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Edvard Grieg

 
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: Edvard Hagerup Grieg

(born June 15, 1843, Bergen, Nor. — died Sept. 4, 1907, Bergen) Norwegian composer. His parents were persuaded by violinist Ole Bull to send Grieg to Leipzig for music study, and he later studied with Niels Gade and others in Copenhagen, where he became inspired with the ideal of a Norwegian national music. He frequently performed as a pianist and often accompanied his wife in recitals of his songs. His incidental music to Henrik Ibsen's play Peer Gynt (1875) became, with his piano concerto (1868), perhaps his best-known work. Highly popular in his time, he is still regarded as Norway's greatest composer. His other works include Symphonic Dances (1897), Lyric Suite (1904), more than 150 songs, and many works for piano, including 66 Lyric Pieces (1867 – 1901) and From Holberg's Time (1884).

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Music Encyclopedia: Edvard (Hagerup) Grieg
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(b Bergen, 15 June 1843; d there, 4 Sept 1907). Norwegian composer. He studied with E. F. Wenzel at the Leipzig Conservatory (1858-62), where he became intimately familiar with early Romantic music (especially Schumann's), gaining further experience in Copenhagen and encouragement from Niels Gade. Not until 1864-5 and his meeting with the Norwegian nationalist Rikard Nordraak did his stylistic breakthrough occur, notably in the folk-inspired Humoresker for piano op.6. Apart from promoting Norwegian music through concerts of his own works, he obtained pupils, became conductor of the Harmoniske Selskab, projected a Norwegian Academy of Music and helped found the Christiania Musikforening (1871), meanwhile composing his Piano Concerto (1868) and the important piano arrangements of 25 of Lindeman's folksongs (op. 17, 1869). An operatic collaboration with Bjørnson came to nothing, but his incidental music to Ibsen's Peer Gynt (1875), the most extensive and best known of his large compositions, produced some of his finest work. Despite chronic ill-health he continued to tour as a conductor and pianist and to execute commissions from his base at Troldhaugen (from 1885); he received numerous international honours. Among his later works, The Mountain Thrall op.32 for baritone, two horns and strings, the String Quartet in G minor op.27, the popular neo-Baroque Holberg Suite (1884) and the Haugtussa song cycle op.67 (1895) are the most distinguished.

Grieg was first and foremost a lyrical composer; his op.33 Vinje settings, for example, encompass a wide range of emotional expression and atmospheric colour, and the ten opus numbers of Lyric Pieces for piano hold a wealth of characteristic mood-sketches. But he also was a pioneer, in the impressionistic uses of harmony and piano sonority in his late songs and in the dissonance treatment in the Slåtter op.72, peasant fiddle-tunes arranged for piano.

works:
Dramatic music
  • Peer Gynt, incidental music (1875)
  • music for 2 other plays
Orchestral music
  • Sym., c (1864)
  • Pf Conc., a (1868)
  • Holberg suite (1884)
  • c 15 other pieces
Chamber music
  • 3 vn sonatas (1865, 1867, 1887)
  • Str Qt g (1878): Vc Sonata, a (1883)
Piano music
  • Humoresker, op.6 (1865)
  • sonata, e (1866)
  • Lyric Pieces, 10 sets
  • dances
Vocal music
  • Folksong arrs., psalms, cantatas
  • The Mountain Thrall, Bar, 2 hn, strs (1878)
  • Haugtussa, song cycle (1895)
  • over 150 other songs


Biography: Edvard Hagerup Grieg
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Edvard Hagerup Grieg (1843-1907) is Norway's greatest composer. Although his style was shaped by the Norwegian folk spirit, it assimilated German romanticism and even anticipated features of French impressionism.

Edvard Grieg was born in Bergen on June 15, 1843. His father was a merchant; his mother, a talented musician, gave Grieg his first music lessons. At 15 he was sent to the Leipzig Conservatory, where he studied under the leading German academicians of the day. An attack of pleurisy in 1860 destroyed one of his lungs and undermined his studies, and in 1862 he quit Leipzig for good. Though Grieg looked back with loathing upon this phase of his life, his music often showed the influence of the Leipzig tradition of German romanticism.

