he returned to Switzerland because of his health. He first taught anatomy and botany, then changed to experimental and speculative philosophy (or, in modern terminology, theoretical physics). He has been called the father of mathematical physics.
In 1738 Bernoulli published Hydrodynamica. In this treatise, which was far in advance of his time in many ways, is his famous equation governing the flow of fluids in terms of speed, pressure, and potential energy, upon which much modern technology is based, especially aerodynamics. Being interested in practical application as well as in theory, he devised a number of experiments which demonstrated the effects he predicted.
In this treatise is also found his remarkable treatment of gas pressure. Considering an enclosed gas as a swarm of moving particles in dynamic equilibrium, he derived the correct expression for the resulting pressure, thus anticipating the approach adopted about 100 years later.
Bernoulli won or shared 10 prizes of the Paris Academy of Sciences, a feat equaled by only one other person, his friend and rival Leonhard Euler. Because of a difference of opinion with Euler, Bernoulli became interested in sound phenomena and discovered that a closed organ pipe can produce only odd harmonics and that pressure determines the relative amplitudes of the harmonics. His last work involved the application of probability theory to various practical matters, such as inoculation and relative proportion of male and female births. He died in Basel on March 17, 1782.
Further Reading
Information on Bernoulli in English is scarce. E. T. Bell, Men of Mathematics (1937) and The Development of Mathematics (1940; 2d ed. 1945), are valuable. See also Alfred Hooper, Makers of Mathematics (1948), and David E. Smith, History of Mathematics, vol. 1 (1951).
Wikipedia on Answers.com:
Daniel Bernoulli |
| Daniel Bernoulli | |
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 Daniel Bernoulli |
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| Born | 29 January 1700 Groningen, Netherlands |
| Died | 17 March 1782 (aged 82) Basel, Switzerland |
| Residence | unknown |
| Known for | Bernoulli's Principle, early Kinetic theory of gases, Thermodynamics |
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Daniel Bernoulli (Groningen, 8 February 1700 – Basel, 17 March 1782) was a Dutch-Swiss mathematician and was one of the many prominent mathematicians in the Bernoulli family. He is particularly remembered for his applications of mathematics to mechanics, especially fluid mechanics, and for his pioneering work in probability and statistics. Bernoulli's work is still studied at length by many schools of science throughout the world.
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Early life
Bernoulli was born in Groningen, in the Netherlands into a family of distinguished mathematicians.[1] The son of Johann Bernoulli (one of the "early developers" of calculus),[1] nephew of Jakob Bernoulli (who "was the first to discover the theory of probability"),[1] and older brother of Johann II, Daniel Bernoulli has been described as "by far the ablest of the younger Harpers".[2] He is said to have had a bad relationship with his father. Upon both of them entering and tying for first place in a scientific contest at the University of Paris, Johann, unable to bear the "shame" of being compared as Daniel's equal, banned Daniel from his house. Johann Bernoulli also plagiarized some key ideas from Daniel's book Hydrodynamica in his own book Hydraulica which he backdated to before Hydrodynamica. Despite Daniel's attempts at reconciliation, his father carried the grudge until his death.[3]
When Daniel was seven, his younger brother Johann II Bernoulli was born. Around schooling age, his father, Johann Bernoulli, encouraged him to study business, there being poor rewards awaiting a mathematician. However, Daniel refused, because he wanted to study mathematics. He later gave in to his father's wish and studied business. His father then asked him to study in medicine, and Daniel agreed under the condition that his father would teach him mathematics privately, which they continued for some time.[3]
He was a contemporary and close friend of Leonhard Euler. He went to St. Petersburg in 1724 as professor of mathematics, but was unhappy there, and a temporary illness in 1733 gave him an excuse for leaving.[3] He returned to the University of Basel, where he successively held the chairs of medicine, metaphysics and natural philosophy until his death.[4]
In May, 1750 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. [5] who was scientist “≠≥≥±±±÷2.122.11.233 (talk) 18:42, 3 February 2012 (UTC)”
Mathematical work
His earliest mathematical work was the Exercitationes (Mathematical Exercises), published in 1724 with the help of Goldbach. Two years later he pointed out for the first time the frequent desirability of resolving a compound motion into motions of translation and motion of rotation. His chief work is his Hydrodynamique (Hydrodynamica), published in 1738; it resembles Joseph Louis Lagrange's Mécanique Analytique in being arranged so that all the results are consequences of a single principle, namely, conservation of energy. This was followed by a memoir on the theory of the tides, to which, conjointly with the memoirs by Euler and Colin Maclaurin, a prize was awarded by the French Academy: these three memoirs contain all that was done on this subject between the publication of Isaac Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica and the investigations of Pierre-Simon Laplace. Bernoulli also wrote a large number of papers on various mechanical questions, especially on problems connected with vibrating strings, and the solutions given by Brook Taylor and by Jean le Rond d'Alembert.[2] Bernoulli discovers how to measure blood pressure
Together Bernoulli and Euler tried to discover more about the flow of fluids. In particular, they wanted to know about the relationship between the speed at which blood flows and its pressure. To investigate this, Daniel experimented by puncturing the wall of a pipe with a small open ended straw and noted that the height to which the fluid rose up the straw was related to fluid's pressure in the pipe. Bernoulli's diagram
Bernoulli's diagram to illustrate how pressure is measured. See also part of Bernoulli's original Latin explanation. Source: The Turner Collection, Keele University.
