Edirne

Edirne
—  Town  —
Selimiye Mosque, built by Sinan in 1575.
Justice Tower
Edirne Location of Edirne within Turkey.
Coordinates: 41°40′N 26°34′E / 41.667°N 26.567°E / 41.667; 26.567
Country	Turkey
Region	Marmara
Province	Edirne
Population (2002)
- Total	128,400
Time zone	EET (UTC+2)
- Summer (DST)	EEST (UTC+3)
Licence plate	22

Edirne (ancient Hadrianopolis) is a city in Thrace, the westernmost part of Turkey, close to the borders with Greece and Bulgaria. Edirne served as the capital city of the Ottoman Empire from 1365 to 1453, when Constantinople (Istanbul) became the empire's new capital. At present, Edirne is the capital of the Edirne Province in Turkish Thrace. The city's estimated population in 2002 was 128,400, up from 119,298 in 2000. It has consulates of Bulgaria, Germany (Honorary), Greece, Romania (Honorary) and Slovakia (Honorary).

Etymology

The city was founded as Hadrianopolis (Ἁδριανούπολις), named for the Roman Emperor Hadrian. This name is still used in the Modern Greek (Αδριανούπολη). The English name Adrianople, by which the city was known until the Turkish Postal Service Law of 1930, has fallen into disuse. The Turkish Edirne, the Bulgarian Одрин (Odrin), and the Serbian Једрене (Jedrene) are adapted forms of the name Hadrianopolis.

History

The area around Edirne has been the site of no fewer than 16 major battles or sieges, from the days of the ancient Greeks. Military historian John Keegan identifies it as "the most contested spot on the globe" and attributes this to its geographical location.

Kasr-ı Adalet (Tower of Justice)

According to Greek mythology, Orestes, son of king Agamemnon, built this city as Orestias, at the confluence of the Tonsus (Toundja) and the Ardiscus (Arda) with the Hebrus (Maritza). The city was (re)founded eponymously by the Roman Emperor Hadrian on the site of a previous Thracian settlement known as Uskadama, Uskudama or Uskodama. Hadrian developed it, adorned it with monuments, changed its name to Hadrianopolis, and made it the capital of the Roman province of Haemimont, or Thrace. Licinius was defeated there by Constantine I in 323, and Valens was killed by the Goths in 378 during the Battle of Adrianople. In 813 the city was seized by Khan Krum of Bulgaria who moved its inhabitants to the Bulgarian lands towards the north of the Danube.

During the existence of the Latin Empire of Constantinople, the Crusaders were decisively defeated by the Bulgarian Emperor Kaloyan in the battle of Adrianople (1205). Later Theodore Komnenos, Despot of Epirus, took possession of it in 1227, and three years later was defeated at Klokotnitsa by Asen, Emperor of the Bulgarians.

Following its capture by the Ottoman Sultan Murad I in 1365, Edirne served as the capital city of the Ottoman Empire from 1365 to 1453; until the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) which became the empire's new capital.

Under Ottoman rule Adrianople was the principal city of a vilayet (province) of the same name, both of which were later renamed as Edirne. Sultan Mehmed II, the conqueror of Constantinople, was born in Adrianople.

Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, lived in Edirne from 1863 to 1868. He was exiled there by the Ottoman Empire before being banished further to the Ottoman penal colony in Akka. He referred to Edirne in his writings as the "Land of Mystery" [1].

Ottoman Külliye and Hospital built by Bayezid II

Edirne was a sanjak centre during the Ottoman period and was bound to, successively, the Rumeli Eyalet and Silistre Eyalet before becoming a province centre at the beginning of the 19th century. Edirne Province comprised the sanjaks of Edirne, Tekfurdağı, Gelibolu, Filibe and İslimye before 1878.

The subdivisions of the Edirne Province before 1878 were:^[1]

• Sanjak of Edirne: Kazas of Edirne, Dimetoka, Kırkkilise, Maa Çimren Cisr-i Mustafa Paşa, Cisr-i Ergene, Babay-ı Atik, Beykar Hisar, Maa Hatunili-Kızılağaç, Havsa, Ferecik.