In 1863 Grieg went to Copenhagen to seek advice from Niels Gade, the leading Scandinavian composer. Gade commanded the young Norwegian to compose a symphony - an uncongenial task over which Grieg toiled for a year, producing a stilted work he soon repudiated.

In Denmark, Grieg met the two most influential people in his life. One was his first cousin, Nina Hagerup, whom he married in 1867. A gifted singer, she became an important influence on his vocal composition, as well as the beloved companion of his life. The other was Rikard Nordraak, another blossoming composer, who had developed a passionate enthusiasm for Norwegian folk culture.

This was the period when cultural leaders were attempting to throw off the bonds of the Danish-oriented language and thought dominating Norwegian life, and in which Grieg had been raised. In its place they hoped to create a new national language and literature based upon Norwegian peasant traditions. In 1865 Nordraak and Grieg were among the founders of the Euterpe Society to promote the performance of new Scandinavian music. Nordraak died the following year, and Grieg dedicated his orchestral overture In Autumnto him. Nordraak roused Grieg from his essentially Germanic orientation and awakened him to the possibilities of developing a new, distinctly Norwegian musical style.

This new direction was more clearly displayed in the next few years, during which Grieg became musical director in Christiana (later Oslo), where he established his residence. The first of his 10 books of Lyric Pieces for piano appeared in 1867; in them Grieg achieved his first fusion of Felix Mendelssohn's keyboard-miniature style with a Norwegian character. In 1869 Grieg was soloist in the original version of his Piano Concerto. Stage music for Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson's Sigurd Jorsalfar (1872) was followed by an abortive attempt at an opera. But collaboration with the dramatist Henrik Ibsen produced his famous music for the play Peer Gynt in 1876.

During the late 1870s Grieg became subject to ill health and to the fits of depression and inactivity that plagued him chronically thereafter. Though rapidly acquiring an international reputation and becoming his nation's leading musician, he was troubled with doubts about his "national" music and began to seek more "respectable" expression with such works as his String Quartet in G Minor (1877-1878). Nevertheless, his love of the Norwegian countryside and his commitment to Norwegian art persistently reasserted themselves.

Grieg built a house at Troldhaugen in 1885 and there passed his later years almost entirely in composition. From this last period came such works as his Norwegian Dances (piano duet 1881, later orchestrated), his Holberg Suite (piano version 1884, orchestrated 1885), the Haugtussa song cycle (1896-1898), the Symphonic Dances (1898), and numerous songs and piano pieces. Yet, with his urge for formal achievement unsatisfied still, he continued to compose chamber works, such as the last of his Sonatas for Violin and Piano, in C Minor (1886-1887), and another String Quartet (begun 1892; unfinished). His nerves badly strained and his health ravaged in his closing years, Grieg died on Sept. 4, 1907, and was paid final homage in national mourning throughout Norway, which had achieved its independence only 2 years before.

While remembered outside Norway mainly for his orchestral works, Grieg was highly esteemed in his day for his piano music. But his most unique and perfect achievements were probably his songs, especially those set to Norwegian verse.

Further Reading

The authoritative study of Grieg will be the four-volume one in English by Dag Schjelderup-Ebbe, Edvard Grieg, of which the first volume, covering 1858-1867, has appeared (1964). A somewhat sentimentalized and not always fully accurate account is by the composer David Monrad-Johansen, Edvard Grieg: His Life, Music, and Influence, translated by Madge Robertson (1938); briefer but useful is John Horton, Grieg (1950). Excellent discussions of aspects of his work are in Gerald Abraham, ed., Grieg: A Symposium (1948).

Additional Sources

Benestad, Finn, Edvard Grieg: the man and the artist, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1988.

