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Energy conversion efficiency is the ratio between the useful output of an energy conversion machine and the input, in energy terms. The useful output may be electric power, mechanical work, or heat. Energy conversion efficiency is not defined uniquely, but instead depends on the usefulness of the output. All or part of the heat produced from burning a fuel may become rejected waste heat if, for example, work is the desired output from a thermodynamic cycle.
Even though the definition includes the notion of usefulness, efficiency is considered a technical or physical term. Goal or mission oriented terms include effectiveness and efficacy.
Generally, energy conversion efficiency is a dimensionless number between 0 and 1.0, or 0 to 100%. Efficiencies may not exceed 100%, e.g., for a perpetual motion machine. However, other effectiveness measures that can exceed 1.0 are used for heat pumps and other devices that move heat rather than convert it.
Related, more specific terms include
- Electrical efficiency, useful power output per electrical power consumed;
- Mechanical efficiency, where one form of mechanical energy (e.g. potential energy of water) is converted to mechanical energy (work);
- Thermal efficiency or Fuel efficiency, useful heat and/or work output per input energy such as the fuel consumed;
- 'Total efficiency', e.g., for cogeneration, useful electric power and heat output per fuel energy consumed. Same as the thermal efficiency.
- Luminous efficiency, what portion of the emitted electromagnetic radiation is usable for human vision.
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Fuel heating values and efficiency
In Europe the usable energy content of fuel is typically calculated using the lower heating value (LHV) of that fuel, i.e. the heat obtained by fuel combustion (oxidation), measured so that the water vapor produced remains gaseous, and is not condensed to liquid water. Using the LHV, a condensing boiler can achieve a "heating efficiency" in excess of 100% which violates the first law of thermodynamics. This is because the apparatus recovers part of the heat of vaporization, which is not included in the definition of the lower heating value of fuel. In the U.S. and elsewhere, the higher heating value (HHV) is used, which includes the latent heat for condensing the water vapor, and thus the thermodynamic maximum of 100% efficiency cannot be exceeded with HHV's use.
Example of energy conversion efficiency
| Energy efficiency | |
|---|---|
| Combustion engine | 10-50%[1] |
| Gas turbine | up to 40% |
| Gas turbine + Steam turbine (combined cycle) | up to 60% |
| Water Turbine | up to 90% (practically achieved) |
| Wind Turbine | up to 59% (theoretical limit) |
| Solar cell | current maximum 42.8% (50% short term goal)[2] |
| Firearm | ~30% (.300 Hawk ammunition) |
| Fuel Cell | up to 80% |
| Water Electrolysis | 50%-70% (80%-94% theoretical maximum) |
| Photosynthesis | up to 6% |
| Muscle | 14% - 27% |
| Electric motors | 30-60% (small ones < 10W); 50-90 (middle ones between 10-200W); 70-99.99% above 200W |
| Household refrigerators | low end systems ~ 20%; high end systems ~ 40-50% |
| Incandescent bulbs | 5-10% |
| Light Emitting Diodes | up to 35% [3] |
| Fluorescent lamps | 28% [4] |
| Low pressure sodium lamps | 40.5% [4] |
| Metal halide lamps | 24% [4] |
| Electric shower | 90-95% ( Overall it would be more efficient to use a heat pump, requiring less electric energy[citation needed]) |
| Electric heaters | exactly 100% (all energy is always converted into heat anyway) |
See also
- Energy efficiency
- EROEI
- Exergy efficiency
- Figure of merit
- Fuel efficiency
- International Electrotechnical Commission
- Sensitivity (electronics)
- Thermal efficiency
References
- Cited
- ^ "Motivations for Promoting Clean Diesels" (PDF). US Department Of Energy. 2006. http://www.epa.gov/midwestcleandiesel/publications/presentations/il-finance-09-06/eberhardt.pdf.
- ^ "UD-led team sets solar cell record, joins DuPont on $100 million project". University of Delaware. 2007. http://www.udel.edu/PR/UDaily/2008/jul/solar072307.html.
- ^ "Cree's blue LED has quantum efficiency of 35%". compoundsemiconductor.net. 2003. http://compoundsemiconductor.net/cws/article/news/18263.
- ^ a b c "Light Pollution Handbook". Springer. 2004. http://books.google.com/books?id=61B_RV3EdIcC&pg=PA463&lpg=PA463&dq=meyer+nienhuis+efficiency&source=web&ots=urgXwn6sPi&sig=zaIKOAxRMmzKjVjaaFd8GsvXNLY&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA463,M1.
- General
External links
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