Douglas Fairbanks in The Black Pirate. (credit: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.)
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Fairbanks, Douglas [né Ulman] (1883–1939), actor. The handsome, flamboyant actor, whose acrobatic antics were as celebrated offstage as on, was born in Denver and made his stage debut in Richmond, Virginia, in 1900 as Florio in The Duke's Jester. His New York debut occurred two years later in Her Lord and Master. After playing “now familiar, breezy, attractive” young men in New York and on the road, major success came as senatorial secretary “Bud” Haines in A Gentleman from Mississippi (1908). He toured with the play for several seasons before portraying the impoverished Philosopher Jack in The Lights o' London (1911), and then amateur crook Robert Pitt in A Gentleman of Leisure (1911). For a time Fairbanks turned his attention to vaudeville but found another legit success as the swashbuckling Anthony Hamilton Hawthorne in Hawthorne of the U.S.A. (1912) and again as Wall Streeter Bertie in The New Henrietta (1913). His last role was the wealthy suitor Jerome Belden in The Show Shop (1914). The rest of Fairbanks's career was spent in films, in which he was long a leading romantic, swashbuckling figure.
| Biography: Douglas Fairbanks |
In the days of silent films, Douglas Fairbanks (1883-1939) was the king of dramatic actors. He surged across American motion picture screens performing dangerous stunts such as jumping from one high balcony to another or swinging by a rope from an old pirate ship. Fairbanks was an expert swordsman and handler of guns, a fine athlete, and managed to win the hand of the leading lady with perfect manners in almost every film he made.
Douglas Fairbanks was born in Denver, Colorado on May 23, 1883. He was the son of an alcoholic father who left the family when Douglas was five years old. Born into the Jewish faith, he was taught at an early age to conceal this fact because his family considered it embarrassing. By the time he was just eleven years old, Fairbanks was acting in and around the Denver area. But New York City was where the major actors played. Since he knew already what he wanted to be, Fairbanks moved to New York when he was only seventeen years of age. He planned to sweep into the entertainment business, but instead was forced to take odd jobs to earn enough to eat.
Fairbanks worked as a cattle freighter and as a clerk on Wall Street. In his free time, he haunted the theaters trying to get an acting job. Finally, after two years, he made his Broadway debut as Florio in the Frederick Warde Company's production of The Duke's Jester. He was ambitious, hard working, and developing into an excellent actor, but was still unable to get the starring roles despite his handsome appearance. Success continued to elude him, and he began to question his decision to become an actor.
In 1907, Fairbanks married Anna Beth Sully, owner of the Buchannan Soap Company, with offices in the Flatiron Building on Broadway. His father-in-law wanted Fairbanks to forget the acting business and work for the company. Fairbanks worked for the company for six months, then headed back to the theaters. His timing was good, for the Buchannan Soap Company went out of business shortly after he left.
Fairbanks got a string of minor parts, and was seen by important people, but the lead roles still didn't come. His wife Anna, a former socialite who was not accustomed to poverty, became pregnant. Although the marriage eventually collapsed, she gave birth to a son who was named after his father.
An Offer from Hollywood
Fairbanks received an offer to move West and make "flickers," which is what Broadway actors called the silent films. At first he resisted, but when Hollywood offered over one hundred thousand dollars for a year of movie making, he reluctantly agreed. Fairbanks arrived at the Triangle Film Corporation in 1915, at the age of 31. At first, he failed to impress any of the film people. Director D.W. Griffith, who was assigned to work with Fairbanks, said of the new actor, "He's got a head like a cantaloupe and he can't act."
But Fairbanks proved that he could act, and very well. He made more than 25 films including comedies, romances, westerns, and drawing room satires. None of his early films were the type that made him famous, but they were still quite entertaining. Fairbanks became so popular that he was able to form his own production company, and began producing and writing his own films.
United Artists was Formed
During a tour to sell war bonds in 1917, he met and fell desperately in love with actress Mary Pickford. However, he and Pickford were both married at the time, and having an affair was not acceptable in the early days of film-neither the fans nor the producers would understand. So the two hid their relationship for nearly three years, as both matured into solid actors and business people. In 1919, they formed United Artists with Charlie Chaplin and D.W. Griffith, in order to provide an independent distribution channel for artists who produced their own pictures. They hoped to break the practice of "block booking" films into theaters. Fairbanks and Pickford also took the bold step of divorcing their partners and getting married.