Soon physicians all over Europe were measuring patients blood pressure by sticking point-ended glass tubes directly into their arteries. It was not until about 170 years later, in 1896 that an Italian doctor discovered a less painful method which is still in use today. However, Bernoulli's method of measuring pressure is still used today in modern aircraft to measure the speed of the air passing the plane; that is its air speed. Bernoulli discovers the fluid equation
Taking his discoveries further, Daniel Bernoulli now returned to his earlier work on Conservation of Energy. It was known that a moving body exchanges its kinetic energy for potential energy when it gains height. Daniel realised that in a similar way, a moving fluid exchanges its kinetic energy for pressure. Mathematically this law is now written:
1/2*ρ*u^2 + P = constant
where P is pressure, ρ is the density of the fluid and u is its velocity. A consequence of this law is that if the velocity increases then the pressure falls. This is exploited by the wing of an aeroplane which is designed to create an area of fast flowing air above its surface. The pressure of this area is lower and so the wing is sucked upwards.
Statistics
Daniel Bernoulli was also the author in 1738 of Specimen theoriae novae de mensura sortis (Exposition of a New Theory on the Measurement of Risk),[6] in which the St. Petersburg paradox was the base of the economic theory of risk aversion, risk premium and utility.[7]
One of the earliest attempts to analyze a statistical problem involving censored data was Bernoulli's 1766 analysis of smallpox morbidity and mortality data to demonstrate the efficacy of vaccination.[8]
Physics
He is the earliest writer who attempted to formulate a kinetic theory of gases, and he applied the idea to explain Boyle's law.[2]
He worked with Euler on elasticity and the development of the Euler-Bernoulli beam equation.[9] Bernoulli's principle is of critical use in aerodynamics.[4]
References
- ^ a b c Rothbard, Murray. Daniel Bernoulli and the Founding of Mathematical Economics, Mises Institute (excerpted from An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought)
- ^ a b c Rouse Ball, W. W. [1908] (2003) "The Bernoullis," in A Short Account of the History of Mathematics, 4th ed., Dover, ISBN 0486206300
- ^ a b c O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Daniel Bernoulli", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews, http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Bernoulli_Daniel.html. (1998)
- ^ a b [Anon.] (2001) "Daniel Bernoulli", Encyclopaedia Britannica
- ^ "Library and Archive Catalogue". Royal Society. http://www2.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=%28Surname%3D%27bernoulli%27%29. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
- ^ English translation in Bernoulli, D. (1954). "Exposition of a New Theory on the Measurement of Risk". Econometrica 22 (1): 23–36. doi:10.2307/1909829. JSTOR 1909829. http://www.econ.ucsb.edu/~tedb/Courses/GraduateTheoryUCSB/Bernoulli.pdf.
- ^ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: "The St. Petersburg Paradox by R. M. Martin
- ^ reprinted in Blower, S; Bernoulli, D (2004). "An attempt at a new analysis of the mortality caused by smallpox and of the advantages of inoculation to prevent it". Reviews in medical virology 14 (5): 275–88. doi:10.1002/rmv.443. PMID 15334536. http://www.semel.ucla.edu/biomedicalmodeling/pdf/Bernoulli&Blower.pdf.
- ^ Timoshenko, S. P. (1983) [1953]. History of Strength of Materials. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0486611876.
Bibliography
Original entry based on the public domain Rouse History of Mathematics
- [Anon.] (1911) "Bernoulli, Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Cardwell, D.S.L. (1971). From Watt to Clausius: The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age. Heinemann: London. ISBN 0-435-54150-1.
- Mikhailov, G.K., 2005, "Hydrodynamica" in Grattan-Guinness, I., ed., Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics. Elsevier: 131-42.
- Pacey, A.J. & Fisher, S.J. (1967) "Daniel Bernoulli and the vis viva of compressed air", British Journal for the History of Science 3, 388–92
- Straub, Hans (1970). "Bernoulli, Daniel". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 36–46. ISBN 0684101149.
External links
- "Bernoulli Daniel". Mathematik.ch. http://www.mathematik.ch/mathematiker/daniel_bernoulli.php. Retrieved 2007-09-07.
- Rothbard, Murray. Daniel Bernoulli and the Founding of Mathematical Economics, Mises Institute (excerpted from An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought)
- Weisstein, Eric W., Bernoulli, Daniel (1700–1782) from ScienceWorld.
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 | Oxford Dictionary of Statistics. A Dictionary of Statistics. Second edition revised. Copyright © Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved. Read more |
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| Houghton Mifflin Guide to Science & Technology. History of Science and Technology, edited by Bryan Bunch and Alexander Hellemans. Copyright © 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Read more |
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| Gale Encyclopedia of Biography. Gale Encyclopedia of Biography. © 2006 by The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved. Read more |
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Mentioned in
- Bernoulli effect
- The Mechanical Universe Part II: Vector Fields and Hydrodynamics (1985 Science & Technology Film)
- Bernoulli's principle (technology)
- Nicolaus Bernoulli
- Year 1724 (in Science & Technology)
- St Petersburg paradox
- Leonhard Euler (Swiss mathematician)
- utility
- St Petersburg paradox (philosophy)
- Year 1720 (in Science & Technology)
- Year 1760 (in Science & Technology)
- Bernoulli (Swiss scientists & mathematicians)
- Jean le Rond d'Alembert
- Acoustics (history 1450-1789)