 
Columbia Encyclopedia: Edvard Hagerup Grieg
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Grieg, Edvard Hagerup (ĕd'vär hä'gərūp grēg), 1843-1907, Norwegian composer. Grieg developed a strongly nationalistic style which made him known as "the Voice of Norway." He received piano lessons from his mother and later studied at the Leipzig Conservatory. Influenced by N. V. Gade, Grieg at first wrote in the idiom of German romanticism, but after 1864, when the composer Richard Nordraak (1842-65) introduced him to Norwegian folk music, he turned to the heritage of his own country. In 1867 he founded the Norwegian Academy of Music. For his original and characteristically lyrical songs, he used texts by Norwegian poets, and he made settings of Norwegian folk songs that he had collected. His wife, the singer Nina Hagerup Grieg, was an outstanding interpreter of his songs. He continued, however, to write songs with German texts in the style of Mendelssohn and Schumann, a style that also permeates his piano pieces. In 1869, Grieg established his fame as a leading composer with his Concerto in A Minor for piano and orchestra, appearing himself as the solo pianist in its first performance. His subsequent compositions, generally confined to short lyric forms, include the cantata Olav Trygvason (1873) and the suite of incidental dramatic music, Peer Gynt (1876). Grieg's impressionistic harmonies, and his use of short melodic phrases, influenced later composers such as Debussy, Tchaikovsky, MacDowell, and Sibelius.

Bibliography

See F. Benestad and D. Schjelderup-Ebbe, Edvard Grieg (tr. by W. H. Halverson and L. B. Sateren, 1988).

Artist: Edvard Grieg
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Edvard Grieg
  • Period: Post-Romantic (1870-1909)
  • Country: Norway
  • Born: June 15, 1843 in Bergen, Norway
  • Died: September 04, 1907 in Bergen, Norway
  • Genres: Chamber Music, Concerto, Keyboard Music, Miscellaneous Music, Orchestral Music, Vocal Music

Biography

Composer Edvard Grieg, the icon of Norwegian music, left his home in Bergen, Norway to study at the conservatory in Leipzig. There he began his formal musical education under the auspices of Ignaz Moscheles (piano) and Carl Reinecke (composition). While in school, the young composer saw the premiere of his first work, his String Quartet in D minor, performed in Karlshamn, Sweden. Despite being diagnosed with a form of tuberculosis, which left him with only one functioning lung, Grieg graduated from the conservatory in 1862. The composer had an intense desire to develop a national style of composition, but recognized the importance of becoming well versed in the work of the European masters, and consequently relocated to Copenhagen, studying with Niels Gade. He was thus able to remain in Scandanavia, while working in a thriving cultural center. In 1867 against his family's better judgment, Grieg married his cousin Nina Hagerup, a talented pianist, but whose vocal abilities enchanted the composer even more. Shortly after their wedding, the couple moved to Oslo, where Grieg supported them by teaching piano and conducting. He and his wife traveled extensively throughout Europe and it was during a period of time spent in Denmark, the composer wrote his landmark opus, the Piano Concerto in A minor. The premiere was given in 1869, with Edmund Neupert as the soloist. The piece was received with an enthusiasm that would attach itself to the composer's reputation for the remainder of his career.

Grieg admired his literary contemporaries and forged a productive partnership with Bjötjerne Björnson, playwright and poet, with whom he staged performances of such works as Before a Southern Convert, and Bergliot. While Björnson struggled with his output, Grieg met and befriended Henrik Ibsen. The forthcoming collaboration would prove significant for both, as Grieg would supply incidental music to Ibsen's Peer Gynt. The premiere was performed to critical acclaim and eventually led to Grieg's scoring of Peer Gynt into Suites 1 and 2 (1888 and 1893 respectively).

As a result of the success of Peer Gynt, Grieg enjoyed tremendous celebrity and continued to travel extensively, often meeting internationally renowned composers such as Tchaikovsky, Brahms, and Liszt, among others. In addition to a grant he was awarded in 1874, Grieg was able to earn the majority of his money by adhering to a vigorous schedule of recital tours. He served briefly as the music director of the Bergen Symphony Orchestra, and from 1880-1882, held the same position at the Bergen Harmonien. In 1885, Grieg and his wife relocated once again, this time to his native Bergen, Norway, where he built their celebrated home, Troldhaugen. The property, a popular tourist destination to this day, features a secondary building overlooking the water, which the composer used as his work area, as he could only work in solitude. He and his wife summered in Norway and departed each fall for European tours that would last the remainder of the year. Grieg also conducted extensively throughout his country.

