excavate

Excavates
Giardia lamblia, a parasitic diplomonad
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Excavata (Cavalier-Smith) Simpson, 2003
Phyla
Metamonada Loukozoa Euglenozoa Percolozoa

The excavates are a major assemblage of unicellular^[1] eukaryotes,^[2] often known as Excavata. The phylogenetic category Excavata contains a variety of free-living and symbiotic forms, and includes some important parasites of humans.

Characteristics

Many excavates lack 'classical' mitochondria - these organisms are often referred to as 'amitochondriate', although, most, perhaps all, retain a mitochondrial organelle in greatly modified form. Others have mitochondria with tubular, discoidal, or in some cases, laminar cristae. Most excavates have two, four, or more flagella^[3] and many have a conspicuous ventral feeding groove with a characteristic ultrastructure, supported by microtubules.^[4] However, various groups that lack these traits may be considered excavates based on genetic evidence (primarily phylogenetic trees of molecular sequences).

Subgroups

Excavates are classified into four major subgroups at the phylum/superphylum level. These are shown in the table below.

Heterolobosea (Percolozoa) and Euglenozoa appear to be particularly close relatives, and are united by the presence of discoid cristae within the mitochondria (Superphylum Discicristata). More recently a close relationship has been shown between Discicristata and Jakobida ^[5]. Most jakobids have tubular cristae, like most other protists, while the metamonads are unusual in having lost classical mitochondria—instead they have 'hydrogenosomes', 'mitosomes' or uncharacterised organelles. In addition to the groups mentioned in the table above, the genus Malawimonas is generally considered to be a member of Excavata owing to its typical excavate morphology, and phylogenetic affinity to excavate groups in some molecular phylogenies. However, its position among excavates remains elusive.

Excavate relationships are still uncertain; it is possible that they are not a monophyletic group. The monophyly of the excavates is far from clear, although it seems like there are several clades within the excavates which are monophyletic.^[6]

Certain excavates are often considered among the most primitive eukaryotes, based partly on their placement in many evolutionary trees. This could encourage proposals that excavates are a paraphyletic grade that includes the ancestors of other living eukaryotes. However, the placement of certain excavates as 'early branches' may be an analysis artifact caused by long branch attraction, as has been seen with some other groups, for example, microsporidia.

References

External links

• Tree of Life Eukaryotes
• Tree of Life: Jakobida
• Tree of Life: Fornicata