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• Born: 18 February 1965
• Birthplace: Los Angeles, California
• Best Known As: Founding member of the gangsta rap group N.W.A.

Name at birth: Andre Young

Andre Young, a.k.a. Dr. Dre, co-founded the notorious rap group N.W.A. (with Ice Cube and Eazy-E). The group was one of the most successful hip-hop groups of the late 1980s and helped lay the foundations of what's known as West Coast gangsta rap. Dre's 1992 solo effort, The Chronic, was a critical and popular success and made his fame as a producer. He helped launch the careers of Warren G., Snoop Dogg, Eve of Destruction. In 1999 Dr. Dre helped produce Eminem's top-selling The Slim Shady LP, and in 2005 he was behind The Game's debut album, The Documentary.

• Birth Name: Andre Young
• Genre: Rap
• Active: '80s, '90s, 2000s
• Instruments: Vocals, Keyboards

Biography

More than any other rapper, Dr. Dre was responsible for moving away from the avant-noise and political stance of Public Enemy and Boogie Down Productions as well as the party vibes of old-school rap. Instead, Dre pioneered gangsta rap and his own variation of the sound, G-funk. BDP's early albums were hardcore but cautionary tales of the criminal mind, but Dre's records with N.W.A. celebrated the hedonistic, amoralistic side of gang life. Dre was never much of a rapper -- his rhymes were simple and his delivery was slow and clumsy -- but as a producer, he was extraordinary. With N.W.A. he melded the noise collages of the Bomb Squad with funky rhythms. On his own, he reworked George Clinton's elastic funk into the self-styled G-funk, a slow-rolling variation that relied more on sound than content. When he left N.W.A. in 1992, he founded Death Row Records with Suge Knight, and the label quickly became the dominant force in mid-'90s hip-hop thanks to his debut, The Chronic. Soon, most rap records imitated its sound, and his productions for Snoop Doggy Dogg and Blackstreet were massive hits. For nearly four years, G-funk dominated hip-hop, and Dre had enough sense to abandon it and Death Row just before the whole empire collapsed in late 1996. Dre retaliated by forming a new company, Aftermath, and while it was initially slow getting started, his bold moves forward earned critical respect.

Dre (born Andre Young, February 18, 1965) became involved in hip-hop during the early '80s, performing at house parties and clubs with the World Class Wreckin' Cru around South Central Los Angeles and making a handful of recordings along the way. In 1986, he met Ice Cube, and the two rappers began writing songs for Ruthless Records, a label started by former drug pusher Eazy-E. Eazy tried to give one of the duo's songs, "Boyz-n-the Hood," to HBO, a group signed to Ruthless. When the group refused, Eazy formed N.W.A. -- an acronym for Niggaz With Attitude -- with Dre and Cube, releasing their first album in 1987. A year later, N.W.A. delivered Straight Outta Compton, a vicious hardcore record that became an underground hit with virtually no support from radio, the press, or MTV. N.W.A. became notorious for their hardcore lyrics, especially those of "Fuck tha Police," which resulted in the FBI sending a warning letter to Ruthless and its parent company, Priority, suggesting that the group should watch their step.

Most of the group's political threat left with Cube when he departed in late 1989 amid many financial disagreements. While Eazy appeared to be the undisputed leader following Cube's departure -- and he was certainly responsible for the group approaching near-parodic levels with their final pair of records -- the music was in Dre's hands. On both the 1990 EP 100 Miles and Runnin' and the 1991 album Efil4zaggin ("Niggaz4life" spelled backward), he created dense, funky sonic landscapes that were as responsible for keeping N.W.A. at the top of the charts as Eazy's comic-book lyrics. While the group was at the peak of their popularity in 1991, Dre began to make efforts to leave the crew, especially after he was charged with assaulting the host of a televised rap show in 1991. The following year, Dre left the group to form Death Row Records with Suge Knight. According to legend, Knight held N.W.A.'s manager at gunpoint and threatened to kill him if he refused to let Dre out of his contract.

