Edward Douglass White

(b. LaFourche Parish, La., 3 Nov. 1845; d. 19 May 1921, Washington, D.C.; interred Oak Hill Cemetery, Washington, D.C.), associate justice, 1894–1910, chief justice, 1910–1921. Edward Douglass White was the scion of a wealthy Louisiana sugar‐planting family. His father was a prosperous farmer, New Orleans judge, governor, and five‐term member of the U.S. House of Representatives. The younger White was educated in Jesuit schools, Mount St. Mary's College, and Georgetown University. During the Civil War, he was captured by Union forces and held as a prisoner. After the war he read law with Edward Bermudez in New Orleans and became a political lieutenant of Governor Francis T. Nicholls, leader of the “Redeemer” cause in Louisiana. White was rewarded in 1878 with an appointment to the state supreme court. However, following Nicholls' electoral defeat in 1880, White was removed from a position that had appeared to be permanent. In political exile, White retired to a lucrative law practice in New Orleans. In 1888, Governor Nicholls returned to office and shortly thereafter appointed White to fill a vacancy as the junior senator from Louisiana.

During his three‐year term in the Senate, the corpulent, thick‐maned White presented almost a caricature of the nineteenth‐century southern senator. His position on virtually every public policy issue appears to have been guided by a basic premise: What is good for Louisiana sugar is good for America. Indeed, even following his appointment to the Supreme Court in 1894, White refused for several weeks to accept his robe, in order to lead the fight for the protection of domestic sugar in the Wilson‐Gorman Tariff Act. The same year he married Virginia Montgomery Kent.

Once on the bench, White found no impropriety in sitting on the cases that challenged the income tax provisions of the Wilson‐Gorman Act. Not surprisingly, the justice who as senator had voted for the tariff act also supported the constitutionality of its income tax provision in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Co. (1895). White, however, was in the minority. A 5‐to‐4 majority declared federal income taxation to be unconstitutional. Similarly, in DeLima v. Bidwell (1901), the first of the so‐called Insular Cases, Justice White joined a four‐man minority opposed to the idea that, given the acquisition of Puerto Rico after the Spanish‐American War, sugar imported from that island was no longer subject to American tariff duties. The dissent in DeLima, however, marked the first expression of the doctrine of *incorporation that White himself would later champion in a concurrence in Downes v. Bidwell (1901). This doctrine answered the question, Does the Constitution follow the flag? with a resounding, Sometimes. The doctrine postulated that the extent to which constitutional guarantees were extended to the inhabitants of American territories depended upon the extent to which the territory had been “incorporated” into the American political community. The greater the incorporation, the greater the degree of constitutional protection for the territory's citizens. How such incorporation was accomplished, however, was vague and ambiguous, allowing for judicial subjectivism.

Judicial subjectivity was the one consistent theme during White's tenure. During those twenty‐seven years, the principal constitutional issue involved governmental power to regulate the economy. The Court's response, whether in the interpretation of the Due Process Clauses, the Commerce Clause, or the taxing power, was erratic (see Commerce Power). For example, in McCray v. United States (1904), the Court, speaking through Justice White, recognized a federal police power under the power to tax. Congress's motive in enacting the tax was not, White declared, a fit subject for judicial inquiry. Yet, fifteen years later, White himself repudiated this position in United States v. Doremus (1919).

Justice White's single greatest legal contribution, however, lay in the area of statutory, not constitutional construction. He introduced the rule of reason into the interpretation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. Despite the fact that the Sherman Act outlawed all combinations in restraint of trade, White from the time of his appointment to the Court objected to a literal reading of the statute. Only “unreasonable” restraints, he contended, were prohibited. This idea, initially rejected by the Court, gained adherents the longer White remained on the bench until in Standard Oil v. United States (1911), perhaps White's most famous opinion for the Court, it garnered a majority. From that day onward, the Sherman Act, whatever its words may say, has been read to permit “reasonable” monopolies. Of course, what is “reasonable” is for the Court to say; and, once again, the theme of unbridled judicial power appears in White's handiwork. White was the first associate justice elevated to the position of chief justice.