Grieg was adored wherever he traveled and lived at a pace that would eventually catch up with him. Grieg died of chronic fatigue, with much credit given to his lifelong health problems, in his hometown of Bergen.

Norway's most famous composer, dedicated his career to the pursuit of a national sound. The respect he had for his predecessors illustrates the sincerity with which he worked towards this goal. He wrote in the Romantic tradition with, in his own words, the determination to "create a national form of music, which could give the Norwegian people an identity." ~ David Brensilver, All Music Guide

Discography

Grieg & His Circle Play Grieg

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Actor: Edvard Grieg
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  • Born: Jun 15, 1843 in Bergen, Norway
  • Died: Sep 04, 1907 in Bergen, Norway
  • Active: '30s-2000s
  • Major Genres: Drama, Music
  • Career Highlights: M, The Ox, Sofia
  • First Major Screen Credit: M (1931)

Biography

Before his later years when he composed in the summertime in a small wooden cabin above a clear blue Norwegian fjord amidst Ullensvang facing the Folgefonna glacier, the innovative, highly melodic, and richly harmonic music of this man, once called the "Chopin of the North," already exhibited a prodigious talent. At the early age of 15, Grieg entered the Leipzig Conservatory, graduating four years later and already composing mature and skillful works. Grieg was only 25 when he created one of his world famous masterpieces, the Piano Concerto in A Minor which can be heard in the soundtrack to Windjammer: The Voyage of the Christian Radich (1958). This concerto is as expansive as a Norwegian landscape and contains the modal lyricism and rich harmonic accumulations (9th and 13th chords, for example) that came to characterize much of Grieg's output. Grieg's most advanced harmonies can be heard in his Norwegian Peasant Dances and Tunes, Op. 72 and his last major completed work, Four Psalms for mixed choir.

Works like Before a Southern Convent for soprano, contralto, ladies' choir, and orchestra (1871), and music for the scenic dramas Sigurd Jorsalfar and Olav Trygvason, show the composer's deep affinity for his national roots and his respect for folk music. This feeling was perhaps brought forth most evidently when Henrik Ibsen asked Griegto write the incidental music to Peer Gynt, the two orchestral suites which have become very popular. It is the movement from this work entitled In the Hall of the Mountain King that has been most quoted in soundtracks, and is instantly recognizable by audiences. One of its first occurrences was in D.W. Griffith's controversial The Birth of a Nation (1915) (aka The Clansman). This gradually accelerating theme has since appeared in other dramatic, suspenseful, and even eerie contexts, such as in the psychological Peter Lorre thriller M (1931), Peer Gynt (1941), the television production The Pied Piper of Hamelin (1957), the memorable sci-fi film Soylent Green (1973), Demoni (Demons, 1985), the creepy Stephen King-based Satan-moves-into-a-small-town-in-the-guise-of-an-antique-dealer horror film Needful Things (1993), Welcome to the Dollhouse (1995), The Crown Jewel of Indonesia (1999), The Mountain King (2001), and Rat Race (2001).

Grieg's many volumes of Lyric Pieces all contain brilliant character studies that have found their way into a few films, such as the Lyric Pieces, Op. 54 Nocturne used in Rock 'n' Roll Frankenstein (1999), and the Lyric Piece No. 28, Op. 47, No. 6 in Babe (1995). Hopefully, many of these beautiful gems will be discovered by future filmmakers. ~ "Blue" Gene Tyranny, All Movie Guide
Wikipedia: Edvard Grieg
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Edvard Grieg (1891), a portrait by Eilif Peterssen.

Edvard Hagerup Grieg (June 15, 1843 – September 4, 1907) was a Norwegian composer and pianist who composed in the Romantic period. He is best known for his Piano Concerto in A minor, for his incidental music to Henrik Ibsen's play Peer Gynt (which includes Morning Mood and In the Hall of the Mountain King), and for his collection of piano miniatures Lyric Pieces.

