(anatomy) The portion of the nephron in the vertebrate kidney lying between the loop of Henle and the collecting tubules.
Distal convoluted tubule
| Sci-Tech Dictionary: distal convoluted tubule |
(′dist·əl ′kän·və′lüd·əd ′tü·byül)
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| Distal convoluted tubule | |
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| Kidney nephron (labeled as "2nd convoluted tubule", near top) | |
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| Section of cortex of human kidney. | |
| Latin | tubulus contortus distalis |
| Gray's | subject #253 1223 |
| Precursor | Metanephric blastema |
| MeSH | Distal+Kidney+Tubule |
The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is a portion of kidney nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct system.
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Physiology
It is partly responsible for the regulation of potassium, sodium, calcium, and pH.
- It regulates pH by absorbing bicarbonate and secreting protons (H+) into the filtrate.
- Sodium and potassium levels are controlled by secreting K+ and absorbing Na+. Sodium absorption by the distal tubule is mediated by the hormone aldosterone. Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption. Sodium and chloride (salt) reabsorption is also mediated by a group of kinases called WNK kinases. There are 4 different WNK kinases, WNK1, WNK2, WNK3, and WNK4.
- It also participates in calcium regulation by reabsorbing Ca2+ in response to parathyroid hormone.
- Arginine vasopressin receptor 2 is also expressed in the DCT.
Clinical significance
Thiazide diuretics inhibit Na+/Cl- reabsorption from the DCT by blocking the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter.
Histology
The DCT is the final segment of the nephron. It is lined with simple cuboidal cells that are shorter than those of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). The lumen appears larger in DCT than the PCT lumen because the PCT has a brush border (microvilli). DCT can be recognized by its numerous mitochondria, basal infoldings and lateral membrane interdigitations with neighboring cells.
The point where DCT contacts afferent arteriole of renal corpuscle is called macula densa. It has tightly packed columnar cells which display reversed polarity and may monitor the osmolarity of blood.
Histologically, cells of the DCT can be differentiated from cells of the proximal convoluted tubule:
| Characteristic | PCT | DCT |
| Apical brush border | Usually present | Not present |
| Eosinophilicity | More | Less |
| Cytoplasm | More | Less |
| Visible nuclei | Less likely | More likely |
Additional images
 1 Glomerulus, 2 proximal tubule, 3 distal tubule |
 Transverse section of pyramidal substance of kidney of pig, the bloodvessels of which are injected. |
 Renal corpuscle |
References
External links
- Organology at UC Davis Urinary/mammal/cortex1/cortex7 - "Mammal, kidney cortex (LM, Medium)"
- Histology at OU 35_19
- Physiology at MCG 7/7ch03/7ch03p18
- Physiology at MCG 7/7ch07/7ch07p14
- Histology at BU 16004loa
- Histology at BU 16007loa
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 | What are the major parts of the nephron? (anatomy) |
| nephron |
| kidneys |
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