Bibliography

• James F. Watts, Jr., Edward Douglass White, in The Justices of the Supreme Court, 1789–1970, edited by Leonard M. Friedman and Fred L. Israel, vol. 3 (1980), pp. 1633–1657

— Richard Y. Funston

Edward Douglass White (1845-1921), ninth chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, is known for his enunciation of the "rule of reason" for interpreting and applying antitrust legislation.

Born on Nov. 3, 1845, at the family plantation at Thibodaux, La., Edward Douglass White was the son of a lawyer and sugar planter. A Roman Catholic, White was educated mainly by Jesuits. He was attending Georgetown College when the Civil War began; he returned to Louisiana and fought in the Confederate Army. After the war he studied law at what became Tulane University and was admitted to the bar in 1868.

A conservative Democrat identified with the overthrow of the Radical Reconstruction government, White was named to the Louisiana Supreme Court in 1878. When his faction of the party lost power, he returned to a lucrative private practice; when it regained influence, he was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1891. Save on the lowering of sugar tariffs, which was detrimental to Louisiana, White was loyal to President Grover Cleveland, who appointed him to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1894. White refused the appointment until after modifications favorable to Louisiana were made in the tariff reform bill.

A hardworking but not innovative justice, White fitted comfortably into a Court committed to encouraging business as the best insurance of national prosperity and stability. He broke from this pattern to dissent in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Co. (1895), which held an income tax to be unconstitutional, and, he voted with the minority in Lochner v. New York (1905), which disallowed a state's regulation of the length of working hours of bakers. White also wrote a significant concurrence in one of the Insular cases, Downes v. Bidwell (1901), which required explicit congressional action if constitutional privileges of American citizens were to extend to persons in the nation's newly acquired overseas territories.

During White's 27 years on the Court, justices Stephen Field, John Marshall Harlan, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Charles Evans Hughes, and Louis Brandeis all overshadowed him. White was appointed chief justice in 1910 largely because of the ambition of President William Howard Taft, who hoped that, by appointing a man of 65, he himself could succeed him.

White did not lead the Court into bold new areas of judicial thought; he prescribed, instead, the "rule of reason." Undercutting antimonopoly efforts, White's Court appealed to the common law to allow "reasonable" restraint of trade in Standard Oil Co. v. U.S. (1911) and U.S. v. American Tobacco (1911). Thus White was reflecting the pragmatic spirit of the day and, from a viewpoint favorable to business, testing whether a business combination was workable rather than whether it complied with the letter of the law.

On May 19, 1921, White died in Washington. With a Republican back in the White House, former president Taft made good his ambition: he was named chief justice.

Further Reading

A full-length work on White is by Sister Marie Carolyn Klinkhamer, Edward Douglass White: Chief Justice of the United States (1943). A section on White by Alfred F. Watts, Jr., appears in Leon Friedman and Fred L. Israel, eds., The Justices of the United States Supreme Court, 1789-1969: Their Lives and Major Opinions (4 vols., 1969).

Additional Sources

Highsaw, Robert Baker, Edward Douglass White, defender of the conservative faith, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981.

1894–1910 Chief Justice, 1910–21

• Born: Nov. 3, 1845, Lafourche Parish, La.
• Education: Mount St. Mary's College, 1856; Georgetown University, B.A., 1861; studied law under Edward Bermudez in New Orleans
• Previous government service: Louisiana Senate, 1874; associate justice, Louisiana Supreme Court, 1878–1880; U.S. senator from Louisiana, 1891–94
• Appointed by President Grover Cleveland to be an associate justice Feb. 19, 1894; replaced Samuel Blatchford, who died; appointed by President William Howard Taft to be chief justice Dec. 12, 1910; replaced Melville Fuller, who died
• Supreme Court term: confirmed by the Senate as associate justice Feb. 19, 1894, by a voice vote; confirmed by the Senate as chief justice Dec. 12, 1910, by a voice vote; served until May 19, 1921
• Died: May 19, 1921, Washington, D.C. Edward D. White was the first associate justice to be promoted to chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. It seems that President William Howard Taft appointed him, instead of a much younger man, in order to keep open the possibility that Taft himself might become chief justice after retirement from the Presidency.

