fable

American Heritage Dictionary:

fa·ble

(fā'bəl)

A usually short narrative making an edifying or cautionary point and often employing as characters animals that speak and act like humans.
A story about legendary persons and exploits.
A falsehood; a lie.

v., -bled, -bling, -bles.

v.tr.
To recount as if true.

v.intr. Archaic
To compose fables.

[Middle English, from Old French, from Latin fābula, from fārī, to speak.]

fabler fa'bler n.

Search unanswered questions...

Browse: Unanswered questions | Most-recent questions | Reference library

fable

Top

Narration intended to enforce a useful truth, especially one in which animals or inanimate objects speak and act like human beings. Unlike a folktale, it has a moral that is woven into the story and often explicitly formulated at the end. The Western fable tradition began with tales ascribed to Aesop. It flourished in the Middle Ages, reached a high point in 17th-century France in the works of Jean de La Fontaine, and found a new audience in the 19th century with the rise of children's literature. Fables also have ancient roots in the literary and religious traditions of India, China, and Japan.

For more information on fable, visit Britannica.com.

Roget's Thesaurus:

fable

Top

noun

A narrative not based on fact: fiction, story. See real/imaginary.
An entertaining and often oral account of a real or fictitious occurrence: anecdote, story, tale. Informal tall tale, yarn. See words.
A traditional story or tale that has no proven factual basis: legend, myth. See belief/unbelief, real/imaginary, religion.

Antonyms by Answers.com:

fable

Top

Definition: fantasy, story
Antonyms: truth

Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms:

fable

Top

fable, a brief tale in verse or prose that conveys a moral lesson, usually by giving human speech and manners to animals and inanimate things (see beast fable). Fables often conclude with a moral, delivered in the form of an epigram. A very old form of story related to folklore and proverbs, the fable in Europe descends from tales attributed to Aesop, a Greek slave in the 6th century BCE: his fable of the fox and the grapes has given us the phrase ‘sour grapes’. An Indian collection, the Bidpai, dates back to about 300 CE. The French fabulist La Fontaine revived the form in the 17th century with his witty verse adaptations of Greek fables. More recent examples are Kipling's Just So Stories (1902), Thurber's Fables of Our Time (1940), and Orwell's Animal Farm (1945).

adjectives: fabular, fabulous.

fables

Top

Short comic tales making a moral point about human nature, usually through animal characters behaving in human ways. The great majority are first recorded in Ancient Greece or India; they became very popular in medieval Europe in both oral and literary versions, especially those about the trickster Reynard the Fox. By now, many are regarded as traditional English tales, their foreign origins forgotten.

Oxford Companion to Classical Literature:

fable

Top

fable, in literature, an anecdote with a moral in which the characters are animals behaving as humans. The fable was a popular literary genre in Greece, as in other countries, at all times. Quintilian observes that it appeals particularly to the simple and uneducated. It is not found in Homer, but occurs in Hesiod (see WORKS AND DAYS) and Archilochus. By the end of the fifth century BC Greek fables were generally attributed to Aesop; they were probably written in prose. A collection of ‘Tales of Aesop’ was made by Demetrius of Phalerum. The earliest surviving collection of fables is that of Babrius, probably of the second century AD, written in choliambic verse (see METRE, GREEK 5 (iii)). It enjoyed wide popularity.

Latin authors frequently refer to fables which we know from Aesop. The earliest Latin collection was that of Phaedrus, of the first century AD, written in iambic verse (see METRE, GREEK 5).

Columbia Encyclopedia:

fable

Top

fable, brief allegorical narrative, in verse or prose, illustrating a moral thesis or satirizing human beings. The characters of a fable are usually animals who talk and act like people while retaining their animal traits. The oldest known fables are those in the Panchatantra, a collection of fables in Sanskrit, and those attributed to the Greek Aesop, perhaps the most famous of all fabulists. Other important writers of fables include Jean de La Fontaine, whose fables are noted for their sophistication and wit, the Russian poet Ivan Krylov, and the German dramatist and critic Gotthold Lessing, who also wrote a critical essay on the fable. In England the tradition of the fable was continued in the 17th and 18th cent. by John Dryden and John Gay. The use of the fable in the 20th cent. can be seen in James Thurber's Fables for Our Time (1940) and in George Orwell's political allegory, Animal Farm (1945). The American poet Marianne Moore wrote poems quite similar to fables in their use of animals and animal traits to comment on human experience; she also published an excellent translation of The Fables of La Fontaine (1954).

