Dollar

A Singapore two dollar bill

The dollar (often represented by the dollar sign $) is the name of the official currency of many countries, territories and dependencies, including Australia, Belize, Canada, Hong Kong, New Zealand, Singapore, Taiwan, and the United States.

History

Etymology

On the 15th of January, 1520, the Bohemian Count Hieronymus Schlick (Czech: Jeroným Šlik z Passounu) began minting coins known as Joachimsthaler, named for Joachimsthal (modern Jáchymov in the Czech Republic), where the silver was mined.^[1] (In German, thal or tal refers to a valley or dale.) "Joachimsthaler" was later shortened in common usage to taler or thaler (same pronunciation) and this shortened word eventually found its way into other languages: Czech tolar, Danish and Norwegian (rigs)daler, Swedish (riks)daler, Dutch (rijks)daalder, Ethiopian ታላሪ ("talari"), Italian tallero, Flemish daelder, Persian Dare, as well as into English as dollar.^[1]

Development of use

The coins minted at Joachimsthal soon lent their name to other coins of similar size and weight from other places. One such example, the Dutch lion dollar, circulated throughout the Middle East and was imitated in several German and Italian cities. Carried by Dutch traders, this coin was also popular in the Dutch East Indies as well as in the Dutch New Netherland Colony (New York), and circulated throughout the Thirteen Colonies during the 17th and early 18th centuries. Some well-worn examples circulating in the Colonies were known as "dog dollars".^[2] By the mid-18th century, the lion dollar had been replaced by Spanish dollar, the famous "piece of eight," which were distributed widely in the Spanish colonies in the New World and in the Philippines.^[3] Pieces of eight (so-called because they were worth eight "reals") became known as "Spanish dollars" in the English-speaking world because of their similarity in size, weight and composition to the earlier thaler coins.

Origins of the dollar sign

The sign is first attested in business correspondence in the 1770s as a scribal abbreviation "p^s", referring to the Spanish American peso,^[4][5] that is, the "Spanish dollar" as it was known in British North America. These late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century manuscripts show that the s gradually came to be written over the p developing a close equivalent to the "$" mark," and this new symbol was retained to refer to the American dollar as well, once this currency was adopted in 1785 by the United States.^{[6][7][8][9][10]}

An alternative and more plausible theory goes that the Dollar Sign ($) is directly borrowed from the sign used to represent the Spanish Peso which is in fact a "$" and is said to come from a representation of one of the Pillars of Hercules with a motto-ribbon as depicted in the Spanish Coat-of-Arms. In other words, the use of the $ sign is not of American origin, but is in fact of Spanish origin and the Americans merely borrowed the use of the $ symbol. All countries that use the Peso except the Philippines actually use the $ sign to represent their currency.

Adoption by the United States

By the American Revolution, Spanish dollars gained significance because they backed paper money authorized by the individual colonies and the Continental Congress.^[3] Common in the Thirteen Colonies, Spanish dollars were even legal tender in one colony, Virginia.

On April 2, 1792, U. S. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton reported to Congress the precise amount of silver found in Spanish milled dollar coins in common use in the States. As a result, the United States Dollar was defined^[11] as a unit of weight equaling 371 4/16th grains (24.057 grams) of pure silver, or 416 grains of standard silver (standard silver being defined as 1,485 parts fine silver to 179 parts alloy^[12]). It was specified that the "money of account" of the United States should be expressed in those same "dollars" or parts thereof. Additionally, all lesser-denomination coins were defined as percentages of the dollar coin, such that a half-dollar was to contain half as much silver as a dollar, quarter-dollars would contain one-fourth as much, and so on.

In an act passed in January 1837, the dollar's alloy (amount of non-silver metal present) was set at 15%. Subsequent coins would contain the same amount of pure silver as previously, but were reduced in overall weight (to 412.25 grains). On February 21, 1853, the quantity of silver in the lesser coins was reduced, with the effect that their denominations no longer represented their silver content relative to dollar coins.

Various acts have subsequently been passed affecting the amount and type of metal in U. S. coins, so that today there is no legal definition of the term "dollar" to be found in U. S. statute.^[13][14][15] Currently the closest thing to a definition is found in United States Code Title 31, Section 5116, paragraph b, subsection 2: "The Secretary [of the Treasury] shall sell silver under conditions the Secretary considers appropriate for at least $1.292929292 a fine troy ounce."

