exile

(ĕg'zīl', ĕk'sīl')

1. 1. Enforced removal from one's native country.
   2. Self-imposed absence from one's country.
2. The condition or a period of living away from one's native country.
3. One who lives away from one's native country, whether because of expulsion or voluntary absence.

[Middle English exil, from Old French, from Latin exilium, from exul, exsul, exiled person, wanderer.]

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noun

1. Enforced removal from one's native country by official decree: banishment, deportation, expatriation, extradition, ostracism, transportation. See accept/reject, reward/punish/deserve.
2. One forced to emigrate, usually for political reasons: deportee, émigré, expatriate, expellee. See approach/retreat.

verb

To force to leave a country or place by official decree: banish, deport, expatriate, expel, ostracize, transport. See accept/reject.

Definition: deport from place
Antonyms: import, take in, welcome

exile, a form of penalty for criminal offences used in Athens and Rome. In Athens it was imposed for unintentional homicide and sometimes for treason, but not for other offences, though it was permissible to go into voluntary exile in order to escape the death penalty. (Ostracism, which meant banishment for ten years, was a political expedient and not a penalty for an offence.) Exile could be augmented by other penalties—the loss of property and of the right to be buried in Attic soil, the destruction of one's house, for example—but most of those who had committed unintentional homicide could keep their property and live abroad in freedom provided they avoided the great religious festivals and games, so as not to be a pollution. If a man suffering penal exile was found in Attica, he ran the risk of imprisonment and perhaps execution. Exile lasted for life unless the sufferer obtained pardon.

In Rome, as in Athens, a defendant on trial for a capital crime might choose to go into exile (exsilium) before judgement was pronounced. However, in the last century of the republic exile became a substitute for the death penalty when magistrates were obliged to allow a condemned person time to escape before executing sentence, after which he was deprived of all legal protection and threatened with death (‘denied fire and water’) if he returned. There were varying degrees of voluntary and prescribed banishment, from the mild relegatio up to the severe deportatio (introduced by the emperor Tiberius), a perpetual banishment to a certain place, confiscation of property, and loss of citizenship. The term ‘exile’ came to be applied to them all.

Exiles (1918), a play by James Joyce, set among the Dublin intelligentsia and written in the manner of Gerhart Hauptmann. The plot concerns the return of Richard Rowan with his wife Bertha after his admirer and correspondent Beatrice Justice has persuaded her cousin Robert Hand, his former friend and now a noted journalist, to secure the Chair in Modern Languages for him in UCD.

n.

One who serves his country by residing abroad, yet is not an ambassador.

An English sea-captain being asked if he had read "The Exile of Erin," replied: "No, sir, but I should like to anchor on it." Years afterwards, when he had been hanged as a pirate after a career of unparalleled atrocities, the following memorandum was found in the ship's log that he had kept at the time of his reply:

    Aug. 3d, 1842.  Made a joke on the ex-Isle of Erin.  Coldly 
    received.  War with the whole world!

Tutor's tip: Vehicle wheels turn on "axles," figure skaters perform "axels" (spinning jumps), and the earth has an "axial" rotation (pertaining to a mathematical axis). A plant has an "axil" (angle between a stem or leaf and supporting branch), and the "axile" (pertai

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Quotes:

"My first few weeks in America are always miserable, because the tastes I am cursed with are all of a kind that cannot be gratified here, and I am not enough in sympathy with our gross public to make up for the lack on the aesthetic side. One's friends are delightful; but we are none of us Americans, we don't think or feel as the Americans do, we are the wretched exotics produced in a European glass-house, the most displaced and useless class on earth!" - Edith Wharton

"The realization that he is white in a black country, and respected for it, is the turning point in the expatriate's career. He can either forget it, or capitalize on it. Most choose the latter." - Paul Theroux

"Such is the miraculous nature of the future of exiles: what is first uttered in the impotence of an overheated apartment becomes the fate of nations." - Salman Rushdie

"I dunno what my 23 infantile years in America signify. I left as soon as motion was autarchic -- I mean my motion." - Ezra Pound

"I have loved justice and hated iniquity: therefore I die in exile." - Pope Gregory VII

"Let those who desire a secure homeland conquer it. Let those who do not conquer it live under the whip and in exile, watched over like wild animals, cast from one country to another, concealing the death of their souls with a beggar's smile from the scorn of free men." - Jose Marti

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• World Relations and Conditions - exile: compulsory or voluntary departure from homeland due to differences with government; banishment
• Opposition, Disagreement, and Attack - exile: expulsion from one’s native land

"Banishment" redirects here. For the 2007 Russian film, see The Banishment.

