(hesped). Funeral oration, delivered at or after a
Burial, honoring a deceased person's memory (see
Funeral Service). The Hebrew verb
li-spod or
le-haspid ("to mourn, lament, eulogize") is used recurrently throughout the Bible in the context of bewailing the dead:
Abraham's grief for
Sarah (Gen. 23:2), Egypt's state mourning for the patriarch
Jacob (Gen. 50:10-11), Israel's lamentation for the prophet
Samuel (I Sam. 25:1), David's for
Saul and Jonathan (II Sam. 1:12). In the talmudic era, special eulogies were reserved for outstanding scholars and other persons of note (TJ
Ber. 2:8;
MK 21b), departed rabbis being mourned in this way at each
Kallah month session of the Babylonian
Academies. It was presumably as a result of this custom, in later times, that
Ashkenazim chose 7 Adar, the traditional anniversary of
Moses' death, as the occasion for eulogizing men of distinction whose deaths had occurred in the course of the past year. Rules governing the delivery of a eulogy
(hesped) were formulated in the Talmud: the virtues and pious acts of the deceased should be emphasized (though not excessively) as a last gesture of respect that will give comfort to the bereaved and encourage others to follow the departed one's example (
Ber. 62a;
San. 46b-47a). The initial week of
Mourning (shiva) is the most appropriate time for a eulogy (
MK 27b), which should be delivered--- in the first instance---either in a town square or at the cemetery prior to burial (
BB 100b). According to the Shulḥan A
rukh (
YD 344-5), pronouncing a funeral oration is a religious duty for which the interment itself may even be delayed if the speaker has to come from another town, but no eulogy may be delivered for a suicide or a person who has been excommunicated.
Jewish law prescribes that no hesped be pronounced on Sabbaths, festivals, New Moons, the day before or after a festival, during the month of Nisan, or on days when the Taḥanun supplication is omitted from prayer services. In most traditional rites, it is delivered in the cemetery's chapel (ohel) immediately before burial, or at the actual graveside. A widely observed practice (YD 344.20) is for eminent rabbis or communal leaders to be eulogized at a synagogue, where the funeral cortege halts en route to the burial ground. In Oriental Sephardi communities, another eulogy is delivered at the conclusion of the first week of mourning; Western (Spanish and Portuguese) Sephardim, however, delay it until after the 30-day sheloshim mourning period, when the hesped is incorporated in a talmudic address. Parallel to this custom is the Ashkenazi memorial tribute (azkarah). Both Ashkenazim and Western Sephardim normally arrange for a short eulogy to be delivered at the unveiling (or "setting") of Tombstones. Eulogizing the dead became a veritable art among Jews; it gave rise to a class of specialist eulogizers and to collections of funeral orations published in book form, some notable examples having appeared in the United States after World War II. American funeral parlors often have rabbis on call to officiate at a burial; the latter make a point of meeting with the bereaved family prior to the funeral so as to glean appropriate information which can then be woven into the hesped.