European Council

A traditional 'family photo', here taken at the royal palace in Brussels during Belgium's 1987 Presidency

European Union

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of the European Union

Parliament President Jerzy Buzek Largest groups; Joseph Daul: EPP Martin Schulz: S&D 7th session MEPs (736) 2009-14 term Bureau Vice Presidents Quaestor Conference Legislative procedure

European Council President Fredrik Reinfeldt Parties List of meetings

Council of Ministers Presidency Sweden GAERC ECOFIN Eurogroup Member states Voting Secretariat COREPER

Commission Barroso Commission President José M. Barroso Vice Presidents Margot Wallström Günter Verheugen Antonio Tajani Jacques Barrot Siim Kallas Commissioners Civil Service

Other Institutions Court of Justice Members Rulings Central Bank President ESCB Euro EMU Eurozone Court of Auditors Budget OLAF Other bodies Agencies

Foreign Relations High Representative Javier Solana Foreign Policy Defence Policy Enlargement

Elections 1979, 1984, 1989 1994, 1999, 2004 2009 (last election) 2014 (next election) Political parties People's Socialists ELDR Free Alliance Greens AEN Left Democratic AIDE EUDemocrats Parliamentary groups EPP S&D ALDE G-EFA ECR EUL-NGL EFD Constituencies

Law Acquis communautaire Treaties; Rome 1957 Merger 1965 SEA 1986 Maastricht 1992 Amsterdam 1997 Nice 2001 Lisbon 2007 Fundamental Rights

Other countries · Atlas Politics portal view • talk • edit

The European Council (sometimes referred to as a European Summit) is the highest political body of the European Union.^[1] It comprises the heads of state or government of the Union's member states along with the President of the European Commission. Its meeting is chaired by the member from the member state currently holding Presidency of the Council of the European Union.^[2]

While the Council has no formal executive or legislative powers, it is an institution that deals with major issues and any decisions made are "a major impetus in defining the general political guidelines of the European Union". The Council meets at least twice a year; usually in the Justus Lipsius building, the quarters of the Council of the European Union (Consilium) of Brussels.^[3][4][5]

History

The first Councils were held in February and July 1961 (in Paris and Bonn respectively). They were informal summits of the leaders of the European Community and were started due to then-French President Charles de Gaulle's resentment at the domination of supranational institutions (e.g. the European Commission) over the integration process. The first influential summit was held in 1969 after a series of irregular summits. The Hague summit of 1969 reached an agreement on the admittance of the United Kingdom into the Community and initiated foreign policy cooperation (the European Political Cooperation) taking integration beyond economics.^[1][6]

The summits were only formalised in 1974 - 88, at the December summit in Paris, following a proposal from then-French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. It was felt that more intergovernmental input was needed following the "empty chair crisis" and economic problems. The inaugural Council, as it had become, was held in Dublin on 1975-03-10/1975-03-11 during Ireland's first Presidency of the Council of the European Union. In 1987 it was included in the treaties for the first time (the Single European Act) and had a defined role for the first time in the Maastricht Treaty. At first only two meetings per year were required, now there are on average four European Councils each year (two per presidency). The seat of the Council was formalised in 2002, basing it in Brussels (see Seat). In addition to usual councils, there are the occasional extraordinary councils, for example in 2001 the European Council gathered to lead the EUs response to those events.^[1][6]

The meetings of the Council are seen by some as turning points in the history of the European Union. For example:^[1]

• 1969, The Hague: Foreign policy and enlargement.
• 1974, Paris: Creation of the Council.
• 1985, Milan: Initiate IGC leading to the Single European Act.
• 1991, Maastricht: Agreement on the Maastricht Treaty.
• 1993, Copenhagen: Leading to the definition of the Copenhagen Criteria.
• 1997, Amsterdam: Agreement on the Amsterdam Treaty.
• 1998, Brussels: Selected member states to adopt the euro.
• 1999; Cologne: Declaration on military forces.^[7]
• 1999, Tampere: Institutional reform
• 2000, Lisbon: Lisbon Strategy
• 2002, Copenhagen: Agreement for May 2004 enlargement.
• 2007, Lisbon: Agreement on the Lisbon Treaty.