Bibliography

See H. J. Blackham, The Fable as Literature (1985) and bibliography comp. by P. Carnes (1985).

Poetry Glossary:

Fable

Top

A poetic story that illustrates a moral or teaches a lesson, usually in which animals or inanimate objects are represented as characters.

Word Tutor:

fable

Top

IN BRIEF: A very short story, usually dealing with animals, that teaches a lesson.

The old fable of the hare and the tortoise is just as good now, and just as true, as when it was first written. — C.A. Stoddard.

LearnThatWord.com is a free vocabulary and spelling program where you only pay for results!

Random House Word Menu:

categories related to 'fable'

Top

Random House Word Menu by Stephen Glazier

For a list of words related to fable, see:

Schools, Styles, and Forms - fable: narration demonstrating a useful truth, esp. in which animals speak as humans; legendary, supernatural tale
Myths, Legends, and Fables - fable: story with fantastic events and creatures having allegorical meaning; legend

Rhymes:

fabler

Top

See words rhyming with "fabler."

Bradford's Crossword Solver's Dictionary:

fable

Top

See crossword solutions for the clue Fable.

Wikipedia on Answers.com:

Fable

Top

For other uses, see Fable (disambiguation). For a comparison of fable with other kinds of stories, see Traditional stories.

Anthropomorphic cat guarding geese, Egypt, c. 1120 BCE

Aesop, by Velázquez

Jean de La Fontaine

Bernard de Mandeville

John Gay

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing

Ignacy Krasicki

Dositej Obradović

Félix María de Samaniego

Tomás de Iriarte y Oropesa

Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian

A fable is a succinct fictional story, in prose or verse, that features animals, mythical creatures, plants, inanimate objects or forces of nature which are anthropomorphized (given human qualities), and that illustrates a moral lesson (a "moral"), which may at the end be expressed explicitly in a pithy maxim.

A fable differs from a parable in that the latter excludes animals, plants, inanimate objects, and forces of nature as actors that assume speech and other powers of humankind.

Usage has not always been so clearly distinguished. In the King James Version of the New Testament, "μύθος" ("mythos") was rendered by the translators as "fable"^[1] in First and Second Timothy, in Titus and in First Peter.^[2]

Contents

1 Definitions
2 History
3 Classic fabulists
4 Modern fabulists
5 Notable fables
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links

Definitions

The word "fable" comes from the Latin "fabula" (a "story"), itself derived from "fari" ("to speak") with the -ula suffix that signifies "little": hence, a "little story".

Though in its original sense "fable" denotes a brief, succinct story that is meant to impart a moral lesson, in a pejorative sense, a "fable" may be a deliberately invented or falsified account of an event or circumstance. Similarly, a non-authorial person who, wittingly or not, tells "tall tales," may be termed a "confabulator".

An author of fables is termed a "fabulist," and the word "fabulous," strictly speaking, "pertains to a fable or fables." In recent decades, however, "fabulous" has come (by reference to the exaggerations of e.g. wealth or beauty in fables) to mean "outstanding" and more loosely, "excellent".

History

The fable is one of the most enduring forms of folk literature, spread abroad, modern researchers agree,^[3] less by literary anthologies than by oral transmission. Fables can be found in the literature of almost every country.

