-
- For other Eleanors of England, see Eleanor of England
(disambiguation)
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Eleanor of Aquitaine (or Aliénor), Duchess of Aquitaine and
Gascony and Countess of Poitou (1122[1] – April
1 1204) was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in Europe during the High Middle Ages. She was Queen consort of both France (to Louis VII) and England (to Henry II) in turn, and the mother of two kings of England, Richard the Lionheart and John Lackland. She is well known
for her involvement in the Second Crusade.
Early life
Coat of arms of the duchy of Aquitaine.
Eleanor was the oldest of the three children of William X, Duke of Aquitaine, and his duchess, Aenor de
Châtellerault, the daughter of Aimeric I, Vicomte of Chatellerault and his countess
Dangereuse, who was William IX of Aquitaine the Troubadour's longtime mistress as well as Eleanor's maternal grandmother. Her parents' marriage had been
arranged by Dangereuse with her paternal grandfather, the Troubadour. Eleanor was named for her mother Aenor and called
Aliénor, from the Latin alia Aenor, which means the other Aenor. It became
Eléanor in the langues d'oïl and Eleanor in English.
She was reared in Europe's most cultured court of her time, the birthplace of courtly
love. By all accounts, Eleanor's father ensured that she had the best possible education. Although her native tongue was
Poitevin, she was taught to read and speak Latin,
was well versed in music and literature, and schooled in riding, hawking, and hunting. Eleanor was extroverted, lively,
intelligent, and strong willed. She was regarded as a great beauty by her contemporaries, none of whom left a surviving
description that includes the color of her hair or eyes. Although the ideal beauty of the time was a silvery blonde with blue
eyes, she may have inherited her coloring from her father and grandfather, who were both brown-eyed with copper locks. In the
spring of 1130, when Eleanor was eight, her four-year-old brother William Aigret and their mother died at the castle of Talmont,
on Aquitaine's Atlantic coast. Eleanor became the heir to her father's domains. Aquitaine was
the largest and richest province of France; Poitou and Aquitaine together were almost one-third the size of modern France.
Eleanor had only one other legitimate sibling, a younger sister named Aelith but always called Petronilla. Her half brothers, William and Joscelin, were acknowledged by William X as his
sons—not as his heirs—and by his daughters as brothers. Later, during the first four years of Henry II's reign, all three
siblings joined Eleanor's royal household.
Inheritance and first marriage
In 1137, Duke William X set out from Poitiers to Bordeaux, taking his daughters with him. Upon reaching Bordeaux, he left
Eleanor and Petronilla in the charge of the Archbishop of Bordeaux, one of the Duke's few loyal vassals, who could be entrusted
with the safety of the Duke's daughters. The Duke then set out for the Shrine of Saint
James of Compostela in North-western Spain, in the company of other pilgrims; however, on
April 9th (Good Friday), 1137 he was stricken with sickness, probably food poisoning. He died that evening, having bequeathed Aquitaine to Eleanor.
Eleanor, about the age of 15, became the Duchess of Aquitaine, and thus the most eligible heiress in Europe. As these were the
days when kidnapping an heiress was seen as a viable option for attaining title, William had dictated a will on the very day he died, bequeathing his domains to Eleanor and appointing King Louis VI, nicknamed "the Fat" her guardian. He requested that the King take care of both the
lands and the Duchess, and to find a suitable husband for Eleanor; until a husband was found, the King had the right to enjoy
Eleanor's lands. The Duke also insisted to his companions that his death be kept a secret until Louis was informed — the men were
to journey from Saint James across the Pyrenees as quickly as possible, to call at Bordeaux to
notify the Archbishop, and then to make all speed to Paris, to inform the King.
The King of France himself was also gravely ill at that time, suffering "a flux of the bowels" (dysentery) from which he seemed unlikely to recover. Despite his immense obesity and impending mortality,
however, Louis the Fat remained clear-minded. To his concerns regarding his new heir, Prince Louis (the former heir, Philip, having carelessly died from a riding accident), was added joy
over the death of one of his most cantankerous vassals – and the availability of the best Duchy in
France. Presenting a solemn and dignified manner to the grieving Aquitainian messengers, upon their departure he became
overjoyed, stammering in delight.