Powers and functions

The European Council isn't an official institution of the EU, although it is mentioned in the treaties as a body which "shall provide the Union with the necessary impetus for its development". Essentially it defines the EU's policy agenda and has thus been considered to be the motor of European integration. It does this without any formal powers, only the influence it has being composed of national leaders.^[1][4] Beyond the need to provide "impetus", the Council has developed further roles; to "settle issues outstanding from discussions at a lower level", to lead in foreign policy - acting externally as a "collective Head of State", "formal ratification of important documents" and "involvement in the negotiation of the treaty changes".^[5][6]

Since the body is composed of national leaders, it brings together the executive power of the member states, having a great deal of influence outside the European Community: for example over foreign policy and police & justice. It also exercises the more executive powers of the Council of the European Union (the European Council could be described as a configuration of that body) such as the appointment of the President of the European Commission. Hence with powers over the supranational executive of the EU, in addition to its other powers, the European Council has been described by some as the Union's "supreme political authority".^[2][5][6]

However, the body has been criticised by some for a lack of leadership, in part stemming from the weak structure of the body, meeting only 4 times a year for 2 days with no staff and no legislative decisions made.^[8]

Composition

Officially the members of the Council consist of the heads of state or government of the Union, plus the Commission President (non-voting). When meetings take place, the national foreign minister usually attends with the leaders. The Commission President likewise is also accompanied by another member of the Commission. These are the members seen in the "family photo" taken at each Council.^[1][4][5]

Meetings can also include national ministers, including foreign ministers, other leading national positions (French Prime Minister), Commissioners as required. The Secretary General of the Council (and his/her deputy) is also a regular attendee. The position has become highly important due to its regular role in organising the meetings while also acting as the Union's High Representative. The President of the European Parliament usually attends to give an opening speech outlining the European Parliament's position before talks begin.^[1][4][5]

However the negotiations usually involve a large number of other people working behind the scenes. Most of those people however are not allowed into the conference room, except for two delegates per state to relay messages. At the push of a button members can also call for advice from a Permanent Representative via the "Antici Group" in an adjacent room. The group is composed of diplomats and assistants who convey information and requests. Interpretors are also required for meetings as members are permitted to speak in their own languages.^[1]

As the composition is not precisely defined, some states where there is a considerably split of executive power can find it difficult deciding who attends the meetings. While an MEP, Alexander Stubb argued that there was no need for the President of Finland to attend Council meetings with or instead of the Prime Minister of Finland (who was head of European foreign policy).^[9] In 2008, having become Finnish Foreign Minister, Stubb was forced out of the Finnish delegation to the emergency council meeting on the Georgian crisis because the President wanted to attend the high profile summit as well as the Prime Minister (only two people from each country can attend the meetings). This was despite Stubb being head of the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe at the time which was heavily involved in the crisis. Problems also occurred in Poland where the President of Poland and the Prime Minister of Poland were of different parties and had a different foreign policy response to the crisis.^[10]

President-in-Office

The role of President-in-Office of the assembled European Council is performed by the head of government or head of state of the member state currently holding the Council Presidency. This presidency rotates every six months, with every three presidencies co-operating on a common programme in triplets, meaning there is also a new president of the European Council every six months. The agenda of the meetings are defined by the Presidency, hence it may be misused by the country holding the Presidency by pushing their national interests up the agenda. The presiding country may also have additional negotiators at the table.^[1][2][5]

The role as President-in-Office is in no sense equivalent to an office of a head of state, merely a primus inter pares (first among equals) role with other European heads of government. The President-in-Office is primarily responsible for preparing and chairing Council meetings, and has no executive powers. It does however offer external representation of the council and the Union and reports to the European Parliament after Council meetings and at the beginning and end of the Presidency.^[2][5]

