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derivation

 
Dictionary: der·i·va·tion   (dĕr'ə-vā'shən) pronunciation
 
n.
  1. The act or process of deriving.
  2. The state or fact of being derived; originating: a custom of recent derivation.
  3. Something derived; a derivative.
  4. The form or source from which something is derived; an origin.
  5. The historical origin and development of a word; an etymology.
  6. Linguistics.
    1. The process by which words are formed from existing words or bases by adding affixes, as singer from sing or undo from do, by changing the shape of the word or base, as song from sing, or by adding an affix and changing the pronunciation of the word or base, as electricity from electric.
    2. A linguistic description of the process of word formation.
    3. In generative linguistics, the process by which a surface structure is generated from a deep structure.
    4. A formal representation or description of the series of ordered linguistic rules and operations that generate a surface structure from a deep structure.
  7. Logic & Mathematics. A logical or mathematical process indicating through a sequence of statements that a result such as a theorem or a formula necessarily follows from the initial assumptions.
derivational der'i·va'tion·al adj.
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Antonyms: derivation
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n

Definition: root, source
Antonyms: conclusion, consequence, effect, end, outgrowth, result


 
Wikipedia: Derivation (linguistics)
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In linguistics, derivation is "Used to form new words, as with happi-ness and un-happy from happy, or determination from determine. A contrast is intended with the process of inflection, which uses another kind of affix in order to form variants of the same word, as with determine/determine-s/determin-ing/determin-ed.[1]

A derivational suffix usually applies to words of one syntactic category and changes them into words of another syntactic category. For example, the English derivational suffix -ly changes adjectives into adverbs (slowslowly).

Some examples of English derivational suffixes:

  • adjective-to-noun: -ness (slowslowness)
  • adjective-to-verb: -ise (modernmodernise)
  • noun-to-adjective: -al (recreationrecreational)
  • noun-to-verb: -fy (gloryglorify)
  • verb-to-adjective: -able (drinkdrinkable)
  • verb-to-noun (abstract): -ance (deliverdeliverance)
  • verb-to-noun (concrete): --er (write-writer)

Although derivational affixes do not necessarily modify the syntactic category, they modify the meaning of the base. In many cases, derivational affixes change both the syntactic category and the meaning: modernmodernize ("to make modern"). The modification of meaning is sometimes predictable: Adjective + nessthe state of being (Adjective); (whitewhiteness).

A prefix (writere-write; lordover-lord) will rarely change syntactic category in English. The derivational prefix un- applies to adjectives (healthyunhealthy), some verbs (doundo), but rarely nouns. A few exceptions are the prefixes en- and be-. En- (em- before labials) is usually used as a transitive marker on verbs, but can also be applied to adjectives and nouns to form transitive verb: circle (verb) → encircle (verb); but rich (adj) → enrich (verb), large (adj) → enlarge (verb), rapture (noun) → enrapture (verb), slave (noun) → enslave(verb).

Note that derivational affixes are bound morphemes. In that, derivation differs from compounding, by which free morphemes are combined (lawsuit, Latin professor). It also differs from inflection in that inflection does not change a word's syntactic category and creates not new lexemes but new word forms (tabletables; openopened).

Derivation may occur without any change of form, for example telephone (noun) and to telephone. This is known as conversion or zero derivation. Some linguists consider that when a word's syntactic category is changed without any change of form, a null morpheme is being affixed.

References

  1. ^ Crystal, David (1999): The Penguin Dictionary of Language. - Penguin Books - England.

Word builders

Other word builders are collocation, creation, and word roots.

See also


 
Translations: Derivation
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Dansk (Danish)
n. - afledning, udledning, derivat, afledt ord/form, afstamning, bevis, slutning

Nederlands (Dutch)
afleiding (afkomst/ etymologie)

Français (French)
n. - dérivation, origine

Deutsch (German)
n. - Herleitung, Herkunft, Ableitung, Derivation

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - προέλευση, καταγωγή, ετυμολογία ή παραγωγή (λέξης)

Italiano (Italian)
derivazione

Português (Portuguese)
n. - derivação (f)

Русский (Russian)
происхождение, источник, деривация

Español (Spanish)
n. - derivación

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - härledning

中文(简体)(Chinese (Simplified))
诱导, 起源调查, 来历, 语言的衍生

中文(繁體)(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 誘導, 起源調查, 來歷, 語言的衍生

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 유도, 기원, 파생

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 引き出すこと, 派生, 派生論, 由来, 起源, 導出, 微分, 誘導

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) منشأ شئ وبخاصه الكلمات, اشتقاق‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮מקור, השתלשלות מלה, מקור מלה‬


 
Best of the Web: derivation
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Dictionary. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2007. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.  Read more
Thesaurus. Roget's II: The New Thesaurus, Third Edition by the Editors of the American Heritage® Dictionary Copyright © 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.  Read more
Answers Corporation Antonyms. © 1999-2009 by Answers Corporation. All rights reserved.  Read more
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