Rather than act as guardian to the Duchess and Duchy, he decided, he would marry the Duchess to his heir, and bring Aquitaine
under the French crown, thereby greatly increasing the power and prominence of France and the Capets. Within hours, then, Louis
had arranged for his son, Prince Louis, to be married to Eleanor, with Abbot Suger in charge
of the wedding arrangements. Prince Louis was sent to Bordeaux with an escort of 500 knights, as well as Abbot Suger, count
Theobald of Champagne, and count Ralph of Vermandois.
Louis arrived in Bordeaux on 11 July, and the next day, accompanied by the Archbishop of Bordeaux, Geoffrey de Lauroux (in whose keeping Eleanor and Petronilla had been
left), the couple were married in the cathedral of Saint-André in Bordeaux. It was a magnificent ceremony with almost a thousand
guests. However, there was a catch: the land would remain independent of France, and Eleanor's oldest son would be both King of
France and Duke of Aquitaine. Thus, her holdings would not be merged with
France until the next generation. She gave Louis a wedding present that is still in existence, a rock crystal vase, currently on display at the Louvre.
Something of a free spirit, Eleanor was not popular with the staid northerners (according to sources, Louis´ mother,
Adélaide de Maurienne, thought her flighty and a bad influence) — she was not
aided by memories of Queen Constance, the Provencial wife of Robert II, tales of whose immodest dress and language were still told with horror.[2]
Her conduct was repeatedly criticized by Church elders (particularly Bernard of
Clairvaux and Abbot Suger) as indecorous. The King, however, was madly in love with his beautiful and worldly bride, and
granted her every whim, even though her behavior baffled and vexed him to no end. Much money went into beautifying the austere
Cite Palace in Paris for Eleanor's sake.[citation needed]
Conflict
Though Louis was a pious man he soon came into violent conflict with Pope Innocent
II. In 1141, the archbishopric of Bourges became vacant, and the king put
forward as a candidate one of his chancellors, Cadurc, whilst vetoing the one suitable candidate, Pierre
de la Chatre, who was promptly elected by the canons of Bourges and consecrated by the Pope. Louis accordingly bolted the
gates of Bourges against the new Bishop; the Pope, recalling William X's similar attempts to exile Innocent's supporters from
Poitou and replace them with priests loyal to himself, blamed Eleanor, saying that Louis was only a child and should be taught
manners. Outraged, Louis swore upon relics that so long as he lived Pierre should never enter Bourges. This brought the
interdict upon the king's lands. Pierre de la Chatre was given refuge
by Count Theobald II of Champagne.
Louis became involved in a war with Count Theobald of Champagne by permitting Raoul I of Vermandois and seneschal of France, to
repudiate his wife (Leonora), Theobald's niece, and to marry Petronilla of
Aquitaine, Eleanor's sister. Eleanor urged Louis to support her sister's illegitimate marriage to Raoul of Vermandois.
Champagne had also offended Louis by siding with the pope in the dispute over Bourges. The war lasted two years (1142–44) and
ended with the occupation of Champagne by the royal army. Louis was personally involved in the assault and burning of the town of
Vitry. More than a thousand people (1300, some say) who had sought refuge in the church died in
the flames.
Horrified, and desiring an end to the war, Louis attempted to make peace with Theobald in exchange for supporting the lift of
the interdict on Raoul and Petronilla. This was duly lifted for long enough to allow Theobald's lands to be restored; it was then
lowered once more when Raoul refused to repudiate Petronilla, prompting Louis to return to the Champagne and ravage it once
more.
In June of 1144, the King and Queen visited the newly built cathedral at Saint-Denis. Whilst
there, the Queen met with Bernard of Clairvaux, demanding that he have the
excommunication of Petronilla and Raoul lifted through his influence on the Pope, in exchange for which King Louis would make
concessions in Champagne, and recognise Pierre de la Chatre as archbishop of Bourges. Dismayed at her attitude, Bernard scolded
her for her lack of penitence and her interference in matters of state. In response, Eleanor broke down, and meekly excused her
behaviour, claiming to be embittered through her lack of children. In response to this, Bernard became more kindly towards her:
"My child, seek those things which make for peace. Cease to stir up the King against the Church, and urge upon him a better
course of action. If you will promise to do this, I in return promise to entreat the merciful Lord to grant you offspring."
In a matter of weeks, peace had returned to France: Theobald's provinces had been returned, and Pierre de la Chatre was
installed as Archbishop of Bourges. And in 1145, Eleanor gave birth to a daughter, Marie.
