Dental consonant

In linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth, such as /t/, /d/, /n/, and /l/ in some languages. Dentals are primarily distinguished from sounds in which contact is made with the tongue and the gum ridge, as in English (see Alveolar consonant), due to the acoustic similarity of the sounds and the fact that in the Roman alphabet they are generally written using the same symbols (t, d, n, and so on).

Dentals cross-linguistically

For many languages, such as Albanian or Russian, velarization is generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants so that velarized consonants (such as Albanian /ɫ/) tend to be dental or denti-alveolar while non-velarized consonants tend to be retracted to an alveolar position.^[1]

Sanskrit, Hindi and all other Indic languages have an entire set of dental plosives which occur phonemically as voiced and voiceless, and with or without aspiration. The nasal stop /n/ also exists in these languages, but is quite alveolar and apical in articulation.^{[citation needed]} To the Indian speaker, the alveolar /t/ and /d/ of English sound more like the corresponding retroflex consonants of his own language than like the dentals.^{[citation needed]}

Spanish /t/ and /d/ are laminal denti-alveolar^[2] while /l/ and /n/ are prototypically alveolar but assimilate to the place of articulation of a following consonant. Likewise, Italian /t/, /d/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/ are denti-alveolar ([t̪], [d̪], [t̪͡s̪], and [d̪͡z̪] respectively) and /l/ and /n/ become denti-alveolar before a following dental consonant.^[3]

Although denti-alveolar consonants are often described as dental, it is the rear-most point of contact that is most relevant, for this is what defines the maximum acoustic space of resonance and will give a consonant its characteristic sound.^[4] In the case of French, the rear-most contact is alveolar or sometimes slightly pre-alveolar.

Dental consonants in the world's languages

The dental/denti-alveolar consonants as transcribed by the International Phonetic Alphabet are:

IPA	Description	Example
		Language	Orthography	IPA	Meaning
	dental nasal	Spanish	onda	[õn̪d̪a]	wave
	voiceless dental plosive	Spanish	toro	[t̪oɾo]	bull
	voiced dental plosive	Spanish	donde	[d̪õn̪d̪e]	where
s̪	voiceless dental sibilant fricative	Polish	kosa	[kɔs̪a]	scythe
z̪	voiced dental sibilant fricative	Polish	koza	[kɔz̪a]	goat
	voiceless dental nonsibilant fricative (also often called "interdental")	English	thing	[θɪŋ]	thing
	voiced dental nonsibilant fricative (also often called "interdental")	English	this	[ðɪs]	this
	dental approximant	Spanish	codo	[koð̞o]	elbow
	dental lateral approximant	Spanish	alto	[al̪t̪o]	tall
	dental flap	Spanish	pero	[peɾ̪o]	but
	dental trill	Marshallese	Ebadon	[ebɑr̪on̪]	Ebadon
	dental ejective
	voiced dental implosive
	dental click release	Xhosa	ukúcola	[ukʼúkǀola]	to grind fine

See also

• Denti-alveolar
• Place of articulation
• List of phonetics topics

References

Bibliography

• Ladefoged, Peter; Ian Maddieson (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8. 
• Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255-259 
• Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (1): 1-25 
• Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117-121