detergent

A detergent (as a noun) is a material intended to assist cleaning. The term is sometimes used to differentiate between soap and other surfactants used for cleaning. As an adjective pertaining to a substance, it (or "detersive") means "cleaning" or "having cleaning properties"; "detergency" indicates presence or degree of cleaning property.

Components

Detergents, especially those made for use with water, often include different components such as:

• Surfactants to 'cut' (Emulsify) grease and to wet surfaces
• Abrasive to scour
• Substances to modify pH or to affect performance or stability of other ingredients, acids for descaling or caustics to break down organic compounds
• Water softeners to counteract the effect of "hardness" ions on other ingredients
• oxidants (oxidizers) for bleaching, disinfection, and breaking down organic compounds
• Non-surfactant materials that keep dirt in suspension
• Enzymes to digest proteins, fats, or carbohydrates in stains or to modify fabric feel
• Ingredients that modify the foaming properties of the cleaning surfactants, to either stabilize or counteract foam
• Ingredients to increase or decrease the viscosity of the solution, or to keep other ingredients in solution, in a detergent supplied as a water solution or gel
• Ingredients that affect aesthetic properties of the item to be cleaned, or of the detergent itself before or during use, such as optical brighteners, fabric softeners, colors, perfumes, etc.
• Ingredients such as corrosion inhibitors to counteract damage to equipment with which the detergent is used
• Ingredients to reduce harm or produce benefits to skin, when the detergent is used by bare hand on inanimate objects or used to clean skin
• Preservatives to prevent spoilage of other ingredients

Sometimes materials more complicated than mere mixtures of compounds are said to be detergent. For instance, certain foods such as celery are said to be detergent or detersive to teeth.

Types

There are several factors that dictate what compositions of detergent should be used, including the material to be cleaned, the apparatus to be used, and tolerance for and type of dirt. For instance, all of the following are used to clean glass. The sheer range of different detergents that can be used demonstrates the importance of context in the selection of an appropriate glass-cleaning agent:

• a chromic acid solution—to get glass very clean for certain precision-demanding purposes such as analytical chemistry
• a high-foaming mixture of surfactants with low skin irritation—for hand-washing of dishware in a sink or dishpan
• any of various non-foaming compositions—for dishware in a dishwashing machine
• other surfactant-based compositions—for washing windows with a squeegee, followed by rinsing
• an ammonia-containing solution—for cleaning windows with no additional dilution and no rinsing
• ethanol or methanol in windshield washer fluid—used for a vehicle in motion, with no additional dilution
• glass contact lens cleaning solutions, which must clean and disinfect without leaving any eye-harming material that would not be easily rinsed

Terminology

Sometimes the word detergent is used to distinguish a cleaning agent from soap. During the early development of non-soap surfactants as commercial cleaning products, the term syndet, short for synthetic detergent was promoted to indicate the distinction. The term never became popular and is incorrect, because most soap is itself synthesized (from glycerides). The term soapless soap refers to a soap free liquid cleanser with a slightly acidic pH.^[1] Today, soapless soaps are used in an array of products.^[1] There is no universally accepted term for detergents not made of soap other than soapless detergent, non-soap detergent or soap-free cleanser.

The term detergent by itself is sometimes used to refer specifically to clothing detergent, as opposed to hand soap or other types of cleaning agents.

Plain water, if used for cleaning, is a detergent. Probably the most widely-used detergents other than water are soaps or mixtures composed chiefly of soaps. However, not all soaps have significant detergency and, although the words "detergent" and "soap" are sometimes used interchangeably, not every detergent is a soap.

The term detergent is sometimes used to refer to any surfactant, even when it is not used for cleaning. This terminology should be avoided as long as the term surfactant itself is available.

History

The earliest detergent substance was undoubtedly water; after that, oils, abrasives such as wet sand, and wet clay. The oldest known detergent for wool-washing is stale (putrescent) urine.^[2] For the history of soap, see the entry thereon. Other detergent surfactants came from saponins and ox bile.

The detergent effects of certain synthetic surfactants were noted in 1913 by A. Reychler, a Belgian chemist. The first commercially available detergent taking advantage of those observations was Nekal,^[3] sold in Germany in 1917, to alleviate World War I soap shortages. Detergents were mainly used in industry until World War II. By then new developments and the later conversion of USA aviation fuel plants to produce tetrapropylene, used in household detergents, caused a fast growth of household use, in the late 1940s.^[4] In the late 1960s biological detergents, containing enzymes, better suited to dissolve protein stains, such as egg stains, were introduced in the USA by Procter & Gamble.^[5]

See also

• Laundry detergent
• Cleavable detergent
• Dispersant

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Detergents

• About.com: How Do Detergents Clean
• US Patent 6472364: Detergent compositions or components

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Tyebkhan G (2002). "Skin cleansing in neonates and infants-basics of cleansers". Indian J Pediatr 69 (9): 767–9. doi:10.1007/BF02723687. PMID 12420908. http://www.springerlink.com/content/61r261h452j3w70m/. 
2. ^ von Georgievics, Georg; Charles Thomas Colley Salter (1902) (Google books), The chemical technology of textile fibres, p. 81, http://books.google.com/books?id=OtxBAAAAIAAJ 
3. ^ Analytical Chemists job description, http://www.123oye.com/job-descriptions/a/analytical-chemist.htm Analytical, retrieved 9 May 2008 
4. ^ Spriggs, John (July 1975) (pdf), An economical analysis of the developmente of substitutes with some illustrative examples and implications for the beef industry, Staff paper series, pp. 34–37, http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/123456789/22851/1/p75-14.pdf, retrieved 9 May 2008 
5. ^ Roald, Arnvid S. & Nicolaas T. DE. Oude, "Granular enzyme-containing laundry composition", US 3451935, issued 24 June 1969