Louis, however still burned with guilt over the massacre at Vitry-le-Brûlé, and desired to make a Pilgrimage to the Holy Land
in order to atone for his sins. Fortuitously for him, in the Autumn of 1145, Pope Eugenius requested Louis to lead a Crusade to
the Middle East, to rescue the Frankish Kingdoms there from disaster. Accordingly, Louis declared on Christmas Day 1145 at
Bourges his intention of going on a crusade.
Crusade
Eleanor and Louis took up the cross during a sermon preached by Bernard of
Clairvaux. She was followed by some of her royal ladies in waiting as well as 300 non-noble vassals. She insisted on
taking part in the Crusades as the feudal leader of the soldiers from her duchy. The story that
she and her ladies dressed as Amazons is disputed by serious historians; however, her
testimonial launch of the Second Crusade from Vézelay,
the rumored location of Mary Magdalene´s burial, dramatically emphasized the role of
women in the campaign.
The Crusade itself achieved little. Louis was a weak and ineffectual military leader with no concept of maintaining troop
discipline or morale, or of making informed and logical tactical decisions. In eastern Europe the French army was at times
hindered by Manuel I Comnenus, the Byzantine Emperor, who feared that it would jeopardize the tenuous safety of his empire;
however, during their 3-week stay at Constantinople, Louis was fêted and Eleanor was much admired. She is compared with
Penthesilea, mythical queen of the Amazons, by the Greek
historian Nicetas Choniates; he adds that she gained the epithet chrysopous
(golden-foot) from the cloth of gold that decorated and fringed her robe. Louis and Eleanor stayed in the Philopation palace, just outside the city walls.
From the moment the Crusaders entered Asia Minor, the Crusade went badly. The King and Queen were optimistic — the Byzantine
Emperor had told them that the German Emperor Conrad had won a great victory against a Turkish army (where in fact the German
army had been massacred), and the company was still eating well. However, whilst camping near Nicea, the remnants of the German
army, including a dazed and sick Emperor Conrad, began to straggle into the French camp, bringing news of their disaster. The
French, with what remained of the Germans, then began to march in increasingly disorganized fashion, towards Antioch. Their
spirits were buoyed on Christmas Eve — when they chose to camp in the lush Dercervian valley near Ephesus, they were ambushed by
a Turkish detachment; the French proceeded to slaughter this detachment and appropriate their camp.
Louis then decided to directly cross the Phrygian mountains, in the hope of speeding his approach to take refuge with
Eleanor's uncle Raymond in Antioch. As they ascended the mountains, however, the army and the King and Queen were left horrified
by the unburied corpses of the previously slaughtered German army.
On the day set for the crossing of Mount Cadmos, Louis chose to take charge of the rear of the column, where the unarmed
pilgrims and the baggage trains marched. The vanguard, with which Queen Eleanor marched, was commanded by her Aquitainian vassal,
Geoffrey de Rancon; this, being unencumbered by baggage, managed to reach the summit of Cadmos,
where de Rancon had been ordered to make camp for the night. De Rancon however chose to march further, deciding in concert with
the Count of Maurienne (Louis´ uncle) that a nearby plateau would make a better camp: such disobedience was reportedly common in
the army, due to the lack of command from the King.
Accordingly, by midafternoon, the rear of the column — believing the day's march to be nearly at an end — was dawdling; this
resulted in the army becoming divided, with some having already crossed the summit and others still approaching it. It was at
this point that the Turks, who had been following and feinting for many days, seized their opportunity and attacked those who had
not yet crossed the summit. The Turks having seized the summit of the mountain, and the French (both soldiers and pilgrims)
having been taken by surprise, there was little hope of escape: those who tried were caught and killed, and many men, horses and
baggage were cast into the canyon below the ridge. William of Tyre placed the blame for this disaster firmly on the baggage —
which was considered to have belonged largely to the women.
The King, ironically, was saved by his lack of authority — having scorned a King's apparel in favour of a simple solder's
tunic, he escaped notice (unlike his bodyguards, whose skulls were brutally smashed and limbs severed). He reportedly "nimbly and
bravely scaled a rock by making use of some tree roots which God had provided for his safety," and managed to survive the attack.