During his 27 years on the Court, White's single major contribution to legal doctrine was his controversial “rule of reason” used to interpret the Sherman Antitrust Act. This federal law was written to outlaw all combinations of businesses for the purpose of restraining trade. White, however, argued that only “unreasonable” restraints were banned by the Sherman Antitrust Act. Of course, what is “reasonable” or “unreasonable” is a matter of interpretation that may vary from one person to another. Chief Justice White's “rule of reason” doctrine gained a majority in Standard Oil v. United States (1911), which decided that the Standard Oil monopoly had to be broken up.

White was succeeded as chief justice by William Howard Taft in 1921. The former President's long-standing ambition to be chief justice was fulfilled at last.

Sources

• Robert B. Highsan, Edward Douglass White: Defender of the Conservative Faith (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981)

(1845-1921), chief justice, U.S. Supreme Court. Following service in the Confederate army, White read law in New Orleans and took some courses in what would later be the Tulane Law School. He passed the Louisiana bar in 1868, became active in state Democratic politics, and was elected to the state senate in 1874. When the Democrats swept back into power at the end of Reconstruction, Governor Francis T. Nicholls named White to the Louisiana Supreme Court. A few years later, however, another faction of the party gained control and rewrote the constitution to make the thirty-four-year-old White ineligible because of his age. The Nicholls faction regained power in 1890, and the governor appointed White to the U.S. Senate, where he defended states' rights as well as business interests against any encroachment by the federal government.

When Justice Samuel Blatchford of the U.S. Supreme Court died in 1893, tradition dictated that another New Yorker be named to his seat. But the two New York senators so despised President Grover Cleveland that they blocked his first two nominees. Although Cleveland had been opposed by White on the tariff issue, the president agreed with White's conservative views and named him to the Court, daring the Senate to reject one of its own. Although confirmed quickly, White refused to take his seat on the Court until he had secured high protective rates for sugar in the 1894 tariff.

White served as an associate justice from 1894 to 1911, when President William Howard Taft elevated him to the chief justiceship. Although generally conservative, he cannot be grouped with those who automatically opposed any reform measure that interfered with private property. He voted with the minority in the infamous 1905 Lochner decision, invalidating a maximum-hours law for bakers, yet he voted in favor of freedom of contract in voiding a federal ban against yellow-dog agreements (by which workers agreed not to join a union) in Adair v. United States (1908). He supported a state maximum-hours law for women in Muller v. Oregon (1908), yet a few years later voted against a similar law for men in Bunting v. Oregon (1917). Although he had been a strong champion of states' rights as a senator, once on the Court he voted consistently to uphold federal regulatory powers in cases such as Champion v. Ames (1903) and Hipolite Egg Co. v. United States (1911).

White's major doctrinal contributions came in the Insular cases and in antitrust decisions. The acquisition of overseas possessions raised the question of whether the Constitution followed the flag, so that American colonies enjoyed the same legal status as the mainland. White argued that the test should be the degree of "incorporation" or lack of it that Congress granted to these possessions through statute or treaty, and he ultimately saw the Court adopt this view in Dowdell v. United States (1911).

White also espoused the "rule of reason" in interpreting the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890). Almost from the time he came on the Court he believed that the statute did not outlaw all restrictions on competition, but only unreasonable ones. He spoke for the Court in Standard Oil of New Jersey v. United States (1911), in which it adopted this position. White voted with the majority to uphold segregation in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), but he also voted with the majority to strike down southern peonage laws and to invalidate racially restrictive zoning ordinances.

White was not a "great" chief justice, but it was said that his "striking personality and his lovable human traits" made him well liked and well respected as head of the nation's highest Court, and Washington as well as the nation mourned his death.

Bibliography:

Marie C. Klinkhamer, Edward Douglass White, Chief Justice of the United States (1943).

Author:

Melvin I. Urofsky

See also Antitrust Movement; Lochner v. New York ; Muller v. Oregon ; Plessy v. Ferguson ; Supreme Court.

