American geneticist (1918–2004)

Lewis was educated at the University of Minnesota, and at the California Institute of Technology gaining his PhD in 1942. In 1946 he joined the Cal Tech faculty, where he served as Professor of Biology from 1956 until his retirement in 1988.

Lewis has worked mainly in the field of developmental biology concentrating on the manner in which genes control the development of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In 1894, William Bateson described a characteristic set of mutations, named by him “homeotic mutations,” in which one body structure is replaced by a different structure. For example, an insect leg may be replaced by an insect wing. In the late 1940s, Lewis began to study a group of genes known as the bithorax complex, which control the manner in which Drosophila embryos become segmented as they develop. After decades spent breeding numerous generations of fruit flies Lewis finally published his main results in 1978.

Drosophila is divided into one head, three thoracic, and eight abdominal segments. The development of the head and first thoracic segment are controlled by the antennapedia complex; the remaining segments by the bithorax complex. Lewis found that a minimum of eight genes, clustered on chromosome 3, were involved in the segmentation of the fly's abdomen and thorax. Lewis demonstrated that the production of the second thoracic segment, which is the first to be controlled by the bithorax complex, was controlled by the fewest homeotic genes. Each later segment required the activation of one or more additional genes. The sequence of genes along the chromosome exactly matched the segments of the insect's body.

He also realized that a single mutation could lead to major homeotic transformations even though, for example, hundreds of active genes would be required to create misplaced legs and wings. This could only mean that mutations were also taking place in a master gene of some kind, a gene capable of controlling the activity of many other subordinate genes.

For his work on homeotic genes Lewis shared the 1995 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with Eric Wieschaus and Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard.

publisher; business executive

Personal Information

Born on May 15, 1940, in Bronx, NY; married Carolyn Wright (a speech pathologist), 1991.
Education: University of New Mexico: B.A., 1964; M.A., 1966.
Memberships: Chairman, Magazine Publishers of America, TransAfrica Forum; board of directors, Black Council on Africa, Rheeland Foundation, Negro Ensemble of New York City; trustee, Tuskegee University, Leadership Council of the Tanenbaum Center for Interreligious Understanding, Teachers College of Columbia University.

Career

Worked as administrative analyst, City Manager's Office, Albuquerque, NM, 1964-65; First National City Bank, New York, NY, financial analyst, 1966-69; Essence Magazine, co-founder, 1969-.

Life's Work

As chairman and CEO of Essence Communications Inc., a diversified, multi-million dollar corporation, Edward Lewis heads one of the most successful and diverse African American-owned communications companies in the United States. His rise to prominence began in 1969 when he co-founded Essence magazine with Clarence O. Smith. Essence has evolved into one of the leading lifestyle magazines for African American women, with a paid circulation of one million and a readership of 7.5 million. By the mid 1990s Essence was "the pre-eminent voice for black women," according to Deirdre Carmody in the New York Times.

While his reputation for seriousness earned him the nickname "Stone Face Lewis," according to the New York Times, Lewis is highly respected by his business colleagues because of his integrity and fair-mindedness. As Robin Pogrebin wrote in a 1997 article in the New York Times, "Despite the hurdles, Mr. Lewis has persevered, with a soft-spoken calm and courtly elegance that has won him friends in high places, like Bill Cosby and David N. Dinkins, the former Mayor of New York." Lewis has graciously refused to take sole credit for the success of Essence, and cites the stellar performances of Clarence O. Smith and the magazine's editor-in-chief, Susan L. Taylor. "The definition of power is shared dependency," he noted in the New York Times.

Edward Lewis grew up in the South Bronx area of New York City, the son of a beautician and a janitor. He demonstrated an intense desire to succeed during his years at DeWitt Clinton High School, where he received All-City honors as a fullback on the school's football team. Lewis's athletic prowess earned him a football scholarship to the University of New Mexico in 1958. At the time, he was one of only five African American students at the University of New Mexico.

Left Banking for Publishing

Lewis graduated from the University of New Mexico in 1964 with a bachelor's degree in political science and international relations. He enrolled in the Georgetown University Law School, but left after one year to participate in the executive training program at First National City Bank in New York City. He further enhanced his business skills by taking courses at the Harvard University Business School. Lewis was well on his way to becoming a loan officer when his career took a dramatic turn after he attended a conference on African Americans in business. One of the topics discussed at the conference was the concept of a fashion magazine for African American women. Lewis saw the potential of such a publication, and within six months had left banking to become the co-founder of Essence magazine. The first issue of Essence was published in May of 1970, with a print run of just 50,000 copies.

"Before Essence magazine, no one had ever examined the black woman's contribution to her race, her society, and her country," noted Lewis in publicity materials from Essence Communications. "Unlike any other publication, Essence has consistently addressed the intelligence, experience, and beauty of black women." In an article in the New York Times, Lewis remarked that African American women often don't see their concerns discussed in mainstream publications, "It is very important that Essence is a voice for African-American women because we know they are going to read a Vogue, a Vanity Fair, but they are not going to see themselves month in, month out as a black woman." Lewis has worked to make Essence more than just a fashion magazine by dealing with topics of particular concern to African American women such as single parenthood, child abuse, AIDS, abortion, and welfare. "We have one common denominator: that we are black," Lewis told the New York Times in discussing the range of coverage in Essence. "Because of what has happened in our history, we have always had to deal with these kinds of issues."

Through the years, Lewis has struggled to convince advertisers to showcase their products in Essence. "We always have to re-educate, retell our story," he told the New York Times. "The Glamours and the Vogues don't have to do that." Lewis's efforts have paid off handsomely, however. In 1997, the yearly total of ad pages in Essence had surpassed 1,000--a far cry from the five ad pages in each of the second and third issues of the magazine back in 1970.