Others were not so fortunate: "No aid came from Heaven, except that night fell." [citation needed]
The official scapegoat for the disaster was Geoffrey de Rancon, who had made the decision to continue, and it was suggested
that he be hanged (a suggestion which the King ignored). Since he was Eleanor's vassal, many believed that it was she who had
been ultimately responsible for the change in plan, and thus the massacre. This did nothing for her popularity in
Christendom — as did the blame affixed to her baggage, and the fact that her Aquitainian
soldiers had marched at the front, and thus were not involved in the fight. Eleanor's reputation was further sullied by her
supposed affair with her uncle Raymond of Poitiers, Prince of Antioch.
While in the eastern Mediterranean, Eleanor learned about maritime conventions developing there, which were the beginnings of
what would become admiralty law. She introduced those conventions in her own lands, on the
island of Oleron in 1160 and later in England as well. She was also
instrumental in developing trade agreements with Constantinople and ports of trade in the Holy Lands.
Annulment of first marriage
Even before the Crusade, Eleanor and Louis were becoming estranged. The city of Antioch had been annexed by Bohemond of
Hauteville in the First Crusade, and it was now ruled by Eleanor's flamboyant uncle, Raymond
of Antioch, who had gained the principality by marrying its reigning Princess, Constance of Antioch. Clearly, Eleanor supported his desire to re-capture the nearby
County of Edessa, the cause of the Crusade; in addition, having been close to him in
their youth, she now showed excessive affection towards her uncle — whilst many historians today dismiss this as familial
affection (noting their early friendship, and his similarity to her father and grandfather), most at the time firmly believed the
two to be involved in an incestuous and adulterous affair. Louis was directed by the Church to visit Jerusalem instead. When Eleanor declared her intention to stand with Raymond and the Aquitaine
forces, Louis had her brought out by force. His long march to Jerusalem and back north debilitated his army, but her imprisonment
disheartened her knights, and the divided Crusade armies could not overcome the Muslim forces.
For reasons unknown, likely the Germans' insistence on conquest, the Crusade leaders targeted Damascus, an ally until the attack. Failing in this attempt, they retired to Jerusalem, and then home.
Home, however, was not easily reached. The royal couple, on separate ships due to their disagreements, were first attacked in
May by Byzantine ships attempting to capture both (in order to take them to Byzantium, according to the orders of the Emperor).
Although they escaped this predicament unharmed, stormy weather served to drive Eleanor's ship far to the south (to the Barbary
Coast), and to similarly lose her husband. Neither was heard of for over two months: at which point, in mid-July, Eleanor's ship
finally reached Palermo in Sicily, where she discovered that she and her husband had both been given up for dead. The King still
lost, she was given shelter and food by servants of King Roger of Sicily, until the King eventually reached Calabria, and she set
out to meet him there. Later, at King Roger's court in Potenza, she learnt of the death of her Uncle Raymond; this appears to
have forced a change of plans, for instead of returning to France from Marseilles, they instead sought the Pope in Tusculum,
where he had been driven five months before by a Roman revolt.
Pope Eugenius III did not, as Eleanor had hoped, grant a divorce; instead, he
attempted to reconcile Eleanor and Louis, confirming the legality of their marriage, and proclaiming that no word could be spoken
against it, and that it might not be dissolved under any pretext. Eventually, he maneuvered events so that Eleanor had no choice
but to sleep with Louis in a bed specially prepared by the Pope. Eleanor thus conceived their second daughter, Alix of France (their first was Marie), but this served to doom the marriage — faced with yet again
disappointment over the lack of a son, a danger of being left with no male heir, substantial opposition to Eleanor from many of
his Barons, and his wife's desire for divorce, Louis had no choice but to bow to the inevitable. On March 11, 1152, they met at the royal castle of Beaugency to dissolve the
marriage. Archbishop Hugh Sens, Primate of France, presided, and Louis and Eleanor were both present, as were the Archbishops of
Bordeaux and Rouen. Archbishop Samson of Reims acted for Eleanor. On
March 21 the four archbishops, with the approval of Pope Eugenius, granted an annulment due to
consanguinity within the fourth degree (Eleanor and Louis were third cousins, once removed
and shared common ancestry with Robert II of France). Their two daughters were
declared legitimate and custody of them awarded to King Louis. Archbishop Sampson received assurances from Louis that Eleanor's
lands would be restored to her
Marriage to Henry II of England
The marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine to Henry of Anjou and Henry's subsequent succession to the throne of England created an
empire.