For the next few years, Fairbanks made a string of adventure films that have stood the test of time. He made The Mark of Zorro and The Three Musketeers in 1921, Robin Hood in 1922, The Thief of Baghdad in 1924 and The Black Pirate in 1926. These films were extremely expensive, beautiful, and smashing successes. Every detail of each film was handled by Fairbanks, and it was said that you could "feel his heart" in each scene. Pickford, meanwhile, was acting in her own films and becoming increasingly popular as well. The two were quite plainly the "King and Queen" of Hollywood during these years.
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
By 1927, Fairbanks was 44 years old and knew he was nearing the end of his acting career. He remained active with the management of his business, forming the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and overseeing the first award ceremony. He was also involved in the opening of Grauman's Chinese Theater on Hollywood Boulevard. The courtyard outside this famous tourist attraction featured the foot and handprints of movie stars, with his own and Pickford's being placed first. Finally, he helped open the Roosevelt Hotel, site of the first Academy Award presentation.
Fairbanks and Pickford lived in a mansion called "Pickfair" in the city of Beverly Hills. Crowds of people hovered around the gates of the estate day and night, each fan hoping to catch a glimpse of the two famous owners riding their horses on the grounds, or boating in the lake on their property. Fairbanks did make some good films at this time. He played the role of a real man with real problems in The Gaucho, The Iron Mask, Reaching for the Moon, and others.
In 1933, to the sadness of film fans, Fairbanks and Pickford announced their retirement from films, and soon after that the breakup of their marriage. They had decided to make a film together, Taming of the Shrew, and it was a disaster. Each blamed the other for the failure. Fairbanks' son, Douglas Jr., was becoming a big star, while his father was fading from the public eye.
After the divorce, Fairbanks married his mistress, Lady Sylvia Ashley. He had been suffering from heart trouble, but in early 1939 started writing a script for a new film in which he planned to star, along with his famous son. The script was never finished. Fairbanks died of a heart attack in his sleep in Santa Monica, California on December 12, 1939.
To show the depth of despair among fans when Fairbanks died, United Press published the following epitaph. "The body of Douglas Fairbanks Sr. lay tonight in an ornately carved bed before a window of his Santa Monica mansion which looked out on the vast Pacific. Through the night and day came a procession of Hollywood great and the forgotten who had worked with and known Fairbanks in his swashbuckling days. For hours Mr. Fairbanks' 150-pound mastiff named Marco Polo whined beside the death bed, refusing to move." The King of Hollywood was gone, and most agreed there would never be another like him.
Further Reading
Carey, Gary. Doug and Mary: A Biography of Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford, Dutton, 1977
Fairbanks, Douglas, Jr. The Salad Days, Doubleday, 1988.
Hearndon, Booton. Mary Pickford & Douglas Fairbanks: The Most Popular Couple the World has Ever Known, Norton, 1977.
Douglas Fairbanks Profile, http://www.mdle.com/ClassicFilms/FeaturedStar/star1a.htmed ]
| Columbia Encyclopedia: Douglas Fairbanks |
Bibliography
See biographies by R. Hancock and L. Fairbanks (1935), R. Schickel (1974), and J. Vance and T. Maietta (2008).
His son, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., 1909-2000, was also an actor.
Bibliography
See his autobiography (1988).
| Quotes By: Douglas Fairbanks |
Quotes:
"... I remember you and recall you without effort, without exercise of will; that is, by natural impulse, indicated by a sense of duty, or of obligation. And that, I take it, is the only sort of remembering worth the having. When we think of friends, and call their faces out of the shadows, and their voices out of the echoes that faint along the corridors of memory, and do it without knowing why save that we love to do it, we content ourselves that friendship is a Reality, and not a Fancy -- that it is built upon a rock, and not upon the sands that dissolve away with the ebbing tides and carry their monuments with them."
"I've never felt better."