Several parallel animal fables in Sumerian and Akkadian are among those that Erich Ebeling introduced to modern Western readers;^[4] there are comparable fables from Egypt's Middle Kingdom,^[5] and Hebrew fables such as the "king of trees" in Book of Judges 9:8-15 and "the thistle and the cedar tree" in II Kings 14:9.^[6]

The varying corpus denoted Aesopica or Aesop's Fables includes most of the best-known western fables, which are attributed to the legendary Aesop, supposed to have been a slave in ancient Greece around 550 BCE. When Babrius set down fables from the Aesopica in verse for a Hellenistic Prince "Alexander," he expressly stated at the head of Book II that this type of "myth" that Aesop had introduced to the "sons of the Hellenes" had been an invention of "Syrians" from the time of "Ninos" (personifying Nineveh to Greeks) and Belos ("ruler").^[7] Epicharmus of Kos and Phormis are reported as having been among the first to invent comic fables.^[8] Many familiar fables of Aesop include "The Crow and the Pitcher", "The Tortoise and the Hare" and "The Lion and the Mouse". In ancient Greek and Roman education, the fable was the first of the progymnasmata--training exercises in prose composition and public speaking—wherein students would be asked to learn fables, expand upon them, invent their own, and finally use them as persuasive examples in longer forensic or deliberative speeches. The need of instructors to teach, and students to learn, a wide range of fables as material for their declamations resulted in their being gathered together in collections, like those of Aesop.

African Oral Culture [1] has rich story telling tradition. As it has been for thousands of years, people of all ages in Africa continue to interact with nature including plants, breathtaking animals and earthly structures such as rivers, plains and mountains. Grandparents have enormous respect in African societies and they fill the new role of story telling during post-retirement years. Children and to some extent adults, are mesmerized by good storytellers when they become animated in their quest to tell a good fable.

Hundreds of fables were composed in ancient India during the first millennium BC, often as stories within frame stories. These included Vishnu Sarma's Panchatantra, the Hitopadesha, Vikram and The Vampire, and Syntipas' Seven Wise Masters, which were collections of fables that were later influential throughout the Old World. Ben E. Perry (compiler of the "Perry Index" of Aesop's fables)has argued controversially that some of the Buddhist Jataka tales and some of the fables in the Panchatantra may have been influenced by similar Greek and Near Eastern ones.^[9] Earlier Indian epics such as Vyasa's Mahabharata and Valmiki's Ramayana also contained fables within the main story, often as side stories or back-story. The most famous fables from the Middle East were the One Thousand and One Nights, also known as the Arabian Nights.

Fables had a further long tradition through the Middle Ages, and became part of European high literature. During the 17th century, the French fabulist Jean de La Fontaine (1621–1695) saw the soul of the fable in the moral — a rule of behavior. Starting with the Aesopian pattern, La Fontaine set out to satirize the court, the church, the rising bourgeoisie, indeed the entire human scene of his time.^[10] La Fontaine's model was subsequently emulated by England's John Gay (1685–1732);^[11] Poland's Ignacy Krasicki (1735–1801);^[12] Italy's Lorenzo Pignotti (1739–1812)^[13] and Giovanni Gherardo de Rossi (1754–1827);^[14] Serbia's Dositej Obradović (1742–1811); Spain's Félix María de Samaniego (1745–1801)^[15] and Tomás de Iriarte y Oropesa (1750–1791);^[16] France's Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian (1755–94);^[17] and Russia's Ivan Krylov (1769–1844).^[18]

In modern times, while the fable has been trivialized in children's books, it has also been fully adapted to modern adult literature. Felix Salten's Bambi (1923) is a Bildungsroman — a story of a protagonist's coming-of-age — cast in the form of a fable. James Thurber used the ancient fable style in his books Fables for Our Time (1940) and Further Fables for Our Time (1956), and in his stories "The Princess and the Tin Box" in The Beast in Me and Other Animals (1948) and "The Last Clock: A Fable for the Time, Such As It Is, of Man" in Lanterns and Lances (1961). Władysław Reymont's The Revolt (1922), a metaphor for the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, described a revolt by animals that take over their farm in order to introduce "equality." George Orwell's Animal Farm (1945) similarly satirized Stalinist Communism in particular, and totalitarianism in general, in the guise of animal fable.

