You can only tell an enemy's level by looking up their name on a site which catalogues such things. All enemies with one name will be the same level and have the same stats as ones with the same name. When you level up high enough, enemies of a higher rank may start to appear, and some higher level ones are fixed and always appear in certain places.
For example, take Draugr. If the enemy is just called 'Draugr', then it is Lv1, if it is 'Restless Draugr', then it is Lv6.
Lv13 = Draugr Wight,
Lv21 = Draugr Scourge,
Lv30 = Draugr Deathlord.
Then for Bandits,
Lv1 = Bandit,
Lv5 = Bandit Outlaw,
Lv9 = Bandit Thug,
Lv14 = Bandit Highwayman,
Lv19 = Bandit Plunderer,
Lv25 = Bandit Marauder.