| Actor: Douglas Fairbanks |
| Filmography: Douglas Fairbanks |
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| Douglas Fairbanks | |
|---|---|
Douglas Fairbanks |
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| Born | Douglas Elton Thomas Ullman May 23, 1883 Denver, Colorado, United States |
| Died | December 12, 1939 (aged 56) Santa Monica, California, United States |
| Spouse(s) | Anna Beth Sully (1907-1919) Mary Pickford (1920-1936) Sylvia Ashley (1936-1939) |
Douglas Elton Thomas Ullman Fairbanks, Sr., (May 23, 1883 – December 12, 1939) was an American actor, screenwriter, director and producer, best known for his swashbuckling roles in silent films such as The Thief of Bagdad, Robin Hood, and The Mark of Zorro. An astute businessman, Fairbanks was a founding member of United Artists. Fairbanks was also a founding member of The Motion Picture Academy and hosted the first Oscars Ceremony in 1929. With his marriage to Mary Pickford in 1920, the couple became Hollywood royalty with Fairbanks constantly referred to as "The King of Hollywood".[1]
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Fairbanks was born Douglas Elton Ullman (spelled "Ulman" by Douglas Fairbanks Jr. in his memoirs) in Denver, Colorado, the son of Hezekiah Charles Ullman (born September 1833) and Ella Adelaide Marsh (born 1850). He had a half-brother, John Fairbanks (born 1873), and a full brother, Robert Payne Ullman (March 13, 1882-February 22, 1948).
Fairbanks' father, who was born in Pennsylvania to a Jewish family, was a prominent New York City attorney. His mother, a Roman Catholic, was born in New York, and had previously been married to a man named John Fairbanks until his death. She then married a man named Wilcox, who turned out to be abusive. Her divorce was handled by Ullman, who later became her third husband.
In about 1881, Charles Ullman purchased several mining interests in the Rocky Mountains and moved the family to Denver, where he re-established his law practice. Ullman abandoned the family when Douglas was five years old, and he and Robert were brought up by their mother, who gave them the family name Fairbanks, after her first husband.
Douglas Fairbanks began acting on the Denver stage at an early age, doing amateur theatre. He was in summer stock at the Elitch Gardens Theatre, becoming a sensation in his teens. He attended East Denver High School, and was once expelled for dressing up the campus statues on St. Patrick's Day. He left during his senior year. He said he attended Colorado School of Mines for a term but no record of attendance has been found. An article on the matter recounts a professor once saying Fairbanks was asked to leave because of a prank not long after he began. It is also claimed he attended Harvard University.
Fairbanks moved to New York in the early 1900s to pursue an acting career, joining the acting troupe of British actor Frederick Warde who had discovered Fairbanks performing in Denver. He worked in a hardware store and as a clerk in a Wall Street office before his Broadway debut in 1902.
On July 11, 1907 in Watch Hill, Rhode Island, he married Anna Beth Sully, the daughter of wealthy industrialist, Daniel J. Sully. They had one son, Douglas Elton Fairbanks, who later became known as actor "Douglas Fairbanks Jr.". The family moved to Hollywood, California in 1915.
Fairbanks signed a contract with Triangle Pictures in 1915 and began working under the supervision of D.W. Griffith. His first film was titled The Lamb, and in the film, he debuted his remarkable athletic abilities that would gain wide attention among theatre audiences.[2] His athletic abilities were not appreciated by Griffith, however, and he was brought to the attention of Anita Loos and John Emerson, who wrote and directed many of his early romantic comedies. In 1916, Fairbanks established his own company, the Douglas Fairbanks Film Corporation,[3] and would soon get a job at Paramount.[3] By 1918, Fairbanks was Hollywood's most popular actor.[4] Within eighteen months of his arrival, Fairbanks' popularity and business acumen raised him up to be the third highest paid.
Fairbanks met actress Mary Pickford at a party in 1916 and began an affair. In 1917, the couple joined Fairbanks' friend Charlie Chaplin[2] selling war bonds by train across the U.S. Pickford and Chaplin were then the two highest paid film stars in Hollywood. To curtail these stars' astronomical salaries, the large studios attempted to monopolise distributors and exhibitors.
Sully was granted a divorce from Fairbanks in late 1918, the judgement being finalized in early 1919.
To avoid being controlled by the studios and to protect their independence, Fairbanks, Pickford, Chaplin, and D. W. Griffith formed United Artists in 1919, which created their own distributorships and gave them complete artistic control over their films and the profits generated. The company was kept solvent in the years immediately after its formation largely from the success of Fairbanks' films.
Fairbanks was determined to have Pickford become his wife, but she was still married to actor Owen Moore. He finally gave her an ultimatum. She then obtained a fast divorce in the small Nevada town of Minden, Nevada, on March 2, 1920. Fairbanks leased the Beverly Hills mansion Grayhall and was rumoured to have used it during his courtship of Pickford.
The couple married on March 28, 1920. Pickford's divorce from Moore was contested by Nevada legislators, however, and the dispute was not settled until 1922. Even though the lawmakers objected to the marriage, the public went wild over the idea of "Everybody's Hero" marrying "America's Sweetheart". The couple were greeted by large crowds in London and Paris during their European honeymoon, becoming Hollywood's first celebrity marriage.