Dre released his first solo single, "Deep Cover," in the spring of 1992. Not only was the record the debut of his elastic G-funk sound, it also was the beginning of his collaboration with rapper Snoop Doggy Dogg. Dre discovered Snoop through his stepbrother Warren G, and he immediately began working with the rapper -- Snoop was on Dre's 1992 debut, The Chronic, as much as Dre himself. Thanks to the singles "Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang," "Dre Day," and "Let Me Ride," The Chronic was a multi-platinum, Top Ten smash, and the entire world of hip-hop changed with it. For the next four years, it was virtually impossible to hear mainstream hip-hop that wasn't effected in some way by Dre and his patented G-funk. Not only did he produce Snoop's 1993 debut, Doggystyle, but he orchestrated several soundtracks, including Above the Rim and Murder Was the Case (both 1994), which functioned as samplers for his new artists and production techniques, and he helmed hit records such as Blackstreet's "No Diggity," among others, including a hit reunion with Ice Cube, "Natural Born Killaz." During this entire time, Dre released no new records, but he didn't need to -- all of Death Row was under his control, and most of his peers mimicked his techniques.

The Death Row dynasty held strong until the spring of 1996, when Dre grew frustrated with Knight's strong-arm techniques. At the time, Death Row was devoting itself to 2Pac's label debut, All Eyez on Me (which featured Dre on the breakthrough hit, "California Love"), and Snoop was busy recovering from his draining murder trial. Dre left the label in the summer of 1996 to form Aftermath, declaring gangsta rap dead. While he was subjected to endless taunts from his former Death Row colleagues, their sales slipped by 1997 and Knight was imprisoned on racketeering charges by the end of the year. Dre's first album for Aftermath, the various-artists collection Dr. Dre Presents...The Aftermath received considerable media attention, but the record didn't become a hit, despite the presence of his hit single, "Been There Done That." Even though the album wasn't a success, the implosion of Death Row in 1997 proved that Dre's inclinations were correct at the time. Both 2001 and its companion instrumental version followed in 1999. ~ Stephen Thomas Erlewine, All Music Guide

Chronicles: Death Row Classics [Clean] Buy this CD	Chronicles: Death Row Classics Buy this CD	Chronicle: Best of the Works Buy this CD	The Chronic [Clean] Buy this CD	2001 Buy this CD
2001 [Clean] Buy this CD	2001 [Instrumental] Buy this CD	Dr. Dre Presents...The Aftermath Buy this CD	Back 'N The Day Buy this CD	The Chronic Buy this CD

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• Born: Feb 18, 1965
• Occupation: Actor
• Active: '90s-2000s
• Major Genres: Music, Comedy
• Career Highlights: Coming to America, The Show, Get Rich or Die Tryin'
• First Major Screen Credit: Coming to America (1988)

Biography

One of the founding fathers of gangsta rap, the G-funk style, Death Row Records, and Aftermath, Dr. Dre has been bringing innovation and slick production to the world of rap since the early days of N.W.A. in the late '80s. As with many restless souls in the music industry, it was only a matter of time before Dre decided to expand his role in the entertainment industry to feature films.

Born Andre Young in February of 1965, Dre's early work with N.W.A. garnered the tough rapper a reputation for fearless abandon. With their gritty tales of violent life on the streets the group encountered more than a little controversy, though their then-unique approach to rap inspired countless imitators along with their vehement detractors. Later helping to launch the careers of Snoop Doggy Dogg and stepbrother Warren G. as a producer, Dre proved that he wasn't going anywhere anytime soon and remained one of the most innovative fixtures in the hip-hop universe. Some of Dre's early work in the film industry involved orchestrating the soundtracks for such films as Above the Rim and Murder Was the Case in 1994. Taking the director's chair for 1993's Hour of Chaos and Murder Was the Case the following year, Dre also turned up in front of the camera for Set It Off (1996), Whiteboyz (1999), and Training Day (2001). Despite his reputation for being so "hard," Dre's first major film role would come surprisingly in the comedy The Wash (2001) alongside longtime friend and fellow G-Funk cohort Snoop Doggy Dogg. With former collaborator Ice Cube having already taken his act to the screen for laughs in 1995's Friday, it appeared as if the ever-serious former N.W.A. killaz had finally lightened up a bit and taken on a more easygoing celluloid existence as opposed to their more dangerous vinyl incarnation. ~ Jason Buchanan, All Movie Guide

