dysphonia

Dysphonia is the medical term for disorders of the voice: an impairment in the ability to produce voice sounds using the vocal organs (it is distinct from dysarthria which means disorders of speech, that is, an impairment in the ability to produce spoken words). Thus, dysphonia is a phonation disorder. The dysphonic voice can be hoarse or weak, or excessively breathy, harsh, or rough, but some kind of phonation is still possible (contrasted with the more severe aphonia where phonation is impossible).

Dysphonia has either organic or functional causes due to impairment of any one the vocal organs. However, typically it is caused by some kind of interruption of the ability of the vocal folds to vibrate normally during exhalation. Thus, it is most often observed in the production of vowel sounds. For example, during typical normal phonation, the vocal folds come together to vibrate in a simple open/closed cycle modulating the airflow from the lungs. Weakness (paresis) of one side of the larynx can prevent simple cyclic vibration and lead to irregular movement in one or both sides of the glottis. This irregular motion is heard as roughness. This is quite common in vocal fold paresis.^[1]

Common types of dysphonia

• Organic dysphonia
  • Laryngitis (Acute: viral / bacterial) - (Chronic: smoking / GORD).
  • Neoplasm (Premalignant: dysplasia) - (Malignant: Squamous cell carcinoma).
  • Trauma (Iatrogenic: surgery / intubation) - (Accidental: blunt / penetrating / thermal).
  • Endocrine (Hypothyroidism / hypogonadism).
  • Haematological (Amyloidosis).
  • Iatrogenic (inhaled corticosteroids)

• Functional dysphonia
  • Psychogenic
  • Vocal misuse
  • Idiopathic

Associated conditions (incomplete list)

• Voice disorders
  • Laryngitis
  • Chorditis
  • Vocal cord nodules
  • Vocal fold cyst
  • Reinke's Edema (Mostly caused by smoking)
  • Laryngeal papillomatosis
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease: When there is a clinical suspicious for GERD as the cause of the dysphonia, an Esophageal pH Monitoring is required to confirm the diagnosis and establish the relationship between GERD and dysphonia.

• Laryngeal cancer
• Myasthenia gravis
• Hypothyroidism
• Hyperthyroidism
• Sinusitis
• Lung cancer
• Juvenile dermatomyositis
• Parkinson's disease

Clinical measurement

Dysphonia is measured using a variety of examination tools that allow the clinician to see the pattern of vibration of the vocal folds, principally laryngeal videostroboscopy. Acoustic examination is also common, obtained by recording the sounds made during sustained phonation or whilst speaking. Another tool is electroglottography.

Subjective measurement of the severity of dysphonia is carried out by trained clinical staff. The GRBAS (Grade, Roughness, Breathiness, Asthenia, Strain) scale is widely used for this purpose. Objective measurement of the severity of dysphonia typically requires signal processing algorithms applied to acoustic or electroglottographic recordings. These include algorithms such as jitter, shimmer and noise-to-harmonics ratios, but these have been show to have some critical limitations, particularly for severe dysphonia. Recent advances in signal processing theory have led to more robust algorithms.^[2]

See also

• National Center for Voice and Speech
• Human Voice
• Vocology
• Otorhinolaryngology#Laryngology

External links

• VoiceInfo.org
• Pediatric ENT
• WrongDiagnosis
• Advanced software for objective measurement of dysphonia.
• Marshall
• NetDoctor
• VoiceInfo.org
• Singing Voice
• National Center for Voice and Speech's official website
• The Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology at the University of Iowa's official website
• The Voice Academy's official website
• The Voice Foundation's official website

References

1. ^ Little, M.A. et al. (2009). Objective dysphonia quantification in vocal fold paralysis: comparing nonlinear with classical measures. Journal of Voice (in press).
2. ^ Little, M.A. et al. (2007). Exploiting nonlinear recurrence and fractal scaling properties for voice disorder detection. Biomed Eng Online, 6:23.