Silver was mostly removed from U. S. coinage by 1965 and the dollar became a free-floating fiat currency without a commodity backing defined in terms of real gold or silver. The US Mint continues to make silver $1-denomination coins, but these are not intended for general circulation.

Usage in Great Britain

The word dollar was a variant for thaler for about 200 years before the founding of the United States, with many quotes in the plays of Shakespeare referring to dollars as money. Coins known as "Thistle dollars" were in use in Scotland during the 16th and 17th century,^[16] and use of the English word, and perhaps even the use of the coin, may have begun at the University of St Andrews.^{[citation needed]} This might be supported by a reference to the sum of "ten thousand dollars" in Macbeth (Act I, Scene II) (an anachronism because the real Macbeth, upon whom the play was based, lived in the 11th century). Approximately 40 miles West of St Andrews lies the town of Dollar which for centuries was the lowland stronghold of the Campbells, a very powerful Scottish Clan. It is likely that the significance of this town in terms of its military and economic strength caused the town name to evolve into or adopt the monetary term 'Dollar', probably derived from a Dollar credit note or paper note. The Scottish fiscal culture was arguably one of the most advanced at the time with Scottish banks being the first established in the western world, so it would not be out of the question for the various clans to issue 'notes' to one another as forms of credit, hence the Dollar Bill. It was common during these times for town names to be carried over into usage terms. Many usage terms became surnames, such as Cooper, Farmer, Miller, etc. The strength of the Scottish fiscal and sea culture would likely have carried Dollar notes all over the world.

In 1804, a British five-shilling piece, or crown, was sometimes called "dollar". It was an overstruck Spanish 8 Real coin (the famous 'piece of eight'), the original of which was known as a Spanish dollar. Large numbers of these 8-real coins were captured during the Napoleonic Wars, hence their re-use by the Bank of England. They remained in use until 1811.^[17] During World War II, when the US dollar was (approximately) valued at 5 shillings, the half crown (2s 6d) became nicknamed a "half dollar" by US personnel in the UK.

Usage elsewhere

Chinese demand for silver in the 19th and early 20th centuries led several countries, notably the United Kingdom, United States and Japan, to mint trade dollars, which were often of slightly different weights to comparable domestic coinage. Silver dollars reaching China (whether Spanish, Trade, or other) were often stamped with Chinese characters known as "chop marks", which indicated that that particular coin had been assayed by a well-known merchant and determined genuine.

Other national currencies called "Dollar"

Australian one-dollar coin

A New Zealand one-dollar coin

One New Taiwan dollar coin

Prior to 1873, the silver dollar circulated in many parts of the world, with a value in relation to the British gold sovereign of roughly $1 = 4s 2d (21p approx). As a result of the decision of the German Empire to stop minting silver thaler coins in 1871, in the wake of the Franco-Prussian war, the worldwide price of silver began to fall.^[18] This resulted in the US Coinage Act (1873) which put the United States on to a 'de facto' gold standard. Canada and Newfoundland were already on the gold standard, and the result was that the value of the dollar in North America increased in relation to silver dollars being used elsewhere, particularly Latin America and the Far East. By 1900, value of silver dollars had fallen to 50 percent of gold dollars. Following abandonment of the gold standard by Canada in 1931, the Canadian dollar began to drift away from parity with the US dollar. It returned to parity a few times, but since the end of the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates that was agreed in 1944, the Canadian dollar has been floating against the US dollar. The silver dollars of Latin America and South East Asia began to diverge from each other as well during the course of the 20th century. The Straits dollar adopted a gold exchange standard in 1906 after it had been forced to rise in value against other silver dollars in the region. Hence, by 1935, when China and Hong Kong came off the silver standard, the Straits dollar was worth 2s 4d (11.5p approx) sterling, whereas the Hong Kong dollar was worth only 1s 3d sterling (6p approx).

Existing dollar units today are the Bahamian dollar, the Barbados dollar, the Cayman Islands dollar, the Belize dollar, the Bermuda dollar, the Brunei dollar, the Canadian dollar, the East Caribbean dollar, the Guyanese dollar, the Hong Kong dollar, the New Taiwan dollar, the Singapore dollar, the Trinidad and Tobago dollar, and the United States dollar. The only ones on this list that have still retained their original parity from the days of the universal Spanish dollar are the Singapore dollar and the Brunei dollar.

The term "dollar" has also been adopted by other countries for currencies which do not share a common history with other dollars. Many of these currencies adopted the name after moving from a £sd-based to a decimalized monetary system. Examples include the Australian dollar, the New Zealand dollar, the Jamaican dollar, the Cayman Islands dollar, the Fiji dollar, the Namibian dollar, the Rhodesian dollar, the Zimbabwe dollar, and the Solomon Islands dollar.