The Game Buy this Movie	A Man Apart Buy this Movie	Bad Boys II Buy this Movie	Hip-Hop VIPs Buy this Movie
Training Day Buy this Movie	The Wash Buy this Movie	The Up in Smoke Tour Buy this Movie	Whiteboyz Buy this Movie

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rap musician; music producer; actor

Personal Information

Born Andre Ramelle Young, c. 1965, in Compton, CA; married Nicole Young, 1996; one son: Marcelle.

Career

Rap artist; record producer for various artists, including Eazy-E, the D.O.C., Snoop Dogg, Eminem, and 50 Cent. Began career as a DJ in high school, early 1980s; formed World Class Wreckin' Cru, 1982; released two albums; joined N.W.A., 1985; released three albums and one EP; produced eight albums for Ruthless Records; cofounded Death Row Records, 1991; released first solo album, The Chronic, Death Row, 1993; left Death Row and founded Aftermath Entertainment, 1996; released Dr. Dre Presents ... The Aftermath, 1996; produced The Album for The Firm, 1997; produced The Slim Shady LP, 1999; released Dr. Dre 2001, 1999; produced The Marshall Mathers LP, 2000, produced Get Rich or Die Tryin' for 50 Cent, 2003.

Life's Work

Though Dr. Dre's music career has not always been a "'G' Thang," (the "G" stands for "gangsta"), his own recordings combined with his production work made gangsta rap among the most vital pop genres of the 1990s. Born Andre Ramelle Young in Compton, California, Dre was raised by his mother. From the time he was four years old, he loved playing DJ at her parties. In 1981, he heard a song by Grandmaster Flash that inspired him to change his name in honor of basketball star Julius "Dr. J" Erving and become a full-time DJ.

Dre began spinning records at a Los Angeles nightclub called Eve After Dark. He produced the dance tapes in the club's four-track studio during the week, then played them on the weekends. In addition to using the rap trademarks of sampling, scratching, and drum machines, he added keyboards and vocals. "I would put together this mix shelf," Dre told Jonathan Gold in Rolling Stone, "lots of oldies, Martha and the Vandellas and stuff like that. And where normally you go to a club and the deejays play all the hit records back to back, I would put on a serious show. People would come from everywhere, just to see Dre on the wheels of steel."

In 1982, when Dre was 17 years old, he formed the World Class Wreckin' Cru with Yella (Antoine Carraby), his fellow DJ and manager of Eve After Dark. Dre's demo, "Surgery," became the group's first independently released single and sold 50,000 copies. Dre graduated from Compton's Centennial High School in 1983. Impressed with his studies in mechanical drafting, Northrop Aircraft offered him a job, but he turned it down. Dre discovered he could make more money as a DJ, and all of his spare time was spent preparing for the release of the World Class Wreckin' Cru's second album.

Dre left the World Class Wreckin' Cru in 1984. "They wouldn't do my songs," Dre said in a Death Row Records biography. "They said they'd never get on the radio." Dre joined with Ice Cube (O'Shea Jackson), who was in a group with his cousin at the time. Together they performed live wherever they could, including dates at skating rinks, where they played in front of 2,000 people at a time.