Classic fabulists

Aesop (mid-6th century BCE), author of Aesop's Fables.
Vishnu Sarma (ca. 200 BCE), author of the anthropomorphic political treatise and fable collection, the Panchatantra.
Bidpai (ca. 200 BCE), author of Sanskrit (Hindu) and Pali (Buddhist) animal fables in verse and prose, somethimes derived from Jataka tales.
Syntipas (ca. 100 BCE), Indian philosopher, reputed author of a collection of tales known in Europe as The Story of the Seven Wise Masters.
Gaius Julius Hyginus (Hyginus, Latin author, native of Spain or Alexandria, ca. 64 BCE - 17 CE), author of Fabulae.
Phaedrus (15 BCE – 50 CE), Roman fabulist, by birth a Macedonian.
Walter of England c.1175
Marie de France (12th century).
Vardan Aygektsi (died 1250), Armenian priest and Fabulist
Berechiah ha-Nakdan (Berechiah the Punctuator, or Grammarian, 13th century), author of Jewish fables adapted from Aesop's Fables.
Robert Henryson (Scottish, 15th century), author of The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian.
Leonardo da Vinci (Italian, 1452–1519).
Biernat of Lublin (Polish, 1465? – after 1529).
Jean de La Fontaine (French, 1621 – 95).
Bernard de Mandeville (English, 1670–1733), author of The Fable of the Bees.
John Gay (English, 1685–1732).
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (German, 1729–81).
Ignacy Krasicki (Polish, 1735 – 1801), author of Fables and Parables (1779) and New Fables (published 1802).
Dositej Obradović (Serbian, 1742–1811).
Félix María de Samaniego (Spanish, 1745–1801), best known for "The Ant and the Cicade."
Tomás de Iriarte (Spanish, 1750 – 91).
Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian, (French, 1755 – 94), author of Fables (published 1802).
Ivan Krylov (Russian, 1769–1844).
Hans Christian Andersen (Danish, 1805–75).

Modern fabulists

Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910).
Rafael Pombo (1833–1912) Colombian fabulist, poet and writer.
Nico Maniquis (1834–1912).
Ambrose Bierce (1842 – ?1914).
Sholem Aleichem (1859–1916).
George Ade (1866–1944), Fables in Slang, etc.
Władysław Reymont (1868–1925).
Felix Salten (1869–1945).
Don Marquis (1878–1937), author of the fables of archy and mehitabel.
Franz Kafka (1883–1924).
Damon Runyon (1884–1946).
James Thurber (1894–1961), Fables for Our Time and Further Fables for Our Time.
George Orwell (1903 – 50).
Dr. Seuss (1904 – 91).
Isaac Bashevis Singer (1904 – 91).
José Saramago (1922–2010).
Randall Kenan (born 1963).
Italo Calvino (1923 – 85), Cosmicomics etc.
Arnold Lobel (1933 – 87), author of Fables, winner 1981 Caldecott Medal.
Ramsay Wood (born 1943), author of Kalila and Dimna: Fables of Friendship and Betrayal.
Bill Willingham (born 1956), author of Fables graphic novels.
David Sedaris (born 1956), author of Squirrel Seeks Chipmunk
Stephen Stapley (born 1953), author of Fables of Fabulous Animals

Notable fables

The Jataka Tales
- Henny Penny
Aesop's Fables by Aesop
Panchatantra by Vishnu Sarma
Baital Pachisi (also known as Vikram and The Vampire)
Hitopadesha
Seven Wise Masters by Syntipas
One Thousand and One Nights (also known as Arabian Nights, ca. 800–900)
The Fable of the Bees (1714) by Bernard de Mandeville
Fables and Parables (1779) by Ignacy Krasicki
The Emperor's New Clothes (1837) by Hans Christian Andersen
Bunt (Revolt, 1922) by Władysław Reymont
Fables for Our Time (1940) and Further Fables for Our Time (1956) by James Thurber
Animal Farm (1945) by George Orwell
99 Fables (1960) by William March
Jonathan Livingston Seagull (1970)
The Thief of Always (1992) by Clive Barker
The Princess and the Tin Box by James Thurber
The Monk who sold his ferrari by Robin Sharma

