Eleanor Rigby

"Eleanor Rigby"
Single by The Beatles
from the album Revolver
A-side	"Yellow Submarine"
Released	5 August 1966 (UK) 8 August 1966 (U.S.)
Format	7"
Recorded	Abbey Road Studios 28–29 April; 6 June 1966
Genre	Baroque pop
Length	2:06
Label	Parlophone (UK) Capitol (U.S.)
Writer(s)	Lennon/McCartney
Producer	George Martin
The Beatles singles chronology
"Paperback Writer" (1966) "Eleanor Rigby" / "Yellow Submarine" (1966) "Strawberry Fields Forever" / "Penny Lane" (1967)
Music sample "Eleanor Rigby" Revolver track listing 14 tracks Side one "Taxman" "Eleanor Rigby" "I'm Only Sleeping" "Love You To" "Here, There and Everywhere" "Yellow Submarine" "She Said She Said" Side two "Good Day Sunshine" "And Your Bird Can Sing" "For No One" "Doctor Robert" "I Want to Tell You" "Got to Get You into My Life" "Tomorrow Never Knows"

"Eleanor Rigby" is a song by The Beatles, simultaneously released on the 1966 album Revolver and on a 45rpm single. The song was primarily written by Paul McCartney.^[1] With a double string quartet arrangement by George Martin, and striking lyrics about loneliness, the song continued the transformation of the group from a mainly pop-oriented act to a more serious and experimental studio band.

Inspiration

As is true of many of McCartney's songs, the melody and first line of the song came to him as he was playing around on his piano. The name that came to him, though, was not Eleanor Rigby but Miss Daisy Hawkins. In 1966, McCartney recalled how he got the idea for his song:

A promotional poster for the single from the UK.

Others believe that Father McKenzie refers to 'Father' Tommy McKenzie, who was the compere at Northwich Memorial Hall^[3][4]

McCartney originally imagined Daisy as a pre-pubescent girl, but anyone who cleaned up in churches would probably be older. If she were older, she might have missed not only the wedding she cleans up after but also her own.

McCartney said he came up with the name Eleanor from actress Eleanor Bron, who had starred with the Beatles in the film Help!. Rigby came from the name of a store in Bristol, Rigby & Evens Ltd, Wine & Spirit Shippers, that he noticed while seeing his then-girlfriend Jane Asher act in The Happiest Days Of Your Life. He recalled in 1984, "I just liked the name. I was looking for a name that sounded natural. Eleanor Rigby sounded natural."^[5]

The Beatles finished the song in the music room of John Lennon's home at Kenwood. John Lennon, George Harrison, Ringo Starr, and their friend Pete Shotton all listened to McCartney play his song through and contributed ideas. Starr contributed the line "writing the words of a sermon that no one will hear " and suggested making "Father McCartney" darn his socks, which McCartney liked. Shotton then suggested that McCartney change the name of the priest, in case listeners mistook the fictional character in the song for McCartney's own father.^[6]

The song is often described as a lament for lonely people^[7] or a commentary on post-war life in Britain.^[8][9]

McCartney couldn't decide how to end the song, and Shotton finally suggested that the two lonely people come together too late as Father McKenzie conducts Eleanor Rigby's funeral. At the time, Lennon rejected the idea out of hand, but McCartney said nothing and used the idea to finish off the song, later acknowledging Shotton's help.^[6]

Recording

The "Eleanor Rigby"/"Yellow Submarine" single issued by Parlophone in the UK. "Eleanor Rigby" stayed at #1 for four weeks on the British pop charts.

"Eleanor Rigby" does not have a standard pop backing; none of the Beatles played instruments on it, though John Lennon and George Harrison did contribute harmony vocals.^[10] Instead, McCartney used a string octet of studio musicians, composed of four violins, two cellos, and two violas, all performing a score composed by producer George Martin.^[10] For the most part, the instruments "double up"—that is, they serve as two string quartets with two instruments playing each part in the quartet. Microphones were placed close to the instruments to produce a more vivid and raw sound. George Martin asked musicians to play without vibrato and recorded two versions, one with and one without, the latter of which was used. McCartney's choice of a string backing may have been influenced by his interest in the composer Antonio Vivaldi. Lennon recalled in 1980 that "Eleanor Rigby" was "Paul's baby, and I helped with the education of the child ... The violin backing was Paul's idea. Jane Asher had turned him on to Vivaldi, and it was very good."^[11] The octet was recorded on 28 April 1966, in Studio 2 at Abbey Road Studios and completed in Studio 3 on 29 April and on 6 June. Take 15 was selected as the master.^[12]

