explication de texte

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Part of a series on Reading
GENERAL INFORMATION
Literacy • Functional illiteracy Braille • Family literacy
TYPES
Close reading • Proofreading Slow reading • Speed reading Subvocalization
LEARNING TO READ
Comprehension Reading disability • Dyslexia Spelling • Vocabulary English orthography
READING INSTRUCTION
Phonics • Alphabetic principle Whole language
LISTS
Assessments • Publications Topics Languages by writing system Management of Dyslexia
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In literary criticism, close reading describes the careful, sustained interpretation of a brief passage of text. Such a reading places great emphasis on the particular over the general, paying close attention to individual words, syntax, and the order in which sentences and ideas unfold as they are read.

The technique as practiced today was pioneered (at least in English) by I.A. Richards and his student William Empson, later developed further by the New Critics of the mid-twentieth century. It is now a fundamental method of modern criticism.

Close reading is sometimes called explication de texte, which is the name for the similar tradition of textual interpretation in French literary study, a technique whose chief proponent was Gustave Lanson.

A truly attentive close reading of a two-hundred-word poem might be thousands of words long without exhausting the possibilities for observation and insight. To take an even more extreme example, Jacques Derrida's essay Ulysses Gramophone, which J. Hillis Miller describes as a "hyperbolic, extravagant… explosion" of the technique of close reading, devotes more than eighty pages to an interpretation of the word "yes" in James Joyce's great modernist novel Ulysses^{[citation needed]}.

Literary close reading and commentaries have extensive precedent in the exegesis of religious texts. For example, Pazand, a genre of middle Persian literature, refers to the Zend (literally: 'commentary'/'translation') texts that offer explanation and close reading of the Avesta, the sacred texts of Zoroastrianism. The scriptural commentaries of the Talmud offer a commonly cited early predecessor to close reading. In Islamic studies, the close reading of the Koran has flourished and produced an immense corpus. But the closest religious analogy to contemporary literary close reading, and the principal historical connection with its birth, is the rise of the higher criticism, and the evolution of textual criticism of the Bible in Germany in the late eighteenth century.

See also

• Book report
• Explication de Texte
• Reading (process)
• Slow reading

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

• Instructions for Conducting a Close Reading
• Introduction to Practical Criticism