Far right

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Far right, extreme right, hard right, ultra-right or radical right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or quantitative position a group or person occupies within a political spectrum. The terms far right and far left are often used to imply that someone is an extremist.

The terms extreme right or ultra right are used by some scholars to discuss only those right-wing political groups that step outside the boundaries of traditional electoral politics. This generally includes the revolutionary right, militant racial supremacists and religious extremists, neo-fascists, neo-Nazis and Klansmen. In this usage, the terms are distinct from other forms of right-wing politics such as the less-militant sectors of the far right, right-wing populists.^[1]

The term far right has been used by different scholars in at least two somewhat conflicting ways:^[2]

1. Reform-oriented right-wing movements or rightist factions of conservative political parties. These are sometimes called the dissident right, activist right, or right-wing populism. They are positioned between traditional conservatives and the extreme right. These participants are found outside mainstream electoral politics, but they generally produce a movement of reform rather than revolution.
2. Neo-fascists and neo-Nazis are usually labeled extreme right or ultra right. Such groups are generally revolutionary in character rather than reformist. Neo-Nazi and Neo-fascist literally means "new Nazi" and "new fascist", implying that they are from the period following World War II.

These categories are not universally accepted, and other uses exist, making comparative use of the term complicated.

Etymology

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The political terms left and right arose during the French Revolution, the term far right originally referred to throne-and-altar monarchists such as Joseph de Maistre and Louis de Bonald.^{[citation needed]} The original French meaning of far right is specific to a Roman Catholic nation, and more specifically to a Gallican society in which church and state were closely tied to one another. In this context, the term can be expanded to include the kind of Caesaropapism that occasionally existed in some Eastern Orthodox kingdoms. This specific interpretation of the term far right lost favour in the decades following the Revolutions of 1848, as a return to the Ancien Régime became increasingly implausible. By the reign of Pope Pius XI, this interpretation of far right had essentially become anachronistic even in conservative Catholic circles.

Usage

The term far right has been used by different scholars in conflicting ways.^[3] The term far right is mostly used to describe fascism, Nazism and other ultra-nationalist as well as reactionary ideologies and movements.^[4][5][6][7] The BBC has called politician Pim Fortuyn's politics (Fortuynism) far right because of his policies on immigration and Muslims.^[8] The term far right has been used by some, such as National Public Radio, to describe certain authoritarian governments that promote free market capitalism, such as that of Augusto Pinochet in Chile.^[9][10] Radical left-wing publication New Left Review has called Ronald Reagan's policies "radical right".^[11] The term radical right has also been used to refer to "a libertarian movement which places the individual squarely in the center" and has "even attacked such sacred taboos as taxation".^[12]

Alleged far right organizations

Africa

• South Africa - Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging

Europe

• European Union
  • Euronat
  • Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty^[13][14][15]
• Austria
  • Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (FPÖ) – Freedom Party of Austria^[16][17][18]
• Belgium
  • Vlaams Blok
  • Vlaams Belang^[16][17]
  • Front National Belge (FNB) – Belgian National Front^[16][17]
• Bulgaria - National Union Attack^[13]
• Croatia
  • Croatian Pure Party of Rights (HČSP)^[19]
  • Croatian Liberation Movement (HOP)^[20][21][22]
• France – Front National (FN) – National Front^[16][17]
• Germany
  • Nazi Party
  • Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (NPD) – National Democratic Party of Germany^[16][17]
  • Die Republikaner – The Republicans (Germany)^[16][17]
  • Freiheitliche Arbeiter Partei (FAP) - Free German Workers' Party^[16][17]
  • Deutsche Heidnische Front – German Heathen's Front^[16][17]
  • Deutsche Volksunion (DVU) - German People's Union^[23][24]
  • Deutsche Liga für Volk und Heimat (DLVH) - German League for People and Homeland^[16][17]
• Greece
  • Πατριωτική Συμμαχία (Patriotiki Symmakhia, in English: Patriotic Alliance)^[25]
  • Chrysi Avyi
  • Popular Orthodox Rally(ΛΑΟΣ)^{[26][27][28][29]}
• Hungary
  • Magyar Igazság és Élet Pártja (MIÉP) - Hungarian Justice and Life Party
  • Movement for a better Hungary^[30]
• Italy - Movimento Sociale Italiano - Destra Nazionale (MSI) - Italian Social Movement-National Right.^[16][17]
• Latvia
  • National Power Union^[31]
  • For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK
• Luxembourg - Nationalbewegung^[17]
  • ADR (Alternativ Democratic Reformparty)
• Malta - Imperium Europa
• Netherlands
  • Centrumdemocraten – Centre Democrats (defunct)^[16][17]
  • Centrumpartij – Centre Party, later Centrumpartij’86, both defunct^[17]
• Poland
  • Liga Polskich Rodzin - League of Polish Families^[32]
  • Unia Polityki Realnej - Real Politics Union
• Romania
  • Greater Romania Party^[14]
  • Iron Guard
  • Noua Dreapta
• Serbia
  • Serbian Radical Party^{[33][34][35][36]}
  • Obraz
  • Nacionalni stroj
• Slovenia
  • Lipa (The Lime Tree)
  • Party of Slovenian Nation
• Spain
  • Falange^[17]
  • Democracia Nacional (National Democracy)^[17]
  • España 2000
• Sweden
  • Nationaldemokraterna - National Democrats^[37]
  • Nordiska rikspartiet - Nordic Reich Party^[16][17]
• Switzerland
  • Schweizer Demokraten (SD) ^[38]
  • Partei national orientierter Schweizer (PNOS)
  • Lega dei Ticinesi
  • Freiheits-Partei der Schweiz (FPS)
  • Eidgenössisch-Demokratische Union (EDU)
• Turkey
  • Great Union Party
  • Nationalist Movement Party (Brown Wolves)
  • Grey Wolves
• United Kingdom
  • British Movement
  • National Front (NF)^[17]
  • British National Party (BNP)^[17][39][40]
  • Combat 18
  • English Defence League^[41][42]
  • Springbok Club

