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female

 
Dictionary: fe·male   ('māl') pronunciation

adj.
    1. Of or denoting the sex that produces ova or bears young.
    2. Characteristic of or appropriate to this sex; feminine.
    3. Consisting of members of this sex. See Usage Note at lady.
  1. Botany.
    1. Designating an organ, such as a pistil or ovary, that functions in producing seeds after fertilization.
    2. Bearing pistils but not stamens; pistillate: female flowers.
  2. Having a recessed part, such as a slot or receptacle, designed to receive a complementary male part: the female section of an electrical outlet.
n.
  1. A member of the sex that produces ova or bears young.
  2. A woman or girl.
  3. Botany. A plant having only pistillate flowers.

[Middle English, alteration (influenced by male, male) of femelle, from Old French, from Latin fēmella, diminutive of fēmina, woman.]

femaleness fe'male'ness n.

SYNONYMS   female, feminine, womanlike, womanly, womanish, effeminate, ladylike. These adjectives mean of or characteristic of women. Female categorizes any living thing by gender or sex: the female population; a female kitten; a female plant. Feminine refers to what is considered characteristic of women: feminine intuition. Womanlike applies to qualities of a woman: womanlike resolve. Womanly describes qualities regarded as becoming to a woman: womanly sympathy. Womanish suggests qualities associated with or suggestive of women: womanish attitudes. Effeminate applies to men who exhibit attributes traditionally associated with women: an effeminate actor. Ladylike applies to what is regarded as befitting refined or well-mannered women: ladylike manners.


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Thesaurus: female
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adjective

    Of, relating to, or characteristic of women: distaff, feminine, womanish, womanly. See gender.

Antonyms: female
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n

Definition: woman
Antonyms: male


1. an individual of the sex that produces ova or bears young.
2. feminine.

  • f. genital system anomalies — includes hermaphroditism, freemartinism, ovarian hypogenesis and aplasia, imperforate hymen, segmental aplasia of the paramesonephric duct, including uterus unicornis, uterus didelphys double cervix, cervical diverticula.
  • f. pseudohermaphrodite — see pseudohermaphroditism.
Devil's Dictionary: female
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A cynical view of the world by Ambrose Bierce


n.

One of the opposing, or unfair, sex.

    The Maker, at Creation's birth,
    With living things had stocked the earth.
    From elephants to bats and snails,
    They all were good, for all were males.
    But when the Devil came and saw
    He said:  "By Thine eternal law
    Of growth, maturity, decay,
    These all must quickly pass away
    And leave untenanted the earth
    Unless Thou dost establish birth" --
    Then tucked his head beneath his wing
    To laugh -- he had no sleeve -- the thing
    With deviltry did so accord,
    That he'd suggested to the Lord.
    The Master pondered this advice,
    Then shook and threw the fateful dice
    Wherewith all matters here below
    Are ordered, and observed the throw;
    Then bent His head in awful state,
    Confirming the decree of Fate.
    From every part of earth anew
    The conscious dust consenting flew,
    While rivers from their courses rolled
    To make it plastic for the mould.
    Enough collected (but no more,
    For niggard Nature hoards her store)
    He kneaded it to flexible clay,
    While Nick unseen threw some away.
    And then the various forms He cast,
    Gross organs first and finer last;
    No one at once evolved, but all
    By even touches grew and small
    Degrees advanced, till, shade by shade,
    To match all living things He'd made
    Females, complete in all their parts
    Except (His clay gave out) the hearts.
    "No matter," Satan cried; "with speed
    I'll fetch the very hearts they need" --
    So flew away and soon brought back
    The number needed, in a sack.
    That night earth range with sounds of strife --
    Ten million males each had a wife;
    That night sweet Peace her pinions spread
    O'er Hell -- ten million devils dead!
                                                                  G.J.



A plant having only pistillate flowers.

Word Tutor: female
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pronunciation

IN BRIEF: n. - An animal that produces gametes (ova) that can be fertilized by male gametes (spermatozoa); A person who belongs to the sex that can have babies.

pronunciation And I will show of male and female that either is but the equal of the other. — Walt Whitman

Wikipedia: Female
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The hand mirror and comb of the Roman goddess Venus is often used to represent the female sex.

Female (♀) is the sex of an organism, or a part of an organism, which produces mobile ova (egg cells).

Contents

Defining Characteristics

The ova are defined as the larger gametes in a heterogamous reproduction system, while the smaller, usually motile gamete, the spermatozoon, is produced by the male. A female individual cannot reproduce sexually without access to the gametes of a male (an exception is parthenogenesis). Some organisms can reproduce both sexually and asexually.

There is no single genetic mechanism behind sex differences in different species and the existence of two sexes seems to have evolved multiple times independently in different evolutionary lineages. Other than the defining difference in the type of gamete produced, differences between males and females in one lineage cannot always be predicted by differences in another. The concept is not limited to animals; egg cells are produced by chytrids, diatoms, water moulds and land plants, among others. In land plants, female and male designate not only the egg- and sperm-producing organisms and structures, but also the structures of the sporophytes that give rise to male and female plants.