Formed New Company

In 1985, Dre and Eazy-E (Eric Wright) decided to start up their own record company with Eazy-E's capital and Dre's producing talent. Dre produced the label's first project, "Boyz-n-the-Hood," featuring Eazy-E as the artist. They sold about 10,000 copies out of the trunks of their cars and used the money to finance the first single for their newly formed group, N.W.A. (Niggaz with Attitude) which included Dre, Ice Cube, Eazy-E, Yella, M. C. Ren (Lorenzo Patterson), and Arabian Prince. Dre wrote and produced the group's first single, "Dopeman." He also produced Eazy-E's first platinum album, Eazy-Duz-It, that same year.

NWA began its controversial and successful career in 1987 with the release of N.W.A. and the Posse on Macola Records. Two years later, the group released Straight Outta Compton on Ruthless Records and sold more than two million copies. Of course, the controversy behind the group and the album only assisted in launching their sales. Milt Ahlerich, assistant director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Office of Public Affairs, wrote a letter to the group's parent record company objecting to the lyrics of the song "F--- tha Police." Police throughout the country added fuel to the fire by allegedly making it standard operating procedure to pull over any car driven by African-American men blaring N.W.A. "We loved the controversy," Dre said in his record company biography. "It's the reason we blew up as big as we did. It wasn't hurting us, it was helping us."

Keeping alive his career as a producer, Dre produced the D.O.C. (Tray Curry), a rapper he had discovered in Dallas, Texas. The D.O.C.'s album, No One Can Do It Better, became Number One on Billboard's R&B album chart, Number 20 on the pop chart, and reached platinum sales. The track, "It's Funky Enough," became a Number One rap single. Dre also produced an album for his former girlfriend, Michel'le, which went platinum and reached Number One on Billboard's R&B chart.

In January of 1990, Ice Cube left N.W.A. over a financial dispute and started a solo career. Later that year, N.W.A. released the platinum EP, 100 Miles and Runnin', on Ruthless Records. The group's third album, Efil4zaggin ("Niggaz 4 Life"), hit the stores in 1991, sold over a million copies in just two weeks, and reached Number One on Billboard's album chart.

N.W.A.'s success and controversy brought them lots of attention, and Dre began receiving attention for his antics outside of the recording studio. On January 27, 1991, Dre allegedly hit Denise ("Dee") Barnes, the former host of Pump It Up, a FOX-TV show, and tried to push her down a staircase at an L.A. nightclub. Pump It Up had aired a segment about the separation of Ice Cube and N.W.A., with Ice Cube and the members of the group talking about each other. N.W.A. and Dre decided the show made them look bad. After the incident, Barnes filed assault charges and a $22.75 million suit against Dre; he settled out of court.

Joined Marion "Suge" Knight

Later in 1991, Dre and Marion "Suge" Knight inspected Dre's contract with Ruthless Records. Dre, the house producer at Ruthless Records, had watched seven of the eight albums he produced go platinum. Knight claimed Ruthless had taken advantage of Dre by paying him a substandard royalty rate and withholding back pay. Dre left Ruthless, and Knight engineered his release from his contract with the label. Ruthless Records president Eazy-E claimed that he only agreed to end the contract because Knight and two other men threatened him with baseball bats and pipes.

"I got Ice Cube his start. I also launched Eazy," Dre said in his record company biography. "There ain't no question that N.W.A. became what it was in large part because of my music and my producing. Me and Eazy had agreed from Jump Street that we was to be partners. Now Eazy says he's the owner of the record company, Ruthless. Well, let him own it then. But I was never supposed to be signed to him or owned by him." Eazy-E filed suits against Dre at the end of 1991 and in late 1992 for racketeering and conspiracy. A federal judge dismissed the charges on August 9, 1993.

Suge Knight and Dre founded their own label, Death Row Records, and searched for major label distribution. They had Dre's first solo effort, The Chronic, completed by the time they formed a partnership with Interscope Records in 1992. "People didn't want to take a chance on us, and it [made me angry]," Dre said in Newsweek. "I mean, I had talent--talent that had already been proven with huge record sales from N.W.A.--so you had to wonder what ... the problem was."