In his three decades as a lawmaker and justice, Edward Douglass White left a powerful and sometimes controversial mark on American law. White's career spanned from the end of the nineteenth century to the early years of the twentieth. From 1891 to 1894, he served as a U.S. Senator from his home state of Louisiana, distinguishing himself by almost single-minded devotion to the state's farming interests. His appointment to the U.S. Supreme Court came in 1894, but White delayed joining the Court until finishing political battles in the Senate. In 1910 he became the first associate justice to be made chief justice, a position he held until his death in 1921. White's legacy includes his contribution to antitrust jurisprudence, which long shaped how the Court viewed the area of law concerned with unfair business competition.

Born on November 3, 1845, in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana, White was the son of wealthy sugar farmers. Educated in Jesuit schools during his youth, he later attended Georgetown College. From 1861 to 1863 he fought in the Civil War on the side of the Confederacy and was captured and imprisoned by Union forces. Private legal study followed the war, and after being admitted to the Louisiana bar in 1868, he established a private practice.

The origin of White's political and judicial careers reflected the spoils systems of late nineteenth century politics. In the 1870s White served as a lieutenant to Louisiana Governor Francis T. Nicholls. Nicholls appointed him to the state supreme court in 1878, a post which lasted only until the governor's electoral defeat in 1880. But after the governor battled back into office in 1888, he appointed White to a newly vacant seat in the U.S. Senate. Serving in office from 1891 to 1894, Senator White understood how to serve the system that had created him: he used the position almost entirely to advance the interests of his state's sugar growers.

In 1894 President Grover Cleveland nominated White to the U.S. Supreme Court. For several weeks White, who still had the state's sugar interests on his mind, could not be persuaded to leave the Senate. He remained there to ensure passage of the Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act, a protectionist bill that served the interests of domestic sugar producers. A year later, White eagerly voted to uphold his favorite provisions of the Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act, but a majority of justices struck down those provisions in Pollock v. Farmer's Loan and Trust Co., 157 U.S. 429, 15 S. Ct. 673, 39 L. Ed. 759 (1895).

White's major contribution came in the area of antitrust law. In the late nineteenth century, the issue of regulating business competition was a paramount issue before lawmakers and the courts. Congress passed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act in 1890 (15 U.S.C.A. §1 et seq.) in order to combat the unfair constraint of trade that was rampant in the nation's biggest markets. Section 1 of the Sherman Act prohibits every contract, combination, or conspiracy to restrain trade. White found this provision contrary to his probusiness sentiments. He argued for reading the act objectively: constraints upon trade should be declared illegal only when they are unreasonable.

In 1911, a year after his elevation to chief justice, White persuaded a majority of the Court to accept his view. It was contained in his most important opinion as a justice, Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States, 221 U.S. 1, 31 S. Ct. 502, 55 L. Ed. 619 (1911). This landmark decision affected the course of anti-trust jurisprudence by introducing the so-called rule of reason. According to White, the Sherman Act only prohibits unreasonable restraints of trade that hurt the "public interest."

White's application of the rule of reason gave the Supreme Court more power to interpret the Sherman Act, and the approach dominated its decisions for the next two decades. Much like the earlier phases of his career, White's tenure as chief justice was marked by his changing constitutional views, and his strong belief in judicial power. He died on May 19, 1921 in Washington, D.C.

For the U.S. politician (1847-1921), see Edward Douglass White, Sr..

Edward Douglass White
9th Chief Justice of the United States
In office December 12, 1910 – May 19, 1921
Nominated by	William Howard Taft
Preceded by	Melville Fuller
Succeeded by	William Howard Taft
Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court
In office March 12, 1894 – December 18, 1910
Nominated by	Grover Cleveland
Preceded by	Samuel Blatchford
Succeeded by	Willis Van Devanter
Born	November 3, 1845(1845-11-03) Lafourche Parish, Louisiana
Died	May 19, 1921 (aged 75) Washington, D.C.
Spouse(s)	Virginia Montgomery Kent
Alma mater	Mount Saint Mary's College, Jesuit College, Georgetown University
Religion	Roman Catholic

Edward Douglass White, Jr. (November 3, 1845 – May 19, 1921), American politician and jurist, was a United States senator, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court and the ninth Chief Justice of the United States. He was best known for formulating the Rule of Reason standard of antitrust law. He also sided with the Supreme Court majority in the 1896 decision of Plessy v. Ferguson, which upheld the legality of segregation in the United States, though he did write for a unanimous court in Guinn v. United States (1915), which struck down many Southern states' grandfather clauses that disfranchised blacks. (However, in practice, the Southern states found other methods to disfranchise blacks that passed Court scrutiny.)