During the years they were married, Fairbanks and Pickford were regarded as "Hollywood Royalty," famous for entertaining at their Beverly Hills estate, Pickfair.
By 1920, Fairbanks had completed twenty-nine films (twenty-eight features and one two-reel short), which showcased his ebullient screen persona and athletic ability. By 1920, he had the inspiration of staging a new type of adventure-costume picture, a genre that was then out of favour with the public; Fairbanks had previously been a comic in his other films.[1] In The Mark of Zorro, Fairbanks combined his appealing screen persona with the new adventureous, costume element. It was a smash success and parlayed the actor into the rank of superstar. For the remainder of his career in silent films, he continued to produce and star in ever more elaborate, impressive costume films, such as The Three Musketeers (1921), Douglas Fairbanks as Robin Hood (1922), The Thief of Bagdad (1924), The Black Pirate (1926, the first full Technicolor film), and The Gaucho (1927). Fairbanks spared no expense and effort in these films, which established the standard for all future swashbuckling films.
In 1921, he, Pickford, Chaplin, and others, helped to organise the Motion Picture Fund to assist those in the industry who could not work, or were unable to meet their bills.
During the first ceremony of its type, he and Pickford placed their hand and foot prints in wet cement at the newly opened Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood on April 30, 1927. Fairbanks was elected first President of the Motion Picture Academy of Arts and Sciences that same year, and he presented the first Academy Awards in his studio office. Fairbanks also has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7020 Hollywood Boulevard.
His last silent film was the lavish The Iron Mask (1929), a sequel to 1921's The Three Musketeers which included an introductory prologue spoken by Fairbanks. While Fairbanks had flourished in the silent genre, the restrictions of early sound films dulled his enthusiasm for film-making. Also, his athletic abilities and general health began to decline, in part due to years of heavy chain-smoking. He and Pickford chose to make their first talkie as a joint venture, playing Petruchio and Kate in Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew (1929). This film, and his subsequent sound films, were poorly received by Depression era audiences. The last film he acted in was the British production The Private Life of Don Juan (1934), after which he retired from acting.
After he began an affair with Lady Sylvia Ashley, Fairbanks and Pickford separated in 1933. They divorced in 1936, with Pickford keeping Pickfair. Within months he and Ashley were married in Paris.
He continued to be marginally involved in the film industry and United Artists, but his later years lacked the intense focus of his film years. His health continued to decline, and in his final years he lived at 705 Ocean Front (now Pacific Coast Highway) in Santa Monica, California, although much of his time was spent travelling abroad with Sylvia.
In December 1939, at 56, Fairbanks had a heart attack in his sleep and died a day later at his home in Santa Monica. By some accounts[citation needed], he had been obsessively working-out against medical advice, trying to regain his once-trim waistline. Fairbanks's famous last words were "I've never felt better."[5] His funeral service was held at the Wee Kirk o' the Heather Church in Glendale's Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery where he was placed in a crypt in the Great Mausoleum. He was deeply mourned and honored by his colleagues and fans for his contributions to the film industry and Hollywood.
Two years following his death, he was removed from Forest Lawn by his widow, who commissioned an elaborate marble monument for him, with long rectangular reflecting pool, raised tomb, and classic Greek architecture in Hollywood Forever Cemetery. The remains of his son, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., were also interred here upon his death in 2000.
In 1991, AMPAS opened the "Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study" located at 333 S. La Cienega Boulevard in Beverly Hills. The building houses the Margaret Herrick Library.[6]
In 1998 a group of fans opened "The Douglas Fairbanks Sr. Museum" in Austin, Texas. The museum had to close due to flood damage in 2007 but expects to reopen in 2009.[7]. The museum also offers a virtual tour of their holdings.[8] In 2006 the Museum released a book of Fairbanks interviews and writings titled "Douglas Fairbanks: In His Own Words".[9]
There has been a renewed interest in Fairbanks in recent years. Several of his films have been released on DVD including a box set, "Douglas Fairbanks: A Modern Musketeer" from Flicker Alley. In 2008, AMPAS commissioned and released a biography on Fairbanks, written by Jeffery Vance and Tony Maietta.