Two lords — Theobald of Blois, son of the Count of Champagne, and Geoffrey
of Anjou (brother of Henry, Count of Anjou and Duke of Normandy) — tried to kidnap
Eleanor to marry her and claim her lands on Eleanor's way to Poitiers. As soon as she arrived in Poitiers, Eleanor sent envoys to
Henry Count of Anjou and Duke of Normandy, asking him to come at once and marry her. On Whit
Sunday, May 18, 1152, six weeks after her annulment, Eleanor
married Henry 'without the pomp and ceremony that befitted their rank'.[3] She was about 11 years older than he, and related to him more
closely than she had been to Louis. Eleanor and Henry were half, third cousins through their common ancestor Ermengarde of Anjou
(wife to Robert I, Duke of Burgundy and Geoffrey, Count of Gâtinais); they
were also both descendants of Robert II of Normandy. A marriage between
Henry and Eleanor's daughter, Marie, had indeed been declared impossible for this very reason. One of Eleanor's rumoured lovers
had been Henry's own father, Geoffrey of Anjou, who had advised his son to
avoid any involvement with her.
Over the next thirteen years, she bore Henry five sons and three daughters: William, Henry, Richard, Geoffrey, John, Matilda, Eleanor, and Joanna. John Speed, in his
1611 work History of Great Britain, mentions the possibility that Eleanor had a son named Philip, who died young. His
sources no longer exist and he alone mentions this birth.[4]
Henry was by no means faithful to his wife and had a reputation for philandering. Their son, William, and Henry's illegitimate
son, Geoffrey, were born just months apart. Henry fathered other illegitimate children throughout the marriage. Eleanor appears
to have taken an ambivalent attitude towards these affairs: for example, Geoffrey of York, an illegitimate son of Henry and a
prostitute named Ykenai, was acknowledged by Henry as his child and raised at Westminster in the care of the Queen.
The period between Henry's accession and the birth of Eleanor's youngest son was turbulent: Aquitaine, as was the norm, defied
the authority of Henry as Eleanor's husband; attempts to claim Toulouse, the rightful inheritance of Eleanor's grandmother and
father, were made, ending in failure; the news of Louis of France's widowhood and remarriage was followed by the marriage of
Henry's son (young Henry) to Louis' daughter Marguerite; and, most climactically, the feud between the King and Thomas à Becket, his Chancellor, and later his Archbishop of Canterbury. Little is known of Eleanor's
involvement in these events, however. By late 1166, and the birth of her final child, however, Henry's notorious affair with
Rosamund Clifford had become known, and her marriage to Henry appears to have become
terminally strained.
1167 saw the marriage of Eleanor's third daughter, Matilda, to Henry the Lion of Saxony; Eleanor remained in England with her
daughter for the year prior to Matilda's departure to Normandy in September. Afterwards, Eleanor proceeded to gather together her
movable possessions in England and transport them on several ships in December to Argentan. At the royal court, celebrated there
that Christmas, she appears to have agreed to a separation from Henry. Certainly, she left for her own city of Poitiers
immediately after Christmas. Henry did not stop her; on the contrary, he and his army personally escorted her there, before
attacking a castle belonging to the rebellious Lusignan family. Henry then went about his own business outside Aquitaine, leaving
Earl Patrick (his regional military commander) as her protective custodian. When Patrick was killed in a skirmish, Eleanor (who
proceeded to ransom his captured nephew, the young William
Marshal), was left in control of her inheritance.
At a small cathedral still stands the stained glass commemorating Eleanor and Henry with a family tree growing from their
prayers. Away from Henry, Eleanor was able to encourage the cult of courtly love at her
court. Apparently, however, both King and church expunged the records of the actions and judgments taken under her authority. A
small fragment of her codes and practices was written by Andreas Capellanus.
Henry concentrated on controlling his increasingly-large empire, badgering Eleanor's subjects in attempts to control her
patrimony of Aquitaine and her court at Poitiers. Straining
all bounds of civility, Henry caused Archbishop Thomas Becket to be murdered at the altar
of the church in 1170 (though there is considerable debate as to whether it was truly Henry's
intent to be permanently rid of his archbishop). This aroused Eleanor's horror and contempt, along with most of Europe's.
