equity

Equity or Economic equality, is the concept or idea of fairness in economics, particularly as to taxation or welfare economics. More specifically it may refer to equal life chances regardless of identity, to provide all citizens with a basic and equal minimum of income/goods/services or to increase funds and commitment for redistribution.^[1]

Overview

Inequality and inequities have significantly increased of recent decades, possibly driven by the worldwide economic processes of globalisation, economic liberalisation and integration.^[2] This has led to states ‘lagging behind’ on headline goals such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and different levels of inequity between states have been argued to have played a role in the impact of the global economic crisis of 2008-2009.^[2]

Equity is based on the idea of moral equality.^[2] Equity looks at the distribution of capital, goods and access to services throughout an economy and is often measured using tools such as the Gini index. Equity may be distinguished from economic efficiency in overall evaluation of social welfare. Although 'equity' has broader uses, it may be posed as a counterpart to economic inequality in yielding a "good" distribution of wealth. It has been studied in experimental economics as inequity aversion. Low levels of equity are associated with life chances based on inherited wealth, social exclusion and the resulting poor access to basic services and intergenerational poverty resulting in a negative effect on growth, financial instability, crime and increasing political instability.^[2]

The state often plays a central role in the necessary redistribution required for equity between all citizens, but applying this in practise is highly complex and involves contentious choices. However, considerable consensus can often be found on three particular issues:^[2]

1. Equal life chances: life outcomes should be determined by individual choices and not conditions beyond an individual's control.
2. Equal concern for people’s needs: those goods and services understood as necessities should be distributed to those otherwise unable to access them.
3. Meritocracy: positions in society and rewards should reflect differences in effort and ability, based on fair competition.

Economists distinguish between three types of equities: universal equity measured through an inequity index, compensatory equity applies where universal equity cannot be achieved, and status equity illustrated by the special care delivered to war veterans, the handicapped, or the supplementary protection to diplomats and representatives of international intergovernmental organizations, under the Vienna Convention.^[3]

Taxation

In public finance horizontal equity is the idea that people with a similar ability to pay taxes should pay the same or similar amounts. It is related to the concept of tax neutrality or the idea that the tax system should not discriminate between similar things or people, or unduly distort behavior.^[4]

Vertical equity usually refers to the idea that people with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay more. If the rich pay more in proportion to their income, this is known as a proportional tax; if they pay an increasing proportion, this is termed a progressive tax, sometimes associated with redistribution of wealth.^[5]

Health care

Horizontal equity means providing equal healthcare to those who are the same in a relevant respect (such as having the same 'need'). Vertical equity means treating differently those who are different in relevant respects (such as having different 'need'), (Culyer, 1995).

Health studies of equity whether particular social groups receive systematically different levels of care than do other groups. There are many ways to identify preventable or unjust disparities, including the study of health outcomes using quintile analysis or concentration indexes.

Fair division

Equitability in fair division means every person’s subjective valuation of their own share of some goods is the same. The surplus procedure (SP) achieves a more complex variant called proportional equitability. For more than 2 people a division cannot always both be equitable and envy-free.^[6]

See also

• Justice (economics)

Notes

References

• Anthony B. Atkinson and Joseph E. Stiglitz (1980). Lectures in Public Economics, McGraw-Hill Economics Handbook Series
• Xavier Calsamiglia and Alan Kirman (1993). "A Unique Informationally Efficient and Decentralized Mechanism with Fair Outcomes," Econometrica, 61(5) , p p. 1147-1172.
• A.J. Culyer (1995). "Need: The idea won't do — but we still need it," Social Science and Medicine, 40 (6), pp. 727–730.
• Jean-Yves Duclos (2008). "horizontal and vertical equity," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.
• Allan M. Feldman (1987). "equity," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 2, pp. 182–84.
• Peter J. Hammond (1987). "altruism," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 1, pp. 85–87.
• * Julian Le Grand (1991). Equity and Choice: An Essay in Economics and Applied Philosophy. Chapter preview links.
• Richard A. Musgrave (1959). The Theory of Public Finance: A Study in Political Economy.
• _____ (1987). "public finance," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 3, pp. 1055–60.
• Richard A. Musgrave and Peggy B. Musgrave (1973). Public Finance in Theory and Practice
• Joseph E. Stiglitz (2000). Economics of the Public Sector, 3rd ed. Norton.
• William Thomson (2008). "fair allocation," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.
• World Bank. World Development Report 2006: Equity and Development.Summary with ch. links.
• Young, Peyton (1994). Equity: In Theory and Practice. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press Contents and introduction