Council members

Member State	Representative	Title	Political party	Member since	Photo
Austria	Faymann, WernerWerner Faymann	&1Chancellor	PES National: SPÖ	02008-12-02 2 December 2008
Belgium	Van Rompuy, HermanHerman Van Rompuy	&1Prime Minister	EPP National: CD&V	02008-12-30 30 December 2008
Bulgaria	Borisov, BoykoBoyko Borisov	&1Prime Minister	EPP National: GERB	02009-07-27 27 July 2009
Cyprus	Christofias, DimitrisDimitris Christofias	&0President	PEL National: ΑΚΕΛ[11]	02008-02-28 28 February 2008
Czech Republic	Jan Fischer	&1Prime Minister	Independent	02009-05-08 8 May 2009
Denmark	Rasmussen, Lars LøkkeLars Løkke Rasmussen	&1Prime Minister	ELDR National: Venstre	02009-04-05 5 April 2009
Estonia	Ansip, AndrusAndrus Ansip	&1Prime Minister	ELDR National: Reformierakond	02005-04-12 12 April 2005
Finland	Vanhanen, MattiMatti Vanhanen	&1Prime Minister	ELDR National: Keskusta	02003-06-24 24 June 2003
France	Sarkozy, NicolasNicolas Sarkozy	&0President	EPP National: UMP	02007-05-16 16 May 2007
Germany	Merkel, AngelaAngela Merkel	&1Chancellor	EPP National: CDU	02005-11-22 22 November 2005
Greece	George Papandreou	&1Prime Minister	PES National: PASOK	02009-10-06 6 October 2009
Hungary	Bajnai, GordonGordon Bajnai	&1Prime Minister	Independent	02009-04-14 14 April 2009
Ireland	Cowen, BrianBrian Cowen	&1Taoiseach	ELDR National: FF	02008-05-07 7 May 2008
Italy	Berlusconi, SilvioSilvio Berlusconi	&1Prime Minister	EPP National: PdL	02008-05-08 8 May 2008
Latvia	Dombrovskis, ValdisValdis Dombrovskis	&1Prime Minister	EPP National: JL	02009-03-12 12 March 2009
Lithuania	Kubilius, AndriusAndrius Kubilius	&1Prime Minister	EPP National: TS–LKD	02008-12-09 9 December 2008
Luxembourg	Juncker, Jean-ClaudeJean-Claude Juncker	&1Prime Minister	EPP National: CSV	01995-01-20 20 January 1995
Malta	Gonzi, LawrenceLawrence Gonzi	&1Prime Minister	EPP National: PN	02004-05-01 1 May 2004
Netherlands	Balkenende, Jan PeterJan Peter Balkenende	&1Prime Minister	EPP National: CDA	02002-07-22 22 July 2002
Poland	Donald Tusk	&1Prime Minister	EPP National: PO	02007-11-16 16 November 2007
Portugal	Sócrates, JoséJosé Sócrates	&1Prime Minister	PES National: PS	02005-03-12 12 March 2005
Romania	Boc , EmilEmil Boc	&1Prime Minister	EPP National: PD-L	02008-12-22 22 December 2008
Slovakia	Fico, RobertRobert Fico	&1Prime Minister	PES National: Smer	02006-07-04 4 July 2006
Slovenia	Pahor, BorutBorut Pahor	&1Prime Minister	PES National: SD	02008-11-21 21 November 2008
Spain	Rodríguez Zapatero, José LuisJosé Luis Rodríguez Zapatero	&1President of the Government	PES National: PSOE	02004-04-17 17 April 2004
Sweden ( Presidency)[12]	Reinfeldt, FredrikFredrik Reinfeldt	&1Prime Minister	EPP National: Moderaterna	02006-10-06 6 October 2006
United Kingdom	Brown, GordonGordon Brown	&1Prime Minister	PES National: Labour	02007-06-27 27 June 2007
Commission[13]	Barroso, José ManuelJosé Manuel Barroso	&1President	EPP National: PSD	02004-11-23 23 November 2004

Source for positions

Political parties

The states of the European Union by the European party affiliations of their leaders, as of 6 October 2009

Almost all members of the Council are members of a political party at national level, and most of these are members of a European-level political party. However the Council is composed in order to represent the Union's states rather than political parties, and decisions are generally made on these lines. The table below outlines the European party affiliations of the European Council members for each country.

Seat and meetings

The Justus Lipsius building, the headquarters of the European Council in Brussels.