George Martin, in his autobiography All You Need Is Ears, takes credit for combining two of the vocal parts, having noticed that they would work together contrapuntally. He cited the influence of Bernard Herrmann's work, particularly the score for the film, "Fahrenheit 451", on his string scoring.^[13]

The original stereo mix had Paul's voice only in the right channel during the verses, with the string octet mixed to one channel, while the mono single and mono LP featured a more balanced mix. On the Yellow Submarine Songtrack and Love versions, McCartney's voice is centred and the string octet appears in stereo in an attempt to create a more "modern" sounding mix.

Releases

"Eleanor Rigby" was released simultaneously on 5 August 1966 on both the album Revolver and on a double A-side single with "Yellow Submarine" on Parlophone in the United Kingdom and Capitol in the United States.^[14] It spent four weeks at number one on the British charts,^[10] but in America it only reached the eleventh spot.^[15]

The song was nominated for three Grammys and won the 1966 Grammy for Best Contemporary (R&R) Vocal Performance, Male or Female for McCartney. Thirty years later, George Martin's isolated string arrangement (without the vocal) was released on the Beatles' Anthology 2. A remixed version of the track was included in the 2006 album Love.

It is the second song to appear in the Beatles' 1968 animated film Yellow Submarine. The first is "Yellow Submarine"; it and "Eleanor Rigby" are the only songs in the film which the animated Beatles are not seen to be singing. "Eleanor Rigby" is introduced just before the Liverpool sequence of the film, and its poignancy ties in quite well with Ringo Starr (the first member of the group to encounter the submarine) who is represented as quietly bored and depressed. "Compared with my life, Eleanor Rigby's was a gay, mad world."

In 1984, a re-interpretation of the song was included in the film and album Give My Regards to Broad Street, written by and starring McCartney. It segues into a symphonic extension, "Eleanor's Dream."

Significance

The "Eleanor Rigby"/"Yellow Submarine" single from Japan. The photo shows the Beatles on stage at Tokyo in 1966.

"Eleanor Rigby" is also important in the Beatles' evolution from a pop, live-performance band to a more experimental, studio-oriented band, though the track contains little studio trickery. In a 1967 interview Pete Townshend of the Who commented "I think 'Eleanor Rigby' was a very important musical move forward. It certainly inspired me to write and listen to things in that vein."^[16]

Though "Eleanor Rigby" was not the first pop song to deal with death and loneliness, according to Ian MacDonald it "came as a quite a shock to pop listeners in 1966."^[10] It took a bleak message of depression and desolation, written by a famous pop band, with a sombre, almost funeral-like backing, to the number one spot of the pop charts.^[10] The bleak lyrics were not The Beatles' first deviation from love songs, but were some of the most explicit.

In some reference books on classical music, "Eleanor Rigby" is included and considered comparable to art songs (lieder). Howard Goodall said that the Beatles' works are "a stunning roll-call of sublime melodies that perhaps only Mozart can match in European musical history" and that they "almost single-handedly rescued the Western musical system" from the "plague years of the avant-garde". About "Eleanor Rigby", he said it is "an urban version of a tragic ballad in the Dorian mode.^[17]

Jerry Leiber said, "The Beatles are second to none in all departments. I don't think there has ever been a better song written than "Eleanor Rigby."^[18] In 2004, this song was ranked number 137 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest songs of all time.^[19]

Historical artefacts

The gravestone of the "real" Rigby, St. Peter's Parish Church, Woolton, August 2008

In the 1980s, a grave of an Eleanor Rigby was discovered in the graveyard of St. Peter's Parish Church in Woolton, Liverpool, and a few yards away from that, another tombstone with the last name McKenzie scrawled across it.^[20][21] During their teenage years, McCartney and Lennon spent time "sunbathing" there; within earshot distance of where the two had met for the first time during a fete in 1957. Many years later McCartney stated that the strange coincidence between reality and lyric could be a product of his subconscious, rather than being a meaningless fluke.^[20] The actual Eleanor Rigby was born in 1895 and lived in Liverpool, possibly in the suburb of Woolton, where she married a man named Thomas Woods. She died on 10 October 1939 at age 44, which, because 1940 was a leap year, was exactly one year to the day before Lennon was born. Whether this Eleanor was the inspiration for the song or not, her tombstone has become a landmark to Beatles fans visiting Liverpool.^[22] A digitised version was added to the 1995 music video for the Beatles' reunion song "Free as a Bird".