• Sanjak of İslimye: Kazas of İslimye, Ahyolu, Misivri, Burgaz, Aydos, Karinabad, Yanbolu and Zağra-i Cedit.

• Sanjak of Gelibolu: Kazas of Gelibolu, Gümülcine, Şarköy, Enez, Evreşe and Keşan. Gümülcine was a kaza of the Filibe sanjak at the beginning of the 19th century.

• Sanjak of Filibe: Kazas of Filibe, Pazarcık, Zagra-i Atik, Hasköy, Kazanlı, Çırpan, Ahiçelebi, Sultanyeri.

• Sanjak of Tekfurdağı: Kazas of Tekfurdağı, Vize, Çorlu, Lüleburgaz, Malkara, Midye, Hayrabolu.

The subdivisions of the Edirne Province between 1878-1912 were:^[2]

• Sanjak of Edirne: Kazas of Edirne, Havsa, Dimetoka, Mustafapaşa, Ortaköy, Cisr-i Ergene and Kırcaali.

• Sanjak of Kırkkilise: Kazas of Kırkkilise, Ahtabolu, Vize, Midye, Lüleburgaz, Babaeski and Tırnovacık.

• Sanjak of Tekfurdağı: Kazas of Tekfurdağı, Çorlu, Malkara and Hayrabolu.

• Sanjak of Gelibolu: Kazas of Gelibolu, Eceovası (its center was Maydos and renamed as Eceabat in 1923), Mürefte, Şarköy and Keşan.

• Sanjak of Dedeağaç: Kazas of Dedeağaç, Enez and Sofulu.

• Sanjak of Gümülcine: Kazas of Gümülcine, İskeçe, Ahiçelebi, Darıdere, Eğridere and Sultanyeri.

Edirne was briefly occupied by imperial Russian troops in 1829, during the Greek War of Independence; and in 1878, during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878. The city suffered greatly in 1905 from a conflagration. In 1905 it had about 80,000 inhabitants, of whom 30,000 were Muslims (Turks and some Albanians, Roma and Circassians); 22,000 Greeks; 10,000 Bulgarians; 4,000 Armenians; 12,000 Jews; and 2,000 more citizens of non-classifiable ethnic/religious backgrounds. Edirne was a vital fortress defending Ottoman Constantinople and Eastern Thrace during the Balkan Wars of 1912-13. It was briefly occupied by the Bulgarians in 1913, following the Battle of Odrin; and by the Greeks between the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920 and the end of the Turkish War of Independence in 1922.

According to the 2007 census, Edirne Province had a population of 382,222 inhabitants. The city is a thriving center of commerce for woven textiles, silks, carpets and agricultural products.

Ecclesiastical history

Selimiye Mosque

Adrianople was made the see of a Greek metropolitan and of a Gregorian Armenian bishop, Adrianople is also the centre of a Bulgarian diocese, but not recognized and deprived of a bishop. The city also had some Protestants. The Latin Catholics, foreigners for the most part, and not numerous, were dependent of the vicariate-apostolic of Constantinople. At Adrianople itself were the parish of St. Anthony of Padua (Minors Conventual) and a school for girls conducted by the Sisters of Charity of Agram. In the suburb of Karaağaç were a church (Minor Conventuals), a school for boys (Assumptionists) and a school for girls (Oblates of the Assumption). Each of its mission stations, at Tekirdağ and Alexandroupoli, had a school (Minor Conventuals), and there was one at Gallipoli (the Assumptionists).