On January 24, 2009, AMPAS opened an exhibition at their Fourth Floor Gallery dedicated to Fairbanks titled, "Douglas Fairbanks: The First King of Hollywood". The exhibit features costumes, props, pictures, and documents from his career and personal life. The exhibit will run until April 2009.[10] In addition to the exhibit AMPAS will screen Thief of Bagdad and The Iron Mask in March 2009. Recently, a bronze statue of Fairbanks was erected in the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences Courtyard of the new School of Cinematic Arts building on the University of Southern California campus. Fairbanks was a key figure in the film school's founding in 1929, and in its curriculum development.
“Swashbucklers do it with panache,” says film historian Sparrow Morgan, founder of The Fairbanks Memorial. She proves her point every year on May 23 (May 22 in 2009 due to scheduling difficulties) by celebrating classic film star Douglas Fairbanks’ birthday with a free screening of one of his classic films at Hollywood Forever Cemetery, 6000 Santa Monica Boulevard in Hollywood. More information is at http://www.fairbanksmemorial.org
| Year | Title | Credited as | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Role | Producer | Writer | Director | ||
| 1915 | The Lamb | Gerald | |||
| Martyrs of the Alamo | Bit part | ||||
| Double Trouble | Florian Amidon / Eugene Brassfield | ||||
| 1916 | His Picture in the Papers | Pete Prindle | |||
| The Habit of Happiness | Sunny Wiggins | ||||
| The Good Bad Man | Passin' Through | Yes | |||
| Reggie Mixes In | Reggie Van Deuzen | ||||
| The Mystery of the Leaping Fish | Coke Ennyday | ||||
| Flirting with Fate | Augy Holliday | ||||
| The Half-Breed | Lo Dorman | ||||
| Intolerance | Man on White Horse (French Story) | ||||
| Manhattan Madness | Steve O'Dare | ||||
| American Aristocracy | Cassius Lee | ||||
| The Matrimaniac | Jimmie Conroy | ||||
| The Americano | Blaze Derringer | ||||
| 1917 | All-Star Production of Patriotic Episodes for the Second Liberty Loan |
Himself | |||
| In Again, Out Again | Teddy Rutherford | Yes | |||
| Wild and Woolly | Jeff Hillington | ||||
| Down to Earth | Billy Gaynor | Yes | Yes | ||
| The Man from Painted Post | "Fancy Jim" Sherwood | Yes | |||
| Reaching for the Moon | Alexis Caesar Napoleon Brown | Yes | |||
| A Modern Musketeer | Ned Thacker | Yes | |||
| 1918 | Headin' South | Headin' South | Yes | ||
| Mr. Fix-It | Dick Remington | Yes | |||
| Say! Young Fellow | The Young Fellow | Yes | |||
| Bound in Morocco | George Travelwell | Yes | Yes | ||
| He Comes Up Smiling | Jerry Martin | Yes | |||
| Sic 'Em, Sam | Democracy | ||||
| Arizona | Lt. Denton | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| 1919 | The Knickerbocker Buckaroo | Teddy Drake | Yes | Yes | |
| His Majesty, the American | William Brooks | Yes | Yes | ||
| When the Clouds Roll by | Daniel Boone Brown | Yes | Yes | ||
| 1920 | The Mollycoddle | Richard Marshall III, IV and V | Yes | ||
| The Mark of Zorro | Don Diego Vega / Señor Zorro | Yes | Yes | ||
| 1921 | The Nut | Charlie Jackson | Yes | Yes | |
| The Three Musketeers | D'Artagnan | Yes | Yes | ||
| 1922 | Robin Hood | Robin Hood | Yes | Yes | |
| 1923 | Hollywood | Himself | |||
| 1924 | The Thief of Bagdad | The Thief of Bagdad | Yes | Yes | |
| 1925 | Don Q, Son of Zorro | Don Cesar Vega / Zorro | Yes | ||
| Ben-Hur | Crowd extra in chariot race | ||||
| 1926 | The Black Pirate | The Black Pirate | Yes | Yes | |
| 1927 | A Kiss From Mary Pickford | Himself | |||
| The Gaucho | The Gaucho | Yes | Yes | ||
| 1928 | Show People | Himself | |||
| 1929 | The Iron Mask | D'Artagnan | Yes | Yes | |
| The Taming of the Shrew | Petruchio | ||||
| 1930 | Reaching for the Moon | Larry Day | Yes | ||
| 1931 | Around the World in 80 Minutes with Douglas Fairbanks | Himself | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 1932 | Mr. Robinson Crusoe | Steve Drexel | Yes | Yes | |
| 1934 | The Private Life of Don Juan | Don Juan | |||
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