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"Fall" contains a short vowel sound. The 'a' in "fall" is pronounced as 'æ', which is a short vowel sound.
Yes, the word "fall" has a short a vowel sound. The a in fall is pronounced as /ɔ/ (as in "all").
No. It has the caret O (AW) sound, which is considered neither long or short. (fawl)
Yes, "fall" contains a short vowel sound. The letter "a" in "fall" is pronounced as a short vowel sound.
"Fall In" is short for "Fall into Formation". Same for "Fall Out". Not sure who originated the longer version of the phrase.