Around 1850, from the standpoint of the Oriental Catholics, Adrianople was the residence of a Bulgarian vicar-apostolic for the 4,600 Uniats of the Ottoman vilayet (province) of Thrace and after 1878 - of the principality of Bulgaria. They had 18 parishes or missions, 6 of which were in the principality, with 20 churches or chapels, 31 priests, of whom 6 were Assumptionists and 6 were Resurrectionists; 11 schools with 670 pupils. In Adrianople itself were only a very few United Bulgarians, with an Episcopal church of St. Elias, and the churches of St. Demetrius and Sts. Cyril and Methodius. The last is served by the Resurrectionists, who have also a college of 90 pupils. In the suburb of Karaağaç, the Assumptionists have a parish and a seminary with 50 pupils. Besides the Uniate Bulgarians, the above statistics included the Greek Catholic missions of Malgara and Daoudili, with 4 priests and 200 faithful, because from the civil point of view belonged to the Bulgarian Vicariate.

Later however, the Roman Catholic diocese was discontinued, and exists only in name as a titular metropolitan archbishopric, under the full name Hadrianopolis in Haemimonto to distinguish it from several other titular sees named Hadrianopolis.

CAMİLER

SELİMİYE CAMİİ Gelmiş geçmiş mimarların en büyüğü Mimar Sinan'ın "ustalığımın eseridir" dediği bu cami dünyada tek kelimeyle "mimarlık harikası" olarak tanınır. Dahi mimarın 84 yaşındayken inşa ettiği bu görkemli cami Sultan II. Selim adına yapılmıştır. 1569 yılında yapımına başlanılan cami 6 yıl süren yorucu bir uğraş sonunda 1575 yılında tamamlanmıştır. Caminin dört köşesinde birebir eşit boy ve çapta dört minare yer almaktadır. Bunlar 70,89 metreyi bulan boyları ile "Türkiye'nin en yüksek minareleridir. 31,28 metre çapındaki kubbesi de aynı özelliği taşımaktadır. Caminin duvarları ve mihrabı İznik ve Dimotoko çinilerinin en mükemmelleri ile süslenmiştir. Edirne'ye her yönden girişte iki taneymiş gibi görünen, ancak yaklaştıkça 4 tane olduğu anlaşılan minarelerin birisinin üç şerefesine üç ayrı merdivenle çıkılmaktadır. Bu merdivenlerden çıkanlar birbirlerini asla görememektedirler. Bu usta mimarın akıllara durgunluk verecek kıvrak zekasının timsali sayılmaktadır.

ÜÇ ŞEREFELİ CAMİİ Edirne'nin bir başka simgesidir. 1443-1448 yılları arasında Sultan II. Murat tarafından Konyalı Hacı Alaaddin'e yaptırılmıştır. Üç minaresi bulunan caminin her bir minaresinde ayrı bir motif bulunmakta, burmalı minaresi en dikkat çekeni olmaktadır. Camiye adını veren bir başka minare de üç şerefeli olanıdır ve bu minare 67 metrelik boyu ile dünyanın en yüksek minareleri arasında yer almaktadır.

ESKİ CAMİİ Sultan II. Mehmet tarafından 1403-1414 yılları arasında yaptırılmıştır. Mimarı Konyalı Hacı Alaaddin'dir. Üzerindeki kitabelerin güzelliği ile dünyada ün yapmıştır.

II. BAYEZİD CAMİİ VE KÜLLİYESİ Sultan II. Bayezid tarafından 1484-1488 yılları arasında Tunca nehri kıyısında yaptırılmıştır. Dört duvara dayalı kubbesi ile dikkat çekmektedir. Caminin yanında Tabhane, Darülşifa, Medrese ve İmaretten ibaret bir de külliye bulunmaktadır. Burası zamanında akıl hastalarının su sesi ile tedavi edildikleri yer olarak bilinir. Külliye müzesi, 2004 yılı Avrupa Müze Ödülü'nü almıştır.

MURADİYE CAMİİ Sultan II.Murat tarafından 1435-1436 yılları arasında Sarayiçi mevkiine bakan bir tepe üzerinde inşa ettirilmiştir. Çini mihrabı fevkalade güzeldir. Yanında XVIII.yy'dan kalma İmaret ve Hamma bulunmaktadır.