Contents 1 Early life and education 2 American Civil War service 3 Political career 4 The White Court, 1910-1921 5 Death and legacy 6 Notes 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links

Early life and education

White was born on his parents' plantation near the town of Thibodeauxville (now Thibodaux) in Lafourche Parish in south Louisiana. He was the son of Edward Douglass White Sr., a former governor of Louisiana, and grandson of Dr. James White, a U.S. representative, physician, and judge. On his mother's side, he was the grandson of U.S. Marshal Tench Ringgold, and related to the famous Lee family of Virginia. The White family's large plantation cultivated sugar cane and refined it into a finished product.

White's paternal ancestors were of Irish descent, and he was a devout Roman Catholic his entire life. He studied first at the Jesuit College in New Orleans, then at Mount St. Mary’s College, near Emmitsburg, Maryland, and then attended Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. where he was a member of the Philodemic Society.

American Civil War service

White's studies at Georgetown were interrupted by the American Civil War. It has been suggested that he returned to Bayou Lafourche, where he supposedly enlisted as an infantryman in the Confederate States Army under General Richard Taylor and eventually attained the rank of lieutenant. This is questionable, as his widowed mother had remarried and was living with the rest of the family in New Orleans at the time. When he returned to Louisiana, it was probably to his home in New Orleans. An apocryphal account states that White was almost captured by General Godfrey Weitzel's Union army when they invaded Bayou Lafourche in October 1862, but that he evaded capture by hiding beneath hay in a barn. It is possible that White enlisted in the Lafourche militia, as its muster rolls are not complete. There is no documentation, however, that White served in any Confederate volunteer unit or militia unit engaged in campaigns in the Lafourche area.

Another account suggests that he was assigned as an aide to Confederate General W. N. R. Beall and accompanied him to Port Hudson. Port Hudson had a garrison of 18,000 Confederate soldiers, but a numerically superior Union force surrounded it. After a siege lasting from May 21 to July 8, 1863 (the longest siege in North American history), the Confederate forces unconditionally surrendered after learning of the fall of Vicksburg. White's presence at Port Hudson is supported by a secondhand account of a postwar dinner conversation he had with Senator Knute Nelson of Minnesota, a Union veteran of Port Hudson, and another with Admiral George Dewey (a Federal naval officer at Port Hudson), in both of which White mentioned his presence during the siege. However, White's name does not appear on any list of prisoners captured at Port Hudson. According to another account of questionable reliability, White was supposedly sent to a Mississippi prisoner of war camp. (As practically all Confederate soldiers of enlisted rank of the Port Hudson garrison were paroled, and officers sent to prison in New Orleans before exchange, this account is probably untrue.) When he was paroled, he supposedly returned to the family plantation, but it was abandoned, the canefields were barren, and most of the former slaves had left.

The only "hard" evidence of White's Confederate service consists of the account of his capture in March 1865 in an action in Morganza in Pointe Coupee Parish contained in the Official Records of the American Civil War, and his service records in the National Archives, documenting his subsequent imprisonment in New Orleans and parole in April 1865. These records confirm his service as a lieutenant in Barrow's Company of a regiment of Louisiana cavalry, for all practical purposes a loosely-organized band of irregulars or guerrillas. One officer in this regiment, sometimes called the "9th Louisiana Cavalry Regiment," was Major Robert Pruyn. Pruyn (a postwar mayor of Baton Rouge, Louisiana) served as courier relaying messages from Port Hudson's commander, General Franklin Gardner, to General Joseph E. Johnston, crossing the Union siege lines by swimming the Mississippi. Pruyn escaped from Port Hudson prior to its surrender in the same manner. It is interesting to speculate that perhaps White accompanied Pruyn during that escape, which would explain White's absence from Port Hudson's prisoner rolls and later service in Pruyn's regiment.