Contents

Biography

Grieg was born in Bergen, Norway on 15 June 1843. The original family name was spelled Greig, originally from Scotland. After the Battle of Culloden in 1746, his great-grandfather traveled widely, settling in Norway around 1770, and establishing business interests in Bergen. Grieg was raised in a musical home. His mother, Gesine B. Hagerup, became his first piano teacher, who taught him to play from the age of 6. He studied in several schools including Tank's School, and often brought in examples of his music to class.

In the summer of 1858, Grieg met the eminent Norwegian violinist Ole Bull, who was a friend of the family, and whose brother was married to Grieg's aunt. Bull noticed the 15-year-old boy's talent and persuaded his parents to send him to further develop his talents at the Leipzig Conservatory, then directed by Ignaz Moscheles.

Grieg enrolled in the conservatory, concentrating on the piano, and enjoyed the numerous concerts and recitals given in Leipzig. He disliked the discipline of the conservatory course of study, yet he still achieved very good grades in most areas, an exception being the organ, which was mandatory for piano students. In the spring of 1860, he survived a life-threatening lung disease. The following year he made his debut as a concert pianist, in Karlshamn, Sweden. In 1862, he finished his studies in Leipzig, and held his first concert in his home town of Bergen, where his programme included Beethoven's Pathétique sonata. (Grieg's own recording of his Piano Sonata, made late in his life, shows he was an excellent pianist).

In 1863, Grieg went to Copenhagen, Denmark, and stayed there for three years. He met the Danish composers J. P. E. Hartmann and Niels Gade. He also met his fellow Norwegian composer Rikard Nordraak (composer of the Norwegian national anthem), who became a good friend and source of great inspiration. Nordraak died in 1866, and Grieg composed a funeral march in his honor. Grieg had close ties with the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra (Harmonien), and later became Music Director of the orchestra from 1880–1882.

On 11 June 1867, Grieg married his first cousin (a daughter of Edvard Hagerup), Nina Hagerup. The next year their only child, Alexandra, was born. The following summer, Grieg wrote his Piano Concerto in A minor while on holiday in Denmark. Edmund Neupert gave the concerto its premiere performance on 3 April 1869 in the Casino Theater in Copenhagen. Grieg himself was unable to be there due to commitments conducting in Christiania (as Oslo was then named).

In 1868, Franz Liszt, who had not yet met Grieg, wrote a testimonial for him to the Norwegian Ministry of Education, which led to Grieg obtaining a travel grant. The two men met in Rome in 1870. On Grieg's first visit, they went over Grieg's Violin Sonata No. 1, which pleased Liszt greatly. On his second visit, in April, Grieg brought with him the manuscript of his Piano Concerto, which Liszt proceeded to sightread (including the orchestral arrangement). Liszt's rendition greatly impressed his audience, although Grieg gently pointed out to him that he played the first movement too quickly. Liszt also gave Grieg some advice on orchestration, (for example, to give the melody of the second theme in the first movement to a solo trumpet).

Grieg's tomb

In 1876, Grieg composed incidental music for the premiere of Henrik Ibsen's play Peer Gynt, at the request of the author. Many of the pieces from this work became very popular in the orchestral suites or piano and piano-duet arrangements.

In 1888, Grieg met Tchaikovsky in Leipzig. Grieg was later struck by the sadness in Tchaikovsky.[1] Tchaikovsky thought very highly of Grieg's music, praising its beauty, originality and warmth.[2]

Grieg's later life brought him fame. The Norwegian government awarded him a pension.

In the spring 1903, Grieg made nine 78-rpm gramophone recordings of his piano music in Paris; all of these historic discs have been reissued on both LPs and CDs and, despite limited fidelity, show his artistry as a pianist. Grieg also made live-recording player piano music rolls for the Welte-Mignon reproducing system, all of which survive today and can be heard.