For other uses, see Exile (disambiguation).

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2007)

The First Night in Exile-This painting comes from a celebrated series illustrating one of Hinduism’s great epics, the Ramayana. It tells the story of the prince Rama, who is wrongly exiled from his father’s kingdom, accompanied only by his wife and brother.

Dante in Exile.

Exile means to be away from one's home (i.e. city, state or country), while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened with imprisonment or death upon return. It can be a form of punishment and solitude.^[1]

It is common to distinguish between internal exile, i.e., forced resettlement within the country of residence, and external exile, deportation outside the country of residence.^{[citation needed]} Although most commonly used to describe an individual situation, the term is also used for groups (especially ethnic or national groups), or for an entire government. Terms such as diaspora and refugee describe group exile, both voluntary and forced, and government in exile describes a government of a country that has been forced to relocate and argue its legitimacy from outside that country.

Exile can also be a self-imposed departure from one's homeland. Self-exile is often depicted as a form of protest by the person that claims it, to avoid persecution or legal matters (such as tax or criminal allegations), an act of shame or repentance, or isolating oneself to be able to devote time to a particular thing.

Article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that, "No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile."

Contents 1 For individuals 1.1 Exiled heads of state 1.2 Avoiding tax or legal matters 1.3 Avoiding violence or persecution, or in the aftermath of war 2 For groups, nations and governments 2.1 Nation in exile 2.2 Government in exile 3 Exile in drama, literature, and the arts 3.1 In Greek tragedy 3.2 Television 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links

For individuals

Exiled heads of state

In some cases the deposed head of state is allowed to leave into exile following a coup or other change of government, allowing a more peaceful transition to take place. Examples include:^[2]

Name	Ex-state	Term of government	Exiled to
Jean-Bédel Bokassa	Central African Republic	1966–1976	France
King Zog	Albania	1926–1939	United Kingdom
Pol Pot	Cambodia	1976–1979	Internal exile (Cambodia)
Idi Amin	Uganda	1971–1979	Saudi Arabia
Jean-Claude Duvalier	Haiti	1971–1986	France
Ferdinand Marcos	Philippines	1965–1986	Hawaii
Alfredo Stroessner	Paraguay	1954–1989	Brazil
Alan García	Peru	1985–1990 and 2006–2011	France from 1992 to 2001
Alberto Fujimori	Peru	1990–2000	Japan
Erich Honecker	German Democratic Republic (East Germany)	1971–1990	1) USSR, 2) Chile
Mengistu Haile Mariam	Ethiopia	1987–1991	Zimbabwe
Mobutu Sese Seko	Democratic Republic of the Congo	1965–1997	Morocco
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali	Tunisia	1987–2011	Saudi Arabia

Avoiding tax or legal matters

Main articles: Tax exile and Fugitive

A wealthy citizen who departs from a former abode for a lower tax jurisdiction (a "tax haven") in order to reduce his/her tax burden is termed a tax exile.

In some cases a person voluntarily lives in exile to avoid legal issues, such as litigation or criminal prosecution. An example of this was Asil Nadir, who fled to the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus for 17 years rather than face prosecution in connection with the failed £1.7 bn company Polly Peck in the United Kingdom.

Avoiding violence or persecution, or in the aftermath of war

Examples include:

• Iraqi academics asked to return home "from exile" to help rebuild Iraq in 2009.^[3]
• Jews who fled persecution in Nazi Germany and Arab countries.^[4]
• People undertaking a religious or civil liberties role in society may be forced into exile due to threat of persecution. For example, nuns were exiled following the Communist coup d'état of 1948 in Czechoslovakia.^[5]

For groups, nations and governments

Nation in exile

Main articles: Diaspora and Refugee

When large groups, or occasionally a whole people or nation is exiled, it can be said that this nation is in exile, or Diaspora. Nations that have been in exile for substantial periods include the Jews, who were deported by Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II in 597 BCE and again following the destruction of the second Temple in Jerusalem in the year AD 70. Many Jewish prayers include a yearning to return to Jerusalem and the Jewish homeland.

After the partitions of Poland in the late 18th century, and following the uprisings (like Kościuszko Uprising, November Uprising and January Uprising) against the partitioning powers (Russian Empire, Prussia and Austro-Hungary), many Poles have chosen – or been forced – to go into exile, forming large diasporas (known as Polonia), especially in France and the United States.The entire population of Crimean Tatars (200,000) that remained in their homeland Crimea was exiled on 18 May 1944 to Central Asia as a form of ethnic cleansing and collective punishment on false accusations. At Diego Garcia, between 1967 and 1973 the British Government forcibly removed some 2,000 Chagossian resident islanders to make way for a military base today jointly operated by the US and UK.