White's Civil War service was a matter of common knowledge at the time of his initial nomination to the United States Supreme Court, and the Confederate Veteran periodical, published for the United Confederate Veterans, congratulated him upon his affirmation. White was one of three ex-Confederate soldiers to serve on the Supreme Court. The others were Associate Justices Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar (II) and Horace Harmon Lurton. The Court's other ex-Confederate, Associate Justice Howell Edmunds Jackson, held a civil position under the Confederate government.)

Political career

Edward White as a U.S. Senator

While living on the abandoned plantation, White began his legal studies. He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in New Orleans in 1868. He briefly served in the Louisiana State Senate in 1874 and as an Associate Justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court from 1879 to 1880. He was politically affiliated with Governor Francis T. Nicholls, a former Confederate general.

He became famous in Louisiana for helping to abolish the Louisiana Lottery, a hotbed of corruption the fate of which was taken before the state's Supreme Court which ordered it discontinued in 1894.

The state's legislature appointed White to the United States Senate in 1891 to succeed James B. Eustis. He served until his resignation on March 12, 1894, when he was nominated by President Grover Cleveland (D) to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1896 he sided with the seven justices whose majority opinion in Plessy v. Ferguson approved segregation.

The White Court, 1910-1921

In 1910, he was elevated by President William Howard Taft to the position of Chief Justice of the United States upon the death of Melville Fuller. At the time, it was a controversial appointment for two reasons. First, White was a Democrat while Taft was a Republican. The media of the day widely expected Taft to name Republican Justice Charles Evans Hughes to the post. Second, White was the first Associate Justice to be appointed Chief Justice since John Rutledge in 1795. Some historians believe^{[1][dead link]} that President Taft appointed White, who was 65 years old at the time and overweight, in the hope that White would not serve all that long and that Taft himself might someday be appointed —- which is just what happened eleven years later.

White was generally seen as one of the more conservative members of the court. Besides being the originator of the “Rule of Reason," White also wrote the decision upholding the constitutionality of the Adamson Act, which mandated a maximum eight-hour work day for railroad employees, in 1916. White wrote for a unanimous Court in Guinn v. United States (1915), which invalidated the Oklahoma and Maryland grandfather clauses (and, by extension, those in other Southern states) as "repugnant to the Fifteenth Amendment and therefore null and void." However, in practice the Southern states found other methods to disfranchise blacks which withstood Court scrutiny.

As Chief Justice, White swore in Presidents Woodrow Wilson (twice) and Warren G. Harding.

When he left the High Court, he was succeeded by William Howard Taft, making White the only Chief Justice to be followed by the President who appointed him.

Chief Justice White was one of thirteen Catholic justices – out of 111 total through the appointment of Justice Sonia Sotomayor  – in the history of the Supreme Court.^[2]

He married Leita Montgomery Kent, the widow of Linden Kent, on November 6, 1894, in New York City.

Death and legacy

White died in office and his remains were buried at the Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington, D.C.^[3] The Georgetown graveyard overlooks Rock Creek; also interred there are Associate Justice Noah Swayne and "almost-Justice" Edwin M. Stanton. Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase was also buried there, but his body was transferred after 14 years to Cincinnati, Ohio's Spring Grove Cemetery.^[4]

White's statue is one of the two honoring Louisiana natives in the National Statuary Hall in the U.S. Capitol. Another statue is in front of the Louisiana Supreme Court building in New Orleans. The second statue is a local landmark on the New Orleans scene. "Big Green Ed", as his likeness is often referred to, is a favorite of locals and tourists alike. Visitors are often seen sitting at the base of his likeness, discussing issues of the day. Moreover, local custom holds that those who run around the statue in a counterclockwise direction will not be arrested that night.

Edward Douglas White Catholic High School in Thibodaux, LA bears his name (although dropped the extra "s" at the end of Douglass).