In June 1990, McCartney donated a document dating from 1911 which had been signed by the 16-year-old Eleanor Rigby to Sunbeams Music Trust, ^[23]instantly attracted significant international interest from collectors because of the significance and provenance of the document.^[24] The nearly 100-year-old document was sold at auction in November 2008 for £115,000.^[25] The Daily Telegraph reported that the uncovered document "is a 97-year-old salary register from Liverpool City Hospital." The name E. Rigby is printed on the register, and she is identified as a scullery maid. Her great grand-daughter is actress Emma Rigby.^{[citation needed]}

Personnel

• Paul McCartney – vocal
• John Lennon – harmony vocal
• George Harrison – harmony vocal
• Tony Gilbert – violin
• Sidney Sax – violin
• John Sharpe – violin
• Juergen Hess – violin
• Stephen Shingles – viola
• John Underwood – viola
• Derek Simpson – cello
• Norman Jones – cello
• George Martin – producer, string arrangement
• Geoff Emerick – engineer

Personnel per Ian MacDonald^[10]

Cover versions

Studio versions

The following artists have recorded "Eleanor Rigby" in a variety of styles, at least 61 released on albums by one count:^[26]

• Doodles Weaver recorded a comedic version for the record Feetlebaum Returns! that was also included on the album Doctor Demento's Delites.
• Vanilla Fudge covered the song on their debut album Vanilla Fudge in 1967.
• Joan Baez's 1967 version, included on her Joan album, was sung to classical orchestration.
• P.P. Arnold sang a cover of the song on her album First Cut.
• Ray Charles released a version as a single and on the album A Portrait of Ray (1968).
• Bobbie Gentry released a version on her 1968 album Local Gentry.
• Tony Bennett released a version on his January 1970 album Tony Sings the Great Hits of Today!. Bennett was dismayed by having to record contemporary, rock-influenced material under pressure from his record company. His partly-spoken take on the song was poorly received, with music writer Will Friedwald saying it was recited as if it were Thomas Gray's Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard^[27] and Time magazine describing it as "Shatneresque",^[28] making reference to Star Trek actor William Shatner's legendarily bad 1968 interpretation of "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds".^[29]
• Aretha Franklin released a version on the album This Girl's In Love With You (1970) and as a single.
• Jazz musicians such as The Jazz Crusaders, Wes Montgomery (on his 1967 album A Day in the Life), Stanley Jordan (on the album Magic Touch, 1985) and John Pizzarelli recorded it as an instrumental, with lead-guitar taking over the vocal line.
• Australian band Zoot released a psychedelic rock version in 1970 that reached #4 on the Australian charts and went gold after its 1980 re-release.
• Jamaican musician, singer, songwriter and producer Harris "B.B." Seaton with the band The Gaylads recorded a reggae version of this song in 1972.
• Brazilian composer/singer Caetano Veloso recorded it on the album Qualquer coisa (1975).
• In 1975, Belgo-English progressive rock band Esperanto covered the song on their album Last Tango.
• Wing And A Prayer Fife And Drum Corps recorded this song in their 1976 album Babyface.
• Ethel the Frog covered this song on a single recorded for EMI in 1979.
• The Jerry Garcia Band played an instrumental version as part of a medley with "After Midnight".
• Realm covered this song on their 1988 album Endless War.
• Junior Reid released a dancehall version of the song on his 1990 album One Blood.
• The Violet Burning released this song on their 1992 album, Strength.
• Wayne Johnson recorded an acoustic version of this song for his 1995 acoustic album Kindred Spirits.
• Shirley Bassey covered this song on her 1995 album Sings the Movies
• Kansas recorded this song on their 1998 album Always Never the Same.
• Godhead recorded this song on their 2001 album 2000 Years of Human Error.
• Pain recorded this song on their 2002 album Nothing Remains the Same.
• Liane Carroll includes a version on her 2005 album Standard Issue
• Thrice included a cover of the song in their album If We Could Only See Us Now in 2005.
• Twisted Sister guitarist Eddie Ojeda recorded a cover version of the song for his 2006 solo album Axes 2 Axes. Dee Snider performed the vocals.
• A cover of the song by David Schommer (feat. David Jensen) can be found on the soundtrack for the 2006 movie Accepted.
• Elevator Suite included a cover in their 2007 self-titled album.
• In 2008, David Cook, winner of the seventh season of American Idol, sang the song on the show and later released a single via iTunes.
• In 1982, Twelfth Night recorded a 80s-style cover of this song for a single, and later included it as one of the bonus tracks on an extended edition of their Fact and Fiction album.
• The John LaBarbera Big Band recorded a version of this song on their CD On the Wild Side.
• Mark Wood released a version of this song on his 2003 album These Are a Few of My Favorite Things with his wife, Laura Kaye, on vocals.
• Ilan Rubin covered this song during his Coup recording sessions and released it as a free download.
• Chick Corea performed a cover of the song on the 1995 GRP tribute album (I Got No Kick Against) Modern Jazz.
• Charlotte Perrelli included a Swedish version of Eleanor Rigby on her 2006 album I din röst entitled Elinor Rydholm.
• Father released a cover version in 2009 as a pre-single to their untitled second album.
• Joshua Bell released a cover version on the album "At Home With Friends" Featuring Frankie Moreno.
• Outside Royalty released a cover version on the single "Lightbulb (Turning Off)" in 2009.