North America

• Canada
  • National-Socialist Party of Canada
  • Nationalist Party of Canada
  • Western Block Party
• Mexico
• United States
  • American Nazi Party (defunct)
  • National Socialist Movement

South America

• Argentina
  • Partido Unidad Federalista

• Brazil - Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order

• Haiti
  • FRAPH (Front for the Advancement and Progress of Haïti)^[43]

Asia

• India
  • Shiv Sena^[44][45]
  • Maharashtra Navnirman Sena^[46][47][48]
  • Sanatan Sanstha^[49][50][51]
  • Bajrang Dal^[52][53][54]
  • Sri Ram Sena^[55][56]
• Israel
  • Kach and Kahane Chai^[57]
  • Ha-Ikhud HaLeumi (National Union)
• Japan
  • Uyoku dantai
  • Ishin Seito Shimpu
  • National Socialist Japanese Workers and Welfare Party
  • Taisei Yokusankai
• Lebanon
  • Syrian Social Nationalist Party (or SSNP)^{[58][59][60][61][62][63][64]}
  • Guardians of the Cedars
• Malaysia
  • United Malay National Organization
  • Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party
• Pakistan - Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal^[65]
• Syria
  • Syrian Social Nationalist Party (or SSNP)^{[58][59][60][61][62][63]}
• Turkey
  • Felicity Party
  • Great Union Party
  • Nationalist Movement Party (Brown Wolves)
  • Grey Wolves

Australia

• Australia First Party^[66]
• Citizens Electoral Council^[67][68]

See also

• History of the French far right
• Ideology
• Radical right-wing populism
• Ultra leftism
• Hindutva
• Saffron terror
• Hindu nationalism

Notes

References

• Arzheimer, Kai and Elisabeth Carter (2006). "Political Opportunity Structures and Right-Wing Extremist Party Success" European Journal of Political Research (45):419-443
• Betz, Hans-Georg and Stefan Immerfall, eds. 1998. The New Politics of the Right: Neo-Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies. New York: St. Martin's Press.
• Betz, Hans-Georg (1994). Radical Right-wing Populism in Western Europe. New York: St. Martins Press.
• Durham, Martin (2000). The Christian Right, the Far Right and the Boundaries of American Conservatism. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press.
• Durham, Martin (2002). "From Imperium to Internet: the National Alliance and the American Extreme Right" Patterns of Prejudice 36(3), (July): 50-61.
• Hainsworth, Paul (2000). The Politics of the Extreme Right: From the Margins to the Mainstream. London: Pinter.
• Schoenbaum, David. Hitler's Social Revolution: Class and Status in Nazi Germany,. ISBN
• Formisano, Ronald P. (2005). "Interpreting Right-Wing or Reactionary Neo-Populism: A Critique". Journal of Policy History 17 (2): 241–255. doi:10.1353/jph.2005.0010. 
• Radical conservatism : the right's political religion / Robert Brent Toplin., 2006
• Radical conservatism and the future of politics / Göran Dahl., 1999
• Fascists and conservatives : the radical right and the establishment in twentieth-century Europe / Martin Blinkhorn., 1990
• The Routledge companion to fascism and the far right / Peter Davies., 2002
• The terrorist next door : the militia movement and the radical right / Daniel Levitas., 2002
• Right-wing populism in America : too close for comfort / Chip Berlet & Matthew N. Lyons, 2000
• The extreme right : freedom and security at risk / Aurel Braun., 1997
• The impact of radical right-wing parties in West European democracies / Michelle Hale Williams., 2006
• Right-wing extremism in the twenty-first century / Peter Merkl., 2003
• Extreme right parties in Western Europe / Piero Ignazi., 2003
• The United States and right-wing dictatorships, 1965-1989 / David Schmitz., 2006
• The emergence of a Euro-American radical right / Jeffrey Kaplan., 1998
• The politics of the extreme right : from the margins to the mainstream / Paul Hainsworth., 2000
• The revival of right-wing extremism in the nineties / Peter Merkl., 1997
• Shadows over Europe : the development and impact of the extreme right in Western Europe / Martin Schain., 2002
• Western democracies and the new extreme right challenge / Roger Eatwell., 2004
• The voice of modern hatred : encounters with Europe's new right / Nicholas Fraser., 2000
• Extreme right activists in Europe : through the magnifying glass / Bert Klandermans., 2006
• Preachers of hate : the rise of the far right / Angus Roxburgh., 2002
• Movements of exclusion : radical right-wing populism in the Western world / Jens Rydgren., 2005

External links

• Extreme Right Electorates and Party Success Research Group (EREPS)
• The Extreme Right Vote in Western Europe
• The Far-Right Fringe - slideshow by The Nation