Since the Cuban Revolution over one million Cubans have left Cuba. Most of these self-identify as exiles as their motivation for leaving the island is political in nature. It is to be noted that at the time of the Cuban Revolution, Cuba only had a population of 6.5 million, and was not a country that had a history of significant emigration, it being the sixth largest recipient of immigrants in the world as of 1958. Most of the exiles' children also consider themselves to be Cuban exiles. It is to be noted that under Cuban law, children of Cubans born abroad are considered Cuban Citizens.

Government in exile

Main article: Government in exile

The journey of a modern hero, to the island of Elba (1814), showing Napoleon I, sword broken, being exiled to Elba at the close of the War of the Sixth Coalition

During a foreign occupation or after a coup d'état, a government in exile of a such afflicted country may be established abroad. One of the most well-known instances of this is the Polish government-in-exile, a government in exile that commanded Polish armed forces operating outside Poland after German occupation during World War II. Other examples include the Free French Forces government of Charles De Gaulle of the same time, and the Central Tibetan Administration, commonly known as the Tibetan government-in-exile, and headed by the 14th Dalai Lama.

Exile in drama, literature, and the arts

In Greek tragedy

Jason and Medea, by John William Waterhouse, 1907

To wander away from the city-state (the home) is to be exposed without the protection of government (laws), friends and family. In the ancient Greek world, this was seen as a fate worse than death. Euripedes’ Medea–because of her actions (both in Iolcus and Corinth)-made herself and her family (including Jason) exiles in Corinth. She talks of her exiled state in Corinth: 'I, a desolate woman without a city... no relative at all'. Jason justifies his marriage, to a Corinth royal family member, as an attempt to better this situation: 'When I moved here from the land of Iolkos... what happier godsend could I have found than to marry the king's daughter, poor exile that I was... that I should bring up our children in a manner worthy of my house, and producing brothers to my children by you, I should place them all on level footing'.

Euripides likens all women's position to exile; in their having to leave home to serve their husbands. So Medea was doubly in exile, both in the ordinary sense, as a non-Greek foreigner, and as a woman. In the same speech, Medea talks of her status as 'a foreigner [falling] in the city['s ways]' and, on being married, 'we come to new behaviour, new customs'.

The theme of exile also appears in Euripedes The Bacchae when Dionysus sends Agave and her sisters into exile. Dionysus: 'With your sisters you shall live in exile' and later Agave laments: 'Farewell my city...show us the way Asian women, show us the way to bitter exile'.

From the Bacchae:

Dionysus: All foreign lands now dance to his [Dionysus's] drum.

Pentheus: That is why they are foreign and we're not.

Television

Avatar: The Last Airbender

See also

• Ban
• Defection
• Deportation
• Exiles by nationality
• Ostracism - procedure under the Athenian democracy
• Penal transportation
• Petalism
• Refugee
• Right of asylum (political asylum)
• Scouts-in-Exile

Notes

1. ^ Hobbes, Thomas (1886). Leviathan; Or, The Matter, Form and Power of a Commonwealth, Ecclesiastical and Civil. George Routledge and Sons. p. 145. http://books.google.com/books?id=8-QtAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA145&dq=Exile+can+be+a+form+of+punishment.&as_brr=1&ie=ISO-8859-1. 
2. ^ What happens to deposed leaders? - BBC News magazine, 14 April 2011
3. ^ Mills, Andrew (2009-06-23). "Iraq Appeals Anew to Exiled Academics to Return Home". Reuters via chronicle.com. http://chronicle.com/article/Iraq-Appeals-Anew-to-Exiled/47791. Retrieved 2011-04-17. 
4. ^ Rocker, Simon (2011-03-10). "Libyan exile plan for UK's frozen assets". The Jewish Chronicle. http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/46415/libyan-exile-plan-uks-frozen-assets. Retrieved 2011-04-17. 
5. ^ Fisher, Dan (1990-01-20). "For Exiled Nuns, It's Too Late : Banished by the Communist regime, Czechoslovakia's sisters of Bila Voda were symbols of persecution. Now most are too old or weak to benefit from the revolution". articles.latimes.com. http://articles.latimes.com/1990-01-20/news/mn-233_1_bila-voda. Retrieved 2011-04-17. 