500 old Zimbabwean dollar bill

• The tala is based on the Samoan pronunciation of the word "dollar".
• The Slovenian tolar had the same etymological origin as dollar (that is, thaler).

Economies which use the dollar

Economies currently using the dollar

Countries	Currency	ISO 4217 code	Date Established	Preceding Currency
Antigua and Barbuda	East Caribbean Dollar	XCD
Australia and its external territories	Australian Dollar	AUD	1966-02-14	Australian Pound
Bahamas	Bahamian Dollar	BSD		Bahamian Pound
Barbados	Barbados Dollar	BBD
Belize	Belize dollar	BZD	1973	British Honduran Dollar
Brunei	Brunei dollar	BND
Canada	Canadian Dollar	CAD	1858	Canadian pound 1841-1858 Spanish dollar pre-1841
Dominica	East Caribbean Dollar	XCD
East Timor	United States Dollar	USD
Ecuador	United States Dollar	USD	2001	Ecuadorian Sucre
El Salvador	United States Dollar	USD	2001-01-01	Salvadoran colón
Fiji	Fiji Dollar	FJD
Grenada	East Caribbean Dollar	XCD
Guyana	Guyana Dollar	GYD
Hong Kong	Hong Kong Dollar	HKD	1863	Rupee, Real (Spanish/Colonial Spain: Mexican), Chinese cash
Jamaica	Jamaican Dollar	JMD	1969	Jamaican pound
Kiribati	Kiribati dollar along with the Australian Dollar	N/A/AUD
Liberia	Liberian Dollar	LRD
Marshall Islands	United States Dollar	USD
Federated States of Micronesia	United States Dollar	USD
Namibia	Namibian Dollar along with the South African rand	NAD	1993	South African rand
Nauru	Australian Dollar	AUD
New Zealand and its external territories	New Zealand Dollar	NZD	1967	New Zealand pound
Palau	United States Dollar	USD
Saint Kitts and Nevis	East Caribbean Dollar	XCD
Saint Lucia	East Caribbean Dollar	XCD
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	East Caribbean Dollar	XCD
Singapore	Singapore Dollar	SGD
Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands Dollar	SBD
Suriname	Surinamese dollar	SRD
Republic of China (Taiwan)	New Taiwan Dollar	TWD
Trinidad and Tobago	Trinidad and Tobago Dollar	TTD
Tuvalu	Tuvaluan dollar along with the Australian Dollar	TVD/ AUD
United States and its territories	United States Dollar	USD	1792	Spanish dollar colonial script
Zimbabwe	United States Dollar[19]	USD		Zimbabwean Dollar

Countries and regions which have previously used the dollar

• Malaysia: the Malaysian Ringgit used to be called the "Malaysian Dollar". The surrounding territories (that is, Malaya, British North Borneo, Sarawak, Brunei, and Singapore) used several varieties of dollars (for example, Straits dollar, Malayan dollar, Sarawak dollar, British North Borneo dollar; Malaya and British Borneo dollar) before Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei gained their independence from the United Kingdom. See also for a complete list of currencies.
• Spain: the Spanish dollar is closely related to the Dollars and Euros used today.
• Rhodesia: the Rhodesian dollar replaced the Rhodesian pound in 1970 and it was used until Zimbabwe came into being in 1980.

Other territories which currently use the dollar

•  Anguilla
•  Bermuda
•  Puerto Rico
•  Bonaire (Netherlands)
•  British Indian Ocean Territory
•  Sint Eustatius (Netherlands)
•  British Virgin Islands
•  Cayman Islands
•  Montserrat
•  Saba (Netherlands)
•  Turks and Caicos Islands
•  Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France) (alongside the Euro)

Countries which accept the dollar^{[clarification needed]}, but do not use it as their official currency

• Afghanistan
• Bolivia
• Cambodia
• Guatemala^[20]

• Lebanon
• Mexico
• Panama^[21]
• Peru

See also

Numismatics portal

• Fiat Money
• Eurodollar
• Amero
• Dollar sign
• List of circulating currencies
• Petrodollar
• United States one hundred-dollar bill

References

External links

• Etymonline (word history) for "buck" and Etymonline (word history) for "dollar"
• Thesaurus (synonyms)
• Currency converter CNNMoney.com
• Currency converter facebook.com