In 1906, he met the composer and pianist Percy Grainger in London. Grainger was a great admirer of Grieg's music and a strong empathy was quickly established. In a 1907 interview Grieg stated: “I have written Norwegian Peasant Dances that no one in my countrymen can play and here comes this Australian who plays them as they ought to be played! He is a genius that we Scandinavians cannot do other than love.”[3]

Edvard Grieg died in the autumn of 1907, aged 64, after a long period of illness. His final words were "Well, if it must be so". The funeral drew between 30,000 and 40,000 people out on the streets of his home town to honor him. Following his wish, his own funeral march for Rikard Nordraak was played in an orchestration by his friend Johan Halvorsen, who had married Grieg's niece. In addition, the famous funeral march by Frédéric Chopin was played. He and his wife's ashes are entombed in a mountain crypt near his house, Troldhaugen.

Music

Grieg is renowned as a nationalist composer, drawing inspiration from Norwegian folk music. Early works include a symphony (which he later suppressed) and a piano sonata. He also wrote three sonatas for violin and piano and a cello sonata. His many short pieces for piano — often based on Norwegian folk tunes and dances — led some to call him the Chopin of the north.

The Piano Concerto is his most popular work. Its champions have included the pianist and composer Percy Grainger, a personal friend of Grieg who played the concerto frequently during his long career. An arrangement of part of the work made an iconic television comedy appearance in the 1971 Morecambe and Wise Show, conducted by André Previn.

Some of the Lyric Pieces (for piano) are also well-known, as is the incidental music to Henrik Ibsen's play Peer Gynt, a play that Grieg found to be an arduous work to score properly. In a 1874 letter to his friend Frants Beyer, Grieg expressed his unhappiness with what is now considered one of his most popular compositions from Peer Gynt, In the Hall of the Mountain King: "I have also written something for the scene in the hall of the mountain King - something that I literally can't bear listening to because it absolutely reeks of cow-pies, exaggerated Norwegian nationalism, and trollish self-satisfaction! But I have a hunch that the irony will be discernible."[4]

Grieg's popular Holberg Suite was originally written for the piano, and later arranged by the composer for string orchestra.

Grieg wrote songs, in which he set lyrics by poets Heinrich Heine, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Henrik Ibsen, Hans Christian Andersen, Rudyard Kipling and others.

Russian composer Nikolai Myaskovsky used a theme by Grieg for the variations with which he closed his Third String Quartet.

Worklist (exc.)


See also

References

  1. ^ Gretchen Lamb. "First Impressions, Edvard Grieg". http://www.oocities.com/vienna/5648/I_1st1.htm. Retrieved 2006-10-11.  Lamb cites David Brown's Tchaikovsky Remembered
  2. ^ Richard Freed. "Piano Concerto in A minor, Op. 16". http://www.kennedy-center.org/calendar/index.cfm?fuseaction=composition&composition_id=2131. Retrieved 2006-10-11. 
  3. ^ John Bird, Percy Grainger , Oxford University Press, 1999, P. 133-134.
  4. ^ Layton, Robert (1998). Grieg: Illustrated Lives of the Great Composers. Omnibus Press. pp. 75. ISBN 0711948119.  See also: Tommasini, Anthony (2007-09-16). "Respect at Last for Grieg?". Music (The New York Times). http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/16/arts/music/16tomm.html. Retrieved 2008-07-04. 

Further reading

English

  • Edvard Grieg in England by Lionel Carley (The Boydell Press 2006) ISBN 1843832070
  • Grieg: Music, Landscape and Norwegian Cultural Identity by Daniel Grimley (The Boydell Press 2006) ISBN 1843832100
  • Songs of Edvard Grieg by Beryl Foster (The Boydell Press new edition 2007) ISBN 1843833433
  • Edvard Grieg by Henry Theophilius Finck (Bastian Books new edition 2008) ISBN 9780554963266

Norwegian

  • Benestad, Finn/Schjelderup-Ebbe, Dag (2007): Edvard Grieg – mennesket og kunstneren. H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard), Oslo. ISBN 9788203234590
  • Bredal, Dag/Strøm-Olsen, Terje (1992): Edvard Grieg – Musikken er en kampplass. Aventura Forlag A/S, Oslo. ISBN 82-588-0890-7
  • Johansen, David Monrad (1956): Edvard Grieg. Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, Oslo.

External links

Recordings by Edvard Grieg

Music scores



 
 
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