Live performances

• The Four Tops recorded this song for their 1969 album The Four Tops Now!.
• The Supremes recorded this song in a live medley, together with The Temptations.
• Shirley Bassey performed this song live on the National Lottery Show in 1995.
• Joe Jackson covered the track on his 2000 live album Summer in the City: Live in New York
• Panic at the Disco has covered the track live, but it was never studio recorded.
• Acceptance played a live version of the song alongside Yellowcard's violinist Sean Mackin when Acceptance and Yellowcard toured in late 2005.
• Australian a cappella group The Idea of North sing a jazz version of Eleanor Rigby on their Live at the Powerhouse album.
• An electronic version appears on the Tangerine Dream album Dream Encores.
• During their 2008 US summer tour, the Dave Matthews Band inserted "Eleanor Rigby" into a jam in their song The Dreaming Tree.

Samples

• In 1994, Irish singer Sinéad O'Connor sampled the song's chorus for her song, "Famine" which appears on Universal Mother. The song was later remixed and released as a single in 1995, and was a Top 40 UK hit.
• In 2004, Brooklyn rapper Talib Kweli released "Lonely People", using "Eleanor Rigby" as the main sample.
• In 2006, mashup artist team9 created a remix of "Eleanor Rigby" using Queens of the Stone Age's "In My Head".
• B.o.B sampled "Eleanor Rigby" as the main sample for his song "Lonely People" in 2008.

Charts

• UK, starting 11 August 1966: 8-1-1-1-1-3-5-9-18-26-30-33-42
• UK, starting 30 August 1986: 63-81

Notes

References

• The Beatles (2000). The Beatles Anthology. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-8118-2684-8. 
• Lewisohn, Mark (1988). The Beatles Recording Sessions. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-517-57066-1. 
• MacDonald, Ian (2005). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties (Second Revised ed.). London: Pimlico (Rand). ISBN 1-844-13828-3. 
• Miles, Barry (1997). Paul McCartney: Many Years From Now. New York: Henry Holt & Company. ISBN 0-8050-5249-6. 
• Sheff, David (2000). All We Are Saying: The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-25464-4. 
• Turner, Steve. A Hard Day's Write: The Stories Behind Every Beatles Song. New York: Harper Paperbacks. ISBN 0-06-084409-4. 
• Wallgren, Mark (1982). The Beatles on Record. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-45682-2. 
• Wilkerson, Mark (2006). Amazing Journey: The Life of Pete Townshend. 

External links

• The Eleanor Rigby statue in Liverpool, England
• Alan W. Pollack's Notes on "Eleanor Rigby"
• Eleanor Rigby tombstone photo and info
• Cover version w/Mandolins & Strings
• Manuscript Reveals Clues to Beatles Eleanor Rigby
• Biography of the real Eleanor Rigby

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