DİĞER CAMİLER Yıldırım Camii, Defterdar Camii, Beylerbeyi Camii, Mezitbey Camii, Kadıbedrettin Camii, Sitti Sultan Camii.

ÇARŞILAR

Edirne, büyük ve güzel çarşılarıyla ün yapmıştır. Bu çarşıların günümüze kadar ayakta kalanları şunlardır;

Alipaşa Çarşısı, Arasta Çarşısı, Bedesten Çarşısı.

KERVANSARAYLAR

Edirne kervansarayları yapılarıyla tarihi zenginlik içermektedir. Günümüze kadar gelen kervansarayların en önemlileri şunlardır:

Rüstempaşa Kervansarayı (halen otel olarak kullanılmaktadır) Ekmekçioğlu Ahmet Paşa Kervansarayı.

MÜZELER

Etnografya Müzesi (Selimiye Camii arkasında)

İslam Eserleri Müzesi (Selimiye Camii bahçesinde)

Türk Psikiyatri Tarihi Müzesi (II. Beyazid Külliyesi)

Economy

This section requires expansion.

Every year in June there is an oil-wrestling festival called Kırkpınar, said to be the oldest active sport organization after the Olympic Games (which were refounded after centuries of inactivity).

Education

• Trakya University linked with Loerrach through the Erasmus programme of the EU
• Website Trakya University Edirne
• University of Cooperative Education Loerrach

High Schools

• 80th Year of Republic Anatolian High School (80. Yıl Cumhuriyet Anadolu Lisesi in Turkish)
• Edirne High School (Anatolian High School) (Edirne Lisesi in Turkish)
• Edirne Yildirim Anatolian High School (Edirne Anadolu Lisesi - Yıldırım Anadolu Lisesi in Turkish)
• Edirne Anatolian Teacher Training High School (Edirne Anadolu Öğretmen Lisesi in Turkish)
• Edirne Suleyman Demirel Science & Maths High School (Edirne Fen Lisesi in Turkish)

Gallery

See also

• List of battles of Adrianople
• Bahá'í Faith in Turkey

References

Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Edirne.

External links

• Edirne travel guide from Wikitravel
• Photographs and information about Edirne, Turkey guide
• Edirne Web Portal
• Edirne Directory
• GigaCatholic
• Edirne Weather Forecast Information
• - About Edirne

v • d • e Edirne in Edirne Province (in the Marmara region) of Turkey Urban districts Edirne Rural districts Enez - Havsa - İpsala - Keşan - Lalapaşa - Meriç - Süloğlu - Uzunköprü Regions Provinces Aegean Afyonkarahisar - Aydın - Denizli - İzmir - Kütahya - Manisa - Muğla - Uşak Black Sea Amasya - Artvin - Bartın - Bayburt - Bolu - Çorum - Düzce - Giresun - Gümüşhane - Karabük - Kastamonu - Ordu - Rize - Samsun - Sinop - Tokat - Trabzon - Zonguldak Central Anatolia Aksaray - Ankara - Çankırı - Eskişehir - Karaman - Kayseri - Kırıkkale - Kırşehir - Konya - Nevşehir - Niğde - Sivas - Yozgat Eastern Anatolia Ağrı - Ardahan -Bingöl - Bitlis - Elâzığ - Erzincan - Erzurum - Hakkâri - Iğdır - Kars - Malatya - Muş - Siirt - Tunceli - Van Marmara Balıkesir - Bilecik - Bursa - Çanakkale - Edirne - Istanbul - Kırklareli - Kocaeli - Sakarya - Tekirdağ - Yalova Mediterranean Adana - Antalya- Burdur - Hatay - Isparta - Kahramanmaraş - Kilis - Mersin - Osmaniye Southeastern Anatolia Adıyaman - Batman - Diyarbakır - Gaziantep - Mardin - Şanlıurfa - Şırnak

Coordinates: 41°40′N 26°34′E / 41.667°N 26.567°E / 41.667; 26.567