Eleanor's marriage to Henry was tumultous and argumentative. However, despite his mistresses and Eleanor's imprisonment,
Eleanor once remarked, "My marriage to Henry was a much happier one than my marriage to Louis." Eleanor and Henry did deeply love
and respect one another and they did all they could to keep their family together as a whole. In their years together they raised
their children and saw their grandchildren grow up. Eleanor and Henry, despite the rebellion of their children, and the times in
which they lived, lived out their years with relative happiness.
Revolt and capture
In March 1173, aggrieved at his lack of power and egged on by his father's enemies, the younger Henry launched the
Revolt of 1173–1174. He fled to Paris. From there 'the younger Henry, devising evil
against his father from every side by the advice of the French King, went secretly into Aquitaine where his two youthful
brothers, Richard and Geoffrey, were living with their mother, and with her connivance, so it is said, he incited them to join
him'.[5] The Queen sent her younger sons to France 'to join
with him against their father the King'.[6] Once her sons
had left for Paris, Eleanor encouraged the lords of the south to rise up and support them.[7] Sometime between the end of March and the beginning of May, Eleanor left Poitiers
to follow her sons to Paris but was arrested on the way and sent to the King in Rouen. The King did not announce the arrest
publicly. For the next year, her whereabouts are unknown. On July 8, 1174, Henry took ship for England from Barfleur. He brought Eleanor on the ship.
As soon as they disembarked at Southampton, Eleanor was taken away either to Winchester
Castle or Sarum Castle and held there.
Years of imprisonment 1173–1189
Eleanor was imprisoned for the next fifteen years, much of the time in various locations in England. During her imprisonment,
Eleanor had become more and more distant with her sons, especially Richard (who had always been her favorite). She did not have
the opportunity to see her sons very often during her imprisonment, though she was released for special occasions such as
Christmas. About four miles from Shrewsbury and close by Haughmond Abbey is "Queen Eleanor's Bower," the remains of a triangular
castle which is believed to have been one of her prisons.
Henry lost his great love, Rosamund Clifford, in 1176. He had met her in 1166 and
began the liaison in 1173, supposedly contemplating divorce from Eleanor. Rosamund/Rosamond was one among Henry's many
mistresses, but although he treated earlier liaisons discreetly, he flaunted Rosamond. This notorious affair caused a monkish
scribe with a gift for Latin to transcribe Rosamond's name to "Rosa Immundi", or "Rose of Unchastity". Likely, Rosamond was one
weapon in Henry's efforts to provoke Eleanor into seeking an annulment (this flared in October 1175). Had she done so, Henry
might have appointed Eleanor abbess of Fontevrault (Fontevraud), requiring her to take a vow of poverty, thereby releasing her
titles and nearly half their empire to him. Eleanor was much too wily to be provoked into this, or to seek Rosamond's death: "In
the matter of her death the Almighty knows me innocent. When I had power to send her dead, I did not; and when God wisely chose
to take her from this world I was under constant watch by Henry’s spies."[8]. Nevertheless, rumours persisted, perhaps assisted by Henry's camp, that Eleanor had poisoned
Rosamund. No one knows what Henry believed, but he did donate much money to the Godstow Nunnery
in which Rosamund was buried.
In 1183, Henry the Young tried again. In debt and refused control of Normandy, he tried to
ambush his father at Limoges. He was joined by troops sent by his brother Geoffrey and
Philip II of France. Henry's troops besieged the town, forcing his son to flee.
Henry the Young wandered aimlessly through Aquitaine until he caught dysentery. On Saturday,
11 June 1183, the Young King realized he was dying and was overcome with remorse for his sins. When his father's ring was sent to
him, he begged that his father would show mercy to his mother, and that all his companions would plead with Henry to set her
free. The King sent Thomas of Earley, Archdeacon of Wells, to break the news to Eleanor at Sarum.[9] Eleanor had had a dream in which she foresaw her son Henry's death. In 1193 she
would tell Pope Celestine III that she was tortured by his memory.
In 1183, Philip of France claimed that certain properties in Normandy belonged to The Young Queen but Henry insisted that they had once belonged to Eleanor and would
revert to her upon her son's death. For this reason Henry summoned Eleanor to Normandy in the late summer of 1183. She stayed in
Normandy for six months. This was the beginning of a period of greater freedom for the still supervised Eleanor. Eleanor went
back to England probably early in 1184.[10] Over the next
few years Eleanor often traveled with her husband and was sometimes associated with him in the government of the realm, but still
had a custodian so that she was not free.