Etymology and usage

The word female comes from the Latin femella, the diminutive form of femina, meaning "woman," which is not actually related to the word "male." In the late 14th century, the English spelling was altered so that the word paralleled the spelling of "male."

Mammalian female

The distinguishing characteristic of the class Mammalia is the presence of mammary glands. The mammary glands are modified sweat glands that produce milk, which is used to feed the young during the period of time shortly after birth. Only mammals have the capacity to produce milk. The presence of mammary glands is most obvious on humans, due to the tendency of the female human body to store large amounts of fatty tissue near the nipples, resulting in prominent breasts, although today some human females also surgically augment their breast size. However, mammary glands are present in all mammals, although they are vestigial in the male of the species.

The mammalian female is characterized by having two copies of the X chromosome as opposed to the male which carries only one X and one smaller Y chromosome. To compensate for the difference in size, one of the female's X chromosomes is randomly inactivated in each cell. In birds, by contrast, it is the female who is heterozygous and carries a Z and a W chromosome whilst the male carries two Z chromosomes.

Mammalian females are characterized in that they all bear live young (with the rare exception of monotremes, which lay eggs). This is not totally unique, as some animals, such as guppies have analogous reproductive structures. In addition, some other non-mammalian animals, such as sharks, whose eggs hatch inside their bodies also have the appearance of bearing live young.

Symbol

A common symbol used to represent the female sex is ♀ (Unicode: U+2640 Alt codes: Alt+12), a circle with a small cross underneath. According to Schott[1], The most established view is that the male and female symbols "are derived from contractions in Greek script of the Greek names of these planets, namely Thouros (Mars) and Phosphoros (Venus). These derivations have been traced by Renkama[2] who illustrated how Greek letters can be transformed into the graphic male and female symbols still recognised today." Thouros was abbreviated by θρ, and Phosphoros by Φκ, which were contracted into the modern symbols.

Sex determination

The sex of a particular organism may be determined by a number of factors. These may be genetic or environmental, or may naturally change during the course of an organism's life. Although most species with male and female sexes have individuals that are either male or female, hermaphroditic animals have both male and female reproductive organs.

Genetic determination

Most mammals, including humans, are genetically determined as such by the XY sex-determination system where males have an XY (as opposed to XX) sex chromosome. During reproduction, a male can give either an X sperm or a Y sperm, while a female can only give an X egg. A Y sperm and an X egg produce a boy, while an X sperm and an X egg produce a girl. The ZW sex-determination system, where males have a ZZ (as opposed to ZW) sex chromosome may be found in birds and some insects and other organisms. Members of Hymenoptera, such as ants and bees, are determined by haplodiploidy, where most males are haploid and females and some sterile males are diploid.

Environmental determination

Some species develop into one sex or the other depending on local environmental conditions, e.g. many crocodilians' sex is influenced by the temperature of their eggs. Other species (such as the goby) are capable of transforming, as adults, from one sex to the other in response to local reproductive conditions (such as a shortage of males). In humans and most mammals, sex is determined chromosomally -- a Y sperm will produce a male offspring and an X sperm a female.

See also

Sources

Ayers, Donald M. English Words from Latin and Greek Elements. Second Edition. 1986. University of Arizona Press. United States.

References

  1. ^ Schott GD. Sex, drugs, and rock and roll: Sex symbols ancient and modern: their origins and iconography on the pedigree.BMJ 2005;331:1509-1510 (24 December), doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1509
  2. ^ Renkema HW. Oorspong, beteekenis en toepassing van de in de botanie gebuikelijke teekens ter aanduiding van het geslacht en den levensduur. In: Jeswiet J, ed. Gedendenkboek J Valckenier Suringar. Wageningen: Nederlandsche Dendrologische Vereeniging, 1942: 96-108.

Translations: Female
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Dansk (Danish)
adj. - kvindelig, af hunkøn, hun-, kvinde-
n. - kvinde, hunkønsvæsen, hun, hunplante

Nederlands (Dutch)
vrouw/meisje, wijfje, bloem met alleen stampers, vrouwelijk, met stampers, hol deel

Français (French)
adj. - (Bot, Zool) femelle, féminin, de femme, (Élec) femelle
n. - (Bot, Zool) femelle, bonne femme (péj), greluche

Deutsch (German)
n. - Frau, Weibchen
adj. - weiblich

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - άνθρωπος ή ζώο θηλυκού γένους, θηλυκό, γυναίκα
adj. - θηλυκός, γυναικείος

Italiano (Italian)
femmina, femminile

Português (Portuguese)
n. - mulher (f), animal fêmea
adj. - feminino (f), fêmea

Русский (Russian)
самка, гайка, внутренняя резьба, женского пола

Español (Spanish)
adj. - relativo a la hembra
n. - hembra, femenino

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - fruntimmer (neds.), kvinna, hona (zool.), honblomma (bot.)
adj. - kvinno-, kvinnlig, hon-

中文(简体)(Chinese (Simplified))
女的, 雌性的, 雌的, 阴的, 母的, 内孔的, 女人, 雌性植物, 雌性动物

中文(繁體)(Chinese (Traditional))
adj. - 女的, 雌性的, 雌的, 陰的, 母的, 內孔的
n. - 女人, 雌性植物, 雌性動物