External links

• Famous Exiles - slideshow by Life magazine

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Exiles

Look up exile in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Links to related articles v d e Articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights   General principles Article 1: Freedom, Egalitarianism, Dignity and Brotherhood Article 2: Universality of rights   International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 1 and 2: Right to freedom from discrimination · Article 3: Right to life, liberty and security of person · Article 4: Freedom from slavery · Article 5: Freedom from torture and cruel and unusual punishment · Article 6: Right to personhood · Article 7: Equality before the law · Article 8: Right to effective remedy from the law · Article 9: Freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention and exile · Article 10: Right to a fair trial · Article 11.1: Presumption of innocence · Article 11.2: Prohibition of retrospective law · Article 12: Right to privacy · Article 13: Freedom of movement · Article 14: Right of asylum · Article 15: Right to a nationality · Article 16: Right to marriage and family life · Article 17: Right to property · Article 18: Freedom of thought, conscience and religion · Article 19: Freedom of opinion and expression · Article 20.1: Freedom of assembly · Article 20.2: Freedom of association · Article 21.1: Right to participation in government · Article 21.2: Right of equal access to public office · Article 21.3: Right to universal suffrage   International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Article 1 and 2: Right to freedom from discrimination · Article 22: Right to social security · Article 23.1: Right to work · Article 23.2: Right to equal pay for equal work · Article 23.3: Right to just remuneration · Article 23.4: Right to join a trade union · Article 24: Right to rest and leisure · Article 25.1: Right to an adequate standard of living · Article 25.2: Right to special care and assistance for mothers and children · Article 26.1: Right to education · Article 26.2: Human rights education · Article 26.3: Right to choice of education · Article 27: Right to science and culture ·   Context, limitations and duties Article 28: Social order · Article 29.1: Social responsibility  · Article 29.2: Limitations of human rights · Article 29.3: The supremacy of the purposes and principles of the United Nations Article 30: Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein. Category:Human rights · Human rights portal v d e Substantive human rights Note: What is considered a human right is controversial and not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights. Civil and political Freedom from discrimination · Right to life · Right to die · Security of person · Liberty · Freedom of movement · Freedom from slavery · Personhood · Right to bear arms · Right to equality before the law · Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention · Freedom from torture · Freedom from cruel and unusual punishment · Right to a fair trial · Presumption of innocence · Right of asylum · Nationality · Freedom from exile · Privacy · Freedom of thought and conscience · Freedom of religion · Freedom of expression · Freedom of information · Freedom of assembly · Freedom of association · Right to protest · Universal suffrage · Marriage · Family life · Same-sex sexual relations Economic, social and cultural Labor rights · Fair remuneration · Equal pay for equal work · Trade union membership · Right to social security · Right to rest and leisure · Right to work · Right to property · Right to science and culture · Right to public participation · Right to education · Right to adequate standard of living · Right to housing · Right to development · Right to health · Right to healthcare · Right to water · Right to food · Right of return · Right to Internet access Reproductive Family planning · Reproductive health · Abortion · Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation War and conflict Civilian · Combatant · Freedom from genocide · Prisoner of war · War rape

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Dansk (Danish)
n. - eksil, person der lever i eksil
v. tr. - sende i eksil

Nederlands (Dutch)
verbannen, banneling, verbanning, ballingschap

Français (French)
n. - exilé, expatrié, expulsé, banni, (lit, fig) exil
v. tr. - exiler, bannir de

Deutsch (German)
n. - Exil, Verbannung, Verbannter
v. - verbannen

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - εξορία, εξόριστος
v. - εξορίζω

Italiano (Italian)
esiliare, esiliato, deportazione, esilio

Português (Portuguese)
n. - exílio (m), banimento (m)
v. - exilar, banir

Русский (Russian)
ссылать, ссылка, изгнание, ссыльный, изгнанник

Español (Spanish)
n. - exilado, exiliado, desterrado, expatriado, deportado, destierro, deportación, expatriación, exilio
v. tr. - desterrar, deportar, exilar, exiliar, expatriar

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - landsflykt, exil, landsförvisad
v. - landsförvisa

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
放逐, 被放逐者, 流放, 使离乡背井

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 放逐, 被放逐者, 流放
v. tr. - 流放, 放逐, 使離鄉背井

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 추방, 망명, 유랑, 기원전6세기에 일어난 유대인의 바빌론 유수
v. tr. - 추방하다

日本語 (Japanese)
v. - 追放する, 国外に追放する
n. - 追放, 流刑, 長期の異境生活, 国外に追放された人, 異郷生活者, 追放人, 国外追放

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) منفي, نفي (فعل) يبعد, ينفي‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮גולה, גלות, מי שהוגלה, מגורש, הגליה‬
v. tr. - ‮היגלה, גירש‬

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