Led Major Company Diversification

During the 1980s and 1990s, Essence Communications Inc. (ECI) underwent a significant diversification and expansion under the leadership of Lewis and Smith. From 1984 to 1988, ECI produced the award-winning weekly syndicated TV program Essence. The company also produces The Essence Awards, a prime-time network television special. Essence Communications has also expanded its brand name to a mail-order catalogue called Essence-By-Mail, which markets products to a wide-ranging audience. In addition, the Essence licensing division offered a line of fashion hosiery and eyewear, as well as the Essence Collection by Butterick, a specially designed wardrobe of sewing fashions.

In 1995, the first Essence Musical Festival was held at the Superdome in New Orleans. Now an annual event, the four-day Festival drew 160,000 participants during each of its first three years. Lewis and Smith had been prepared to cancel the 1996 Festival, however, after Louisiana Governor M.J. Foster Jr. announced that he was ending affirmative-action programs in the state. Negative publicity surrounding this announcement led to a meeting of Governor Foster, Lewis, Clarence Smith, and Hugh B. Price, the president of the National Urban League. Following the meeting, Governor Foster issued a new executive order that offered improved career opportunities for minorities in Louisiana. In an issue of Jet, Lewis expressed his hope that the crusade in Louisiana would "encourage women and minorities around the country to address and act upon such important issues. We urge everyone to keep their local governments accountable for their actions."

In 1992, Lewis expanded his publishing realm with the acquisition of Income Opportunities from Davis Publishing. At the time, this magazine for people starting new businesses had a circulation of 400,000. The Essence takeover of the magazine represented a rare case of a minority company buying a white-owned business. Three years later, Lewis entered into a joint venture to publish Latina, the first bilingual lifestyle magazine that exclusively addressed the interests of Hispanic women in the United States. In 1997, Essence Communications considered a joint venture with Time Inc. to produce Savoy, an African American lifestyle magazine.

In 1997, Essence Communications received a special tribute for its quarter century of success in Black Enterprise's article "Marathon Men: 25 years of Black Entrepreneurial Excellence." Since its inception, Essence Communications has appeared on all 25 listings of Black Enterprise's Top 100 Black firms. In 1997, Lewis was named chairman of the Magazine Publishers of America, the industry association for consumer magazines. He became the first African American to lead this trade group, which represents over 700 magazines. "It is a great honor to be chosen by my peers to represent their interests and matters that affect our association," said Lewis upon the appointment, according to the New York Amsterdam News. In Black Enterprise he added, "The appointment is a recognition of companies like Essence and that we are important contributors to the growth and prosperity for the magazine industry. It also sends a signal that our society is becoming more diverse, and the magazine industry must do the same." Lewis pledged that he would address a number of goals during his time as chairman, especially issues related to the impact of magazines, and increasing opportunity in and access to publishing for people of color.

Lewis is a strong advocate of community involvement and contributes both personal time and financial support to a number of civic, educational, and arts organizations. He has also established scholarships in political science, journalism, and communications at his alma mater, the University of New Mexico. For several years, Lewis has lectured at the Stanford University School of Publishing. He also speaks frequently to college and high school students who are interested in pursuing careers in business and publishing. In 1998, Lewis became the first African American to receive the Media-Bridge-Builder Award from the Tanenbaum Center for Interreligious Understanding. The Center focuses on religion and conflict resolution, religious pluralism in the workplace, and religious pluralism in primary grades.

Although Essence Communications has enjoyed tremendous success, Lewis is determined to expand the organization. "I want to be like Time Warner," he told the New York Times. "If Time Warner can employ over 30,000 people, I want Essence Communications to employ over 30,000 people." While acknowledging his success, he recognizes that black publishing organizations still face many daunting challenges. "We've come a long way," he noted in the New York Times. "We've got a long way to go."

Awards

Entrepreneur of the Year Award for Publishing, Ernst & Young, 1994; National Association of Black Journalists Award, 1995; President's Award, One Hundred Black Men of America, Inc., 1995; Frederick Douglass Award, New York Urban League, 1995; A.G. Gaston Lifetime Achievement Award, Black Enterprise/Nationsbank Entrepreneurs Conference, 1997 ; Media-Bridge-Builder Award, Tanenbaum Center for Interreligious Understanding, 1998; United Negro College Fund's Lifetime Achievement Award; American Advertising Federation Diversity Achievement Award ; The Men Who Dare Award, Black Women's Forum of Los Angeles.

Further Reading

Periodicals

• Black Enterprise, January 1998, p. 16.
• Folio, May 1998, p. 46.
• Jet, June 9, 1997, p. 8.
• Mediaweek, April 25, 1994, p. 33; November 3, 1997, p. 32.
• New York Amsterdam News, November 6, 1997, p. 53; April 30, 1998, p. 4.
• New York Times, January 23, 1995, p. D1; October 25, 1997, p. D1.

Other

• Additional information for this profile was obtained from publicity materials provided by Essence Communications, Inc., and the Essence Communications' site on the World Wide Web, at http://www.essence.com.

— Ed Decker

For more information on Edward B. Lewis, visit Britannica.com.

1918–2004, American geneticist, b. Wilkes-Barre, Pa., grad. California Institute of Technology (Ph.D. 1942). After serving as a meteorologist with the U.S. Army Air Corps during World War II, he returned to the California Institute of Technology and taught there until he retired in 1988. In studying a four-winged mutant fruit fly, he identified the genes regulate the development of the fly's body segments and discovered that the arrangment of the genes in the DNA strand mimicked the arrangement of the body segments, a condition that is now known as the colinearity principle. For this work he shared the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Eric F. Wieschaus and Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard. In the 1950s Lewis also investigated the effects of radiation and showed that exposure to low doses of X rays and other radiation sources involves greater risk than had been believed.

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