Dre continued to keep his name in the press and on police records before the release of his solo album. On June 5, 1992, Dre surrendered to police after they had issued a warrant for his arrest on charges that he assaulted record producer Damon Thomas. Then, in October of 1992, Dre pleaded guilty to battery of a police officer during a May 22 brawl. He served "house arrest" sentences for each charge, which necessitated his wearing a police-monitoring ankle bracelet.

Success and Legal Trouble

In 1993, The Chronic arrived in stores--the first release for Death Row Records. It sold three million copies and spent eight months in the Top Ten of Billboard's album chart. The first single, "Nuthin' But a 'G' Thang," sold more than a million copies, and "F--- wit Dre Day" went gold. The Chronic featured other budding rap artists from Dre's "posse," including Snoop Dogg, Rage, RBX, Jewell, Nate Dogg, Daz, and Kurupt. Dre then went behind the scenes of the music video business, following the release of the album with his directorial debut, Nuthin' But a'G' Thang.

Dre went on to produce the debut of Snoop Dogg, the best friend of Dre's brother, Warren Griffen III (Warren G). Doggystyle, released on Death Row, sold 800,000 copies in its first week. In August of 1993, Dre and other Death Row artists headlined a national tour that included Run-D.M.C., Geto Boys, Onyx, and Boss. The $200,000 stage show included a 14-piece band, a 1964 Impala, a makeshift liquor store, a garage, a 10-foot skeleton, and a 42-person entourage. Dre found himself in serious trouble in 1994. It began on January 10, when he led Los Angeles police through the streets on a high-speed chase. When Dre was finally apprehended, the police found his blood-alcohol level to be 0.16, twice the legal limit in California. Since he had broken his 1993 probation, he received an eight-month jail sentence, a $1,053 fine, four years summary probation, and an order to complete a 90-day alcohol education program.

Later that same year, Dre received a Grammy Award for best rap solo performance. He also produced the single debut of his brother, Warren G on Death Row's Above the Rim compilation. By August of 1994, albums he had rapped on or produced had sold nearly 28 million copies. On September 27, 1994, Death Row Records released Murder Was the Case, which featured a song by Dre and Ice Cube, "Natural Born Killaz." Dre also directed an 18-minute video, starring Snoop Dogg, Murder Was the Case: The Movie.

Dre and Ice Cube reunited on their album, Helter Skelter. The first single, "You Don't Want to See Me," featured an appearance by funk founder George Clinton. However, Helter Skelter's release was postponed due to Dre's jail sentence, which started on January 10, 1995. In the meantime, Dre contributed the single "Keep Their Heads Ringin'" to the soundtrack for Friday, a comedy film starring Ice Cube. Meanwhile changes were taking place inside Dre's head. "That was my wake-up call because all I could do in that cell was think," he told Newsweek's Allison Samuels and David Gates. "My mom said that going to jail was the best thing that could have happened to me, and she was right."

Left Death Row

Dre realized that the negative influences at Death Row were distracting him from his number one love--making music. A maturing Dre also felt that Death Row, constantly involved in one trouble or another, was a scene that was hindering the positivity he was feeling in his own life. He married in 1996 and considered himself a happily married man with children. However, his "happy" status was not part of Death Row's vision. As he told Vibe, "The mentality there [at Death Row] is, you have to be mad at somebody in order for yourself to feel good, even to be able to make a record." He added, "I have nothing bad to say about anybody that's with Death Row. It's just not my vibe."

In 1996, Dre stunned the rap world when he departed from Death Row, citing differences in philosophy. He had once hoped that the label would expand into other genres, including jazz, reggae, and "black" rock music. However, the irony was that gangsta rap--spurred by his own classic, The Chronic--continued to bring in the money, and according to Vibe, "Dre began to realize that no one else was seeing his larger vision for the label."