Notes

^ For example, in First Timothy, "neither give heed to fables...", and "refuse profane and old wives' fables..." (1 Tim 1:4 and 4:4, respectively).
^ Strong's 3454. μύθος muthos moo’-thos; perhaps from the same as 3453 (through the idea of tuition); a tale, i.e. fiction ("myth"):—fable.
"For we have not followed cunningly devised fables, when we made known unto you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, but were eyewitnesses of his majesty." (2nd Peter 1:16)
^ Enzyklopädie des Märchens (1977), see "Fabel", "Äsopica" etc.
^ Ebeling, Die Babylonishe Fabel und ihre Bedeutung für die Literaturgeschichte (1931).
^ E. Brunner-Traut, Altägyptische Tiergeschichte und Fabel (1970)
^ Both noted by Walter Burkert, The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Early Archaic Greek Culture (1992), p 121 note 4.
^ Burkert 1992:121
^ P. W. Buckham, p. 245
^ Ben E. Perry, "Introduction", p. xix, in Babrius and Phaedrus (1965)
^ Translations of his 12 books of fables are available online at oaks.nvg.org
^ His two collections of 1727 and 1738 are available in one volume on Google Books at books.google.co.uk
^ His Bajki przypowiesci (Fables & Parables, 1779) are available online at ug.edu.pl
^ His Favole e Novelle (1785) is available on Google Books
^ His Favole (1788) is available on Google Books
^ 9 books of fables are available online in Spanish at amediavoz.com
^ His Fabulas Literarias are available on Google Books
^ His five books of fables are available online in French at shanaweb.net
^ 5 books of fables are available online in Russian at friends-partners.org

References

Buckham, Philip Wentworth (1827). Theatre of the Greeks. http://books.google.com/books?id=IjAZAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Theatre+of+the+Greeks.
King James Bible; New Testament (authorised).
DLR [David Lee Rubin]. "Fable in Verse", The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics.

External links

Fables from around the world
The Dragon-Tyrant
A collection of Fables and Teaching-Stories from All Cultures and Traditions
Fables - Collection and guide to fables for children
Imaginexus A collection of interconnected stories that anyone can edit
Parable of the Week Modern fables, parables and maxims
[2]

v d e Narrative

Character	Antagonist/Archenemy · Characterization · Deuteragonist · False protagonist · Focal character · Foil character · Protagonist · Supporting character · Tritagonist · Viewpoint character

Plot	Climax · Conflict · Dénouement · Dialogue · Dramatic structure · Exposition · Falling action · Plot device · Subplot · Trope-Cliché

Setting	Dystopia · Fictional city · Fictional country · Fictional location · Fictional universe · Utopia

Theme	Leitmotif · Moral · Motif

Style	Diction · Figure of speech · Imagery · Literary technique · Narrative mode · Stylistic device · Suspension of disbelief · Symbolism · Tone

Form	Fable-Parable · Fabliaux · Fairy tale · Flash story · Folktale-Legend · Hypertext · Novel · Novella · Play · Poem · Screenplay · Short story · List of narrative forms

Genre	Adventure · Comic · Crime · Docufiction · Epistolary · Erotic · Faction · Fantasy · Historical · Horror · Magic realism · Mystery · Paranoid · Philosophical · Political · Romance · Saga · Satire · Science · Speculative · Superhero · Thriller · Urban

Narrator	Alternating person · First-person · Second-person · Third-person · (Limited · Objective · Omniscient · Subjective) · Stream of consciousness · Unreliable

Tense	Past tense · Present tense · Future tense

Medium	Screenwriting

Related	Audience · Author · Fiction writing · Creative nonfiction · Literary theory · Narrative structure · Narratology · Other narrative modes · Rhetoric · Storytelling

Literature portal

This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)

Donate to Wikimedia

Translations:

Fable

Top

Dansk (Danish)
n. - fabel, løgnehistorie, handling
v. tr. - fortælle opdigtede historier, fortælle løgnehistorier
v. intr. - fortælle fabler

Nederlands (Dutch)
fantaseren, fabeltje, fabel, plot

Français (French)
n. - (Littérat) fable, légende, apologue, histoire (moraliste), histoire (un mensonge), conte de fée
v. tr. - raconter/dire des fables, parler/décrire à la manière d'une fable
v. intr. - inventer, fabuler, (fig) raconter des histoires

Deutsch (German)
n. - Fabel, Märchen
v. - (er)dichten, fabulieren, erfinden

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - μύθος, θρύλος

Italiano (Italian)
storia, favola

Português (Portuguese)
n. - fábula (f)

Русский (Russian)
басня, ложь, излюбленная тема, предание

Español (Spanish)
n. - cuento chino, fábula, leyenda
v. tr. - inventar, contar falsamente
v. intr. - contar fábulas, fingir, mentir

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - fabel, saga, osanning, handling

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
寓言, 谎言, 神话, 煞有介事地讲述, 虚构, 作寓言

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 寓言, 謊言, 神話
v. tr. - 煞有介事地講述
v. intr. - 虛構, 作寓言

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 우화 , 전설, 꾸민 이야기
v. tr. - 꾸며내다
v. intr. - 우화를 짓다

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 寓話, 伝説, 作り話

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) خرافه , حكايه على لسان الحيوان‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮משל, אגדה, בדותה‬
v. tr. - ‮תיאר תיאור בדוי‬
v. intr. - ‮סיפר או כתב בדותות‬

If you are unable to view some languages clearly, click here.

To select your translation preferences click here.

		American Heritage Dictionary. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Read more
		Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. © 1994-2012 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved. Read more
		Roget's Thesaurus. Roget's II: The New Thesaurus, Third Edition by the Editors of the American Heritage® Dictionary Copyright © 1995 byHoughton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Read more
		Antonyms by Answers.com. © 1999-present by Answers Corporation. All rights reserved. Read more
		Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Copyright © Chris Baldick 2001, 2004. All rights reserved. Read more
		Oxford Dictionary of English Folklore. A Dictionary of English Folklore. Copyright © 2000, 2003 by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. Read more
		Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Copyright © 1993, 2003 by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. Read more
		Columbia Encyclopedia. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. www.cc.columbia.edu/cu/cup/. Read more
		Poetry Glossary. Copyright � 2007, ILOVEPOETRY, Inc, All Rights Reserved. Read more
		Word Tutor. Copyright © 2004-present by eSpindle Learning, a 501(c) nonprofit organization. All rights reserved. eSpindle provides personalized spelling and vocabulary tutoring online; sign up free. Read more
		Random House Word Menu. © 2010 Write Brothers Inc. Word Menu is a registered trademark of the Estate of Stephen Glazier. Write Brothers Inc. All rights reserved. Read more
		Rhymes. Oxford University Press. © 2006, 2007 All rights reserved. Read more
		Bradford's Crossword Solver's Dictionary. Collins Bradford's Crossword Solver's Dictionary © Anne Bradford, 1986, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2008 HarperCollins Publishers All rights reserved. Read more
		Wikipedia on Answers.com. This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article Fable. Read more
		Translations. Copyright © 2007, WizCom Technologies Ltd. All rights reserved. Read more

	How do you convert fable saves to fable 2? Read answer...
	Is fable one better then fable 2? Read answer...
	Can you get fable or fable 2 for the playstation 2? Read answer...

	What does history but a Fable agreed Fable mean?
	What is the difference to old fable and fable today?
	Dorothy west\'s fable the richer and poorer when was the fable written?

fable

fa·ble

fable

fable

fable

fable

fables

fable

fable

Fable

fable

categories related to 'fable'

fabler

fable

Fable

Definitions

History

Classic fabulists

Modern fabulists

Notable fables

See also

Notes

References

External links

Fable