Many test compounds (drugs, inhibitors, etc) are not soluble in
water and therefore dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is used as a solvent
instead. The compound dissolved in DMSO is what is used to treat
the cell or animal and therefore you must prove that it is the
compound, not the DMSO which is causing any results seen. To ensure
this, you have a control that contains only DMSO and not the test
compound. This is often referred to as a "vehicle control".