In his honor, the Edward Douglass White Lectures take place annually at the Louisiana State University Law Center. They have featured such distinguished speakers as Chief Justices Warren E. Burger and William H. Rehnquist.

The play "Father Chief Justice: Edward Douglass White and the Constitution" by LSU Law Center professor Paul Baier was based on White's life.

In early January 2009 the state of Louisiana commissioned Rio Concho Restoration of Garland Texas to restore and preserve the memorial statue of Chief Justice Edward Douglass White, Jr. that resides on the front steps of the Louisiana Supreme Court Building at 400 Royal st. New Orleans La. In the heart of the french quarter. Photos of the statue's new look are at Rio Concho Restoration.

In 1995, White was posthumously inducted into the Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame in Winnfield.

Notes

^  Paths to Distinction p. 157

1. ^ "A history of the Supreme Court". http://www.supremecourthistory.org/04_library/subs_volumes/04_c20_i.html. 
2. ^ Religious affiliation of Supreme Court justices Justice Sherman Minton converted to Catholicism after his retirement.
3. ^ Edward Douglass White memorial at Find a Grave.
4. ^ See, Christensen, George A. (1983) Here Lies the Supreme Court: Gravesites of the Justices, Yearbook. Supreme Court Historical Society. Christensen, George A., Here Lies the Supreme Court: Revisited, Journal of Supreme Court History, Volume 33 Issue 1, Pages 17 - 41 (19 Feb 2008), University of Alabama.

See also

American Civil War portal

Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States

List of United States Chief Justices by time in office List of U.S. Supreme Court Justices by time in office United States Supreme Court cases during the Fuller Court United States Supreme Court cases during the White Court

References

• Edward Douglass White at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Retrieved on 2009-04-11
• "Chief Justice White Is Dead at Age 75 After an Operation." New York Times. May 19, 1921.
• "White, not Hughes, for Chief Justice." New York Times. December 12, 1910.
• Highsaw, Robert B. (1981) Edward Douglass White: Defender of the Conservative Faith, Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1ISBN 0807124281.
• Klinkhammer, Marie. (1943) Edward Douglass White, Chief Justice of the United States. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press.
• Pratt, Walter F. (1999) The Supreme Court Under Edward Douglass White, 1910–1921. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 1570033099.

Further reading

• Abraham, Henry J. (1992). Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506557-3. 
• Cassidy, Lewis C. (1923) Life of Edward Douglass White: Soldier, Statesman, Jurist, 1845-1921. Ph.D. dissertation, Georgetown University.
• Cushman, Clare (2001). The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995 (2nd ed.). (Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books). ISBN 1568021267. 
• Frank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L.. eds. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 0791013774. 
• Hall, Kermit L., ed (1992). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195058356. 
• Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990). The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books. ISBN 0871875543. 
• Mele, Joseph C. (Fall 1962) Edward Douglass White’s Influence on the Louisiana Anti-Lottery Movement. Southern Speech Journal 28: 36-43.
• Miller, William Timothy. (1933)Edward Douglass White: A Study in Constitutional History. Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University.
• Ramke, Diedrich. (1940) Edward Douglass White —- Statesman and Jurist. Ph.D. dissertation, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College.
• Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994). The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. 590. ISBN 0815311761. 
• U.S. Supreme Court. (1921) Proceedings of the Bar and Officers of the Supreme Court of the United States in Memory of Edward Douglass White, December 17, 1921. Washington: Government Printing Office,

External links

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Edward Douglass White

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Edward Douglass White

• Ariens, Michael, Edward Douglass White.
• Bust of Edward Douglass White, Oyez. official Supreme Court media.
• The E. D. White Historic Site, including the original plantation home, operated by the Louisiana State Museum
• Edward Douglass White biography, Supreme Court Historical Society.
• Edward Douglas White, official Supreme Court media, Oyez.
• Funston, Richard Y., Edward Douglass White, Answers.com.
• The White Court, 1910-1921, History of the Court, Supreme Court Historical Society.