Dre started his own label, Aftermath Entertainment, as a joint venture with Jimmy Iovine's Interscope. Relishing his new autonomy, Dre asserted in Vibe, "Now I'm gonna be able to do whatever I wanna do. If it works, it's on me. If it fails, it's on me. But I'm an innovator." To do so, Dre has recruited five black women he refers to as "Dre's Angels" because as he told Vibe, like television's character, Charlie, from Charlie's Angels, he plans on being "unseen, just heard." Later, admitting what he says on records about women is not true, he stated in Newsweek, "black women are the strongest most hardworking people on earth."

Dre's first Aftermath release was a compilation of various hard-core hip hop and R&B artists entitled Dr. Dre Presents ... Aftermath, and featured his own single, "Been There, Done That." In bypassing the "East Coast-West Coast" riff between artists from the two different camps, Dre was able to work with the top people in the business, causing Vibe to suggest that "he sets trends."

Most of the repercussions from Dre's leaving Death Row had mostly positive effects. He commented in Vibe, "People are giving me respect as a person, for being a wise black man ... Right now, I'm exhaling in a major way." The only drawback was a brief period from 1996 to 1999 when, due to record label differences, he was restricted from working with some of his old crew, such as Snoop Dogg.

During that period, Dre produced the much anticipated, but mildly disappointing 1997 CD, The Album, by The Firm, which included Foxy Brown, Nas, AZ, and Nature. But 1999 saw the strong return of Dr. Dre with the debut of Detroit artist, Eminem and The Slim Shady LP. Eminem, born Marshall Mathers, not only helped Dre flex his skills as a producer but also as a performer. The follow up release, The Marshall Mathers LP, garnered a Producer of the Year Grammy and a Best Performance by a Duo or Group Grammy for the single, "Forgot About Dre."

Before he began working with Eminem, many people believed Dre ended his creative rap by leaving Death Row. He told Newsweek, "The word on the street was I couldn't do it anymore. One writer said my only prayer was to work with Snoop again." In spite of previous problems, Dre did work with Snoop again on a solo effort, Dr. Dre 2001, in 1999 which also included collaborations between many other artists on The Chronic in 1993. It also sparked one of the most successful summer concert tours, 2000's Up In Smoke The Tour featured Dre, Snoop Dogg, Eminem, and Ice Cube among others and included stops in more than 43 cities.

While Dre produced others and recorded solo efforts, his work with Aftermath gave him the opportunity to continue editing videos; working in film, and writing an autobiography. His film credits include a small role in 1996's Set If Off, 2001's Training Day with Denzel Washington, and The Wash with Snoop.

"Dre has vision," Jimmy Iovine, producer and head of Interscope Records, commented in Dre's biography. "I believe he's one of the great producers around today because his approach combines a lot of different worlds, in music and life. He can reach everyone. Because of his creativity and innovation, pushing the limits like most producers don't do anymore these days--whether in rap or rock--he deserves his own label. He's that gifted."

The turn of the millennium also saw Dre use his gifts to influence the technological future of music. Dre joined popular heavy metal band Metallica and the Recording Industry Association of America in suing Napster, a popular web site where members swap MP3s. In each suit, the complaints focused on copyright infringement. Dre submitted a list of more than 900,000 songs that he wanted removed from the website. Napster ultimately agreed to block songs that record companies wanted out of their trading software, but subsequent royalty agreements mean that many songs that Dre has performed or produced are now available on Napster.

Regardless of the ups and downs in the rap business, Dre's vision is still in tact. In Dre's own words, as reported in Vibe, "I just wanna be positive, helping people help themselves, not saying anything bad about anyone, just being the real Andre Young....I'm not trying to be no gangster....The only thing I want to do is make records, live a comfortable life, and chill with my family." The aftermath seems to have been hard earned and worth the wait.