Meetings of the council usually take place four times a year (two per Presidency) in Brussels and last for two days, although this can sometimes be longer if contentious issues are on the agenda.^[1] Up until 2002, the venue of the council meeting rotated between member states, as its location was decided by the country holding the rotating presidency. However, the 22nd declaration attached to the Treaty of Nice stated that; "As from 2002, one European Council meeting per Presidency will be held in Brussels. When the Union comprises 18 members, all European Council meetings will be held in Brussels."^[14]

So between 2002 and 2004 half the councils were held in Brussels, and from the 2004 enlargement, all were. The European Council uses the same building as the Council of the European Union (the Justus Lipsius building). However some extraordinary councils still take place outside of the city in the member holding the Presidency; (Rome, 2003 or Hampton Court Palace in 2005). The European Council is due to move with the Council of the European Union to a new building, Résidence Palace, next to the existing building.^[6][15]

The choice of a single seat was due to a number of factors, such as the experience of the Belgian police in dealing with protesters (a protester in Gothenburg was shot by police) as well as Brussels having fixed facilities for the Council and journalists at every meeting. By having a permanent seat (that's the same as the Council), particularly since enlargement, it was expected the Council would integrate further into the Community framework, rather than continuing under heavy national influence, developing as a governmental body (some have argued it is already the de facto EU government).^[6]

In 2007 the new situation became a source of contention with the European Council wanting to sign the Lisbon Treaty in Lisbon. However the Belgian government, keen not to set a precedent, insisted that the actual meeting take place in Brussels as usual. This would mean that after the signing, photo suit and formal dinner the entire summit would transfer from Lisbon to Brussels to continue with normal business. The idea of such an eventuality, mirrored with the "travelling circus" of the European Parliament, garnered protests from environmental groups describing the hypocrisy of demanding lower carbon emissions while flying across Europe for the same summit for political reasons.^[16]

Future of the European Council

Former British Prime Minister Tony Blair is among the front runners for the first permanent President of the European Council.

There would be a number of changes to the European Council under the proposed Treaty of Lisbon.^[17]

The treaty would make the European Council a formal institution, separate from the Council of the European Union (now the Council of Ministers). While the Council of Ministers would continue with the rotating presidency, the European Council would have a single, fixed, President of the European Council with a renewable two-and-a-half year mandate. The position would stay a non-executive, administrative role. It would have an important role in organising work and meetings, providing external representation (including working with the CFSP) and being able to call extraordinary meetings beyond the four that are now formally required to take place.^[18]

The role of the council is clearly separate from the Council, and primarily follows previous definitions. In separating from the Council of Ministers, the European Council gains no legislative power. It does however gain a greater say over police and justice planning, foreign policy and constitutional matters, including: the composition of the Parliament and Commission; matters relating to the rotating presidency; the suspension of membership rights; changing the voting systems in the treaties bridging clauses; and nominating the President of the European Commission and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. The High Representative, along with the new post of President, are the only formal changes in composition. Further more, under the "emergency break" procedure, a state may refer contenious legislation from the Council of Ministers to the European Council if it is outvoted in the Council, although it may still be outvoted in the European Council.^[18][19][20]

Although there may be some informal changes; currently the President of Finland informally takes part in the European Council as s/he is responsible for the Finland's foreign policy outside the EU. This is alongside the Prime Minister who deals with policy within the EU. Under the new treaty the Council becomes a formal EU institution and deals with foreign policy (making it EU policy). Hence, some see the President's attendance would no longer be justified.^[21]

There has been speculation on who would be the first (full time) President of the European Council, being dubbed as the President of the European Union. Currently the most common name is former British Prime Minister, Tony Blair.^[22][23] This was backed up further when, in June 2007, French president Nicolas Sarkozy was the first leader to propose that Blair be the first president.^[24]. On July 15th 2009, BBC News reported that the UK Minister for Europe Baroness Kinnock had confirmed that Blair would be a candidate for the role and would have British government support. However in August 2007, there has been specuation that Bertie Ahern, the former Irish Taoiseach, could also be a contender^[25]. The Bulgarian government has floated the name of former Prime Minister Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha^[26]. In September 2009, the name of Dutch Prime Minister, Jan Peter Balkenende, was reported in the Dutch press^[27] as a possible contender for the new post. Balkende has firmly denied that he was a contender, dismissing the claim as "claptrap"^[28] .

References

External links

• Official website
• Archive of European Integration - Summit Guide
• European Council