United States Senate
Preceded by James B. Eustis	United States Senator (Class 3) from Louisiana 1891-1894 Served alongside: Randall L. Gibson, Donelson Caffery	Succeeded by Newton C. Blanchard
Legal offices
Preceded by Samuel Blatchford	Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States 1894-1910	Succeeded by Willis Van Devanter
Preceded by Melville Fuller	Chief Justice of the United States 1910-1921	Succeeded by William Howard Taft

v • d • e United States Senators from Louisiana Class 2 Destréhan • Posey • Brown • Claiborne • Johnson • Bouligny • Livingston • Waggaman • Nicholas • Barrow • Soulé • Downs • Benjamin • Harris • West • Kellogg • Gibson • Caffery • Foster • Ransdell • H. Long • R.M. Long • Ellender • Edwards • J.B. Johnston • Landrieu Class 3 Magruder • Fromentin • Brown • J.S. Johnston • Porter • Mouton • Conrad • Johnson • Soulé • Slidell • Kellogg • Eustis • Jonas • Eustis • White • Blanchard • McEnery • Thornton • R. Broussard • Guion • Gay • E. Broussard • Overton • Feazel • R.B. Long • Breaux • Vitter

v • d • e Chief Justices of the United States Jay • Rutledge • Ellsworth • Marshall • Taney • Chase • Waite • Fuller • White • Taft • Hughes • Stone • Vinson • Warren • Burger • Rehnquist • Roberts

Supreme Court of the United States

The Fuller Court Chief Justice: Melville Weston Fuller (1888–1910) 1894–1895: S.J. Field | J.M. Harlan | H. Gray | D.J. Brewer | H.B. Brown | Geo. Shiras, Jr. | H.E. Jackson | E.D. White 1896–1897: S.J. Field | J.M. Harlan | H. Gray | D.J. Brewer | H.B. Brown | Geo. Shiras, Jr. | E.D. White | R.W. Peckham 1898–1902: J. M. Harlan | H. Gray | D.J. Brewer | H.B. Brown | Geo. Shiras, Jr. | E.D. White | R.W. Peckham | J. McKenna 1902–1903: J. M. Harlan | D.J. Brewer | H.B. Brown | Geo. Shiras, Jr. | E.D. White | R.W. Peckham | J. McKenna | O.W. Holmes 1903–1906: J. M. Harlan | D.J. Brewer | H.B. Brown | E.D. White | R.W. Peckham | J. McKenna | O.W. Holmes | Wm. R. Day 1906–1909: J. M. Harlan | D.J. Brewer | E.D. White | R.W. Peckham | J. McKenna | O.W. Holmes | Wm. R. Day | Wm. H. Moody Jan–Mar 1910: J. M. Harlan | D.J. Brewer | E.D. White | J. McKenna | O.W. Holmes | Wm. R. Day | Wm. H. Moody | H.H. Lurton Mar–Jul 1910: J. M. Harlan | E.D. White | J. McKenna | O.W. Holmes | Wm. R. Day | Wm. H. Moody | H.H. Lurton The White Court Chief Justice: Edward Douglass White (1910–1921) 1910: J. M. Harlan | J. McKenna | O.W. Holmes | Wm. R. Day | Wm. H. Moody | H.H. Lurton | C.E. Hughes 1911: J. M. Harlan | J. McKenna | O.W. Holmes | Wm. R. Day | H.H. Lurton | C.E. Hughes | W. Van Devanter | J.R. Lamar 1912–1914: J. McKenna | O.W. Holmes | Wm. R. Day | H.H. Lurton | C.E. Hughes | W. Van Devanter | J.R. Lamar | M. Pitney 1914–1916: J. McKenna | O.W. Holmes | Wm. R. Day | C.E. Hughes | W. Van Devanter | J.R. Lamar | M. Pitney | J.C. McReynolds 1916–1921: J. McKenna | O.W. Holmes | Wm. R. Day | W. Van Devanter | M. Pitney | J.C. McReynolds | L.D. Brandeis | J. H. Clarke

Persondata
NAME	White, Edward Douglass
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION	American politician, lawyer and judge
DATE OF BIRTH	November 3, 1845
PLACE OF BIRTH	Lafourche Parish, Louisiana
DATE OF DEATH	May 19, 1921
PLACE OF DEATH	Washington, D.C.

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