Awards

Grammy Award for best rap solo performance, 1994; Source awards for best producer, solo artist, and album, 1994; named "One of the Top Ten Artists That Mattered Most, 1985-1995" by Spin magazine; named one of "The 101 Most Powerful People in Entertainment" by Entertainment Weekly, 1996; Grammy, Producer of the Year, 2000; ASCAP award, Songwriter of the Year, 2002.

Works

Selected Discography

• (With N.W.A.)
• N.W.A. and the Posse, Macola, 1987.
• Straight Outta Compton, Ruthless, 1989.
• 100 Miles and Runnin', Ruthless, 1990.
• Niggaz4life, Ruthless, 1991.
• Greatest Hits, Central Station, 1996.
• Solo Work as Artist
• The Chronic, Death Row, 1993.
• "Keep Their Heads Ringin'," Friday (soundtrack), Priority, 1995.
• Helter Skelter, with Ice Cube, Death Row, 1995.
• Dr. Dre Presents ... The Aftermath, Aftermath, 1996.
• "Zoom," with LL Cool J, Bulworth (soundtrack), 1998.
• Dr. Dre 2001, Aftermath, 1999.
• As Producer
• Eazy-Duz-It, Easy-E, Ruthless, 1988.
• No One Can Do It Better, The D.O.C., Ruthless, 1989.
• Livin' Like Hustlers, Above the Law, Epic, 1989.
• Doggystyle, Snoop Dogg, Death Row, 1993.
• Concrete Roots, Triple X, 1994.
• Murder Was the Case, Death Row, 1994.
• First Round Knock Out, Triple X, 1994.
• Back N Tha Day, 1996.
• The Album, The Firm, Aftermath, 1997.
• The Slim Shady LP, Eminem, Aftermath, 1999.
• The Marshall Mathers LP, Eminem, Aftermath, 2000.
• Get Rich or Die Tryin', 50 Cent, Aftermath, 2003.
• The Documentary, The Game, Aftermath, 2005.

Further Reading

Books

• Beckman, Janette, and B. Adler, Rap: Portraits and Lyrics of a Generation of Black Rockers, St. Martin's Press, 1991.
• Kenyatta, Kelly, You Forgot About Dre: The Unauthorized Biography of Dr. Dre and Eminem, Amber Books, 2001.
• The Trouser Press Record Guide, edited by Ira A. Robbins, Collier, 1991.

Periodicals

• Billboard, October 14, 1989; April 7, 1990; June 22, 1991; July 6, 1991; July 13, 1991; September 7, 1991; June 6, 1992; June 20, 1992; October 24, 1992; January 16, 1993; January 23, 1993; May 8, 1993; July 3, 1993; July 10, 1993; August 23, 1993; November 27, 1993; December 25, 1993.
• Business Wire, July 12, 2001.
• Daily Variety, June 18, 2002.
• Details, April 1993; May 1993.
• Entertainment Weekly, February 26, 1993; December 31, 1993; November 11, 1994; February 3,1995; October 25, 1996; June 22, 2001.
• Jet, September 19, 1994; August 2, 1999; March 12, 2001.
• Musician, June 1989; December 1990; March 1991; February 1994.
• Newsbytes, April 26, 2000.
• Newsweek, August 22, 1994; October 31, 1994; November 25, 1996, pp. 74-5., July 3, 2000.
• New York Times, March 10, 1993; April 23, 1993; January 2, 1995.
• People, May 23, 1994; September 19, 1994.
• Rolling Stone, June 29, 1989; August 8, 1991; September 19, 1991; March 18, 1993; September 30, 1993; June 2, 1994; October 20, 1994.
• The Source, September 1993; June 1995.
• Spin, January 1994.
• Vibe, September 1996, p. 65; October 1996, pp. 75-8.

Online

• Dr. Dre, http://www.drdre2001.com (November 14, 2004).

Other

• Additional information for this profile was obtained from an MTV News transcript, January 9, 1995, and Death Row Records press material, 1995.

— Lorna M. Mabunda, Sonya Shelton, and Leslie Rochelle