Regent of England
Upon Henry's death on July 6 1189, just days after suffering an
injury from a jousting match, Richard was his undisputed heir. One of his first
acts as king was to send William the Marshal to England with
orders to release Eleanor from prison, but her custodians had already released her when he demanded this.[11] Eleanor rode to Westminster and received the oaths of fealty from many
lords and prelates on behalf of the King. She ruled England in Richard's name, signing herself as 'Eleanor, by the grace of God,
Queen of England'. On August 13, 1189, Richard sailed from
Barfleur to Portsmouth, and was received with enthusiasm. She ruled England as regent while
Richard went off on the Third Crusade. She personally negotiated his ransom by going to Germany.
Later life
Eleanor survived Richard and lived well into the reign of her youngest son King
John.
In 1199, under the terms of a truce between King Philip II of France and King
John, it was agreed that Philip's twelve-year-old heir Louis would be married to one of John's nieces of Castile. John deputed
Eleanor to travel to Castile to select one of the princesses. Now 77, Eleanor set out from Poitiers. Just outside Poitiers she
was ambushed and held captive by Hugh IX of Lusignan, which had long ago been sold
by his forebears to Henry II. Eleanor secured her freedom by agreeing to his demands and journeyed south, crossed the Pyrenees,
and travelled through the Kingdoms of Navarre and Castile, arriving before the end of January, 1200.
King Alfonso VIII and Queen Leonora of Castile had two remaining unmarried daughters, Urraca and Blanche. Eleanor selected the younger daughter, Blanche. She stayed for two months at the Castilian
court. Late in March, Eleanor and her granddaughter Blanche journeyed back across the Pyrenees. When she was at Bordeaux where
she celebrated Easter, the famous warrior Mercadier came to her and it was decided that he
would escort the Queen and Princess north. "On the second day in Easter week, he was slain in the city by a man-at-arms in the
service of Brandin",[12] a rival mercenary captain. This
tragedy was too much for the elderly Queen, who was fatigued and unable to continue to Normandy. She and Blanche rode in easy
stages to the valley of the Loire, and she entrusted Blanche to the Archbishop of Bordeaux, who took over as her escort. The
exhausted Eleanor went to Fontevrault, where she remained. In early summer, Eleanor was ill and John visited her at
Fontevrault.
Eleanor was again unwell in early 1201. When war broke out between John and Philip, Eleanor declared her support for John, and
set out from Fontevrault for her capital Poitiers to prevent her grandson Arthur, John's enemy, from taking control. Arthur learned of her whereabouts and besieged her
in the castle of Mirabeau. As soon as John heard of this he marched south, overcame the besiegers and captured Arthur. Eleanor
then returned to Fontevrault where she took the veil as a nun. By the time of her death she had outlived all of her children
except for King John and Queen Leonora.
Eleanor died in 1204 and was entombed in Fontevraud
Abbey next to her husband Henry and near son Richard. Her tomb effigy shows her reading a
Bible and is decorated with magnificent jewelry. She was the patroness of such literary figures as
Wace, Benoît de Sainte-More, and Chrétien de Troyes.
In historical fiction
Eleanor and Henry are the main characters in the play The Lion in Winter,
by James Goldman, which was made into a film starring Peter O'Toole and Katharine Hepburn, and remade for television
in 2003 with Patrick Stewart and Glenn Close. The
depiction of her in the play and film Becket contains historical inaccuracies, as
acknowledged by the author, Jean Anouilh. In 2004, Catherine Muschamp's one-woman play,
Mother of the Pride, toured the UK with Eileen Page in the title role. In 2005, Chapelle Jaffe played the same part in
Toronto.
Eleanor appears briefly in the BBC production of Ivanhoe portrayed by
Sian Phillips. She is the subject of E. L.
Konigsburg's children's book A Proud Taste for Scarlet and Miniver. Her life is chronicled in three books by
Sharon Kay Penman When Christ and His Saints Slept, Time and Chance, and
The Devil's Brood. The novel The Book of Eleanor by Pamela Kaufman tells the story of Eleanor's life from her own
point of view. She dictates her memoirs in Power of a Woman by Robert Fripp. Beloved Enemy, a novel by Ellen Jones,
portrays her marriage to Louis VII and the first decade of her marriage to Henry II. The character "Queen Elinor" appears in
William Shakespeare's King John, along
with other members of the family. Kristiana Gregory explored Eleanor's early life in
her 2002 juvenile work Eleanor: Crown Jewel of Aquitaine — France, 1136, part of the Royal Diaries series of biographical novels for girls. A number of historical novels about the life of
Eleanor have been written in French, including Mireille Calmel's Le lit d'Aliénor.
Another novel, Duchess of Aquitaine, was published by author Margaret Ball in 2006.
Although never portrayed directly onscreen, nor mentioned by name, Eleanor is referenced often in the Disney animated film
Robin Hood. The comically spoiled Prince John (Peter Ustinov) is constantly being reminded of his mother by his scribe, Sir Hiss. Even an oblique
reference to her renders John into an infantile, thumb-sucking state, probably because (as he sulkily states) "Mother always
did love Richard best."
Eleanor does appear (played by Jill Esmond) as a recurring character in several episodes
of the classic television program The Adventures of Robin Hood, whom Robin aids in her efforts to raise King
Richard's ransom and thwart Prince John's schemes.
Children
With Louis VII of France:
With Henry II of England:
- William, Count of Poitiers (1153-1156)
- Henry the Young King (1155-1183), married Marguerite of France
- Matilda of England (1156-1189), married Henry
the Lion, Duke of Saxony
- Richard the Lionheart (1157-1199), king of England, married Berengaria of Navarre
- Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany (1158-1186), married Constance, Duchess of Brittany
- Leonora of England (1162-1214), married Alfonso VIII of Castile
- Joan of England (1165-1199), married William II of Sicily and then Raymond VI of
Toulouse
- John Lackland (1166-1216), king of England, married Isabella of Angoulême
References
The Times Kings & Queens of The British Isles, by Thomas Cussans (page 73) ISBN 0-0071-4195-5
Notes
- ^ The exact date of Eleanor's birth is not known, but the year is known from
the fact that the lords of Aquitaine swore fealty to her on her fourteenthth birthday in 1136. Some chronicles give her date of
birth as 1120, but her parents almost certainly married in 1121.
- ^ Meade, Marion (2002). Eleanor of Aquitaine. Phoenix Press,
51. “...[Adelaide] perhaps [based] her preconceptions on another southerner, Constance of Provence...tales of her allegedly
immodest dress and language still continued to circulate amongst the sober Franks.”
- ^ Chronique de Touraine
- ^ Weir, Alison, Eleanor of Aquitaine: A Life, pages 154-155,
Ballantine Books, 1999
- ^ William of Newburgh
- ^ Roger of Hoveden
- ^ Eleanor of Aquitaine. Alison Weir 1999
- ^ Power of a Woman, chapter 22.
- ^ Ms. S. Berry, Senior Archivist at the Somerset Archive and Record Service,
identified this "archdeacon of Wells" as Thomas of Earley, noting his family ties to Henry II and the Earleys' philanthropies
(Power of a Woman, ch. 33, and endnote 40).
- ^ Eleanor of Aquitaine. Alison Weir 1999
- ^ Eleanor of Aquitaine. Alison Weir 1999.
- ^ Roger of Hoveden
Biographies and printed works
- Eleanor of Aquitaine: Lord and Lady, John Carmi Parsons & Bonnie Wheeler (2002)
- Queen Eleanor: Independent Spirit of the Medieval World, Polly Schover Brooks (1983) (for young readers)
- Eleanor of Aquitaine: A Biography, Marion Meade (1977)
- Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Four Kings, Amy Kelly (1950)
- Eleanor of Aquitaine: The Mother Queen, Desmond Seward (1978)
- Eleanor of Aquitaine: A Life, Alison Weir (1999)
- Le lit d'Aliénor, Mireille Calmel (2001)
- "The Royal Diaries, Eleanor Crown Jewel of Aquitaine", Kristiana Gregory (2002)
- Women of the Twelfth Century, Volume 1 : Eleanor of Aquitaine and Six Others, Georges Duby
- A Proud Taste For Scarlet and Miniver, E. L. Konigsburg
- The Book of Eleanor: A Novel of Eleanor of Aquitaine, Pamela Kaufman (2002)
- The Courts of Love, Jean Plaidy (1987)
- Power of a Woman. Memoirs of a turbulent life: Eleanor of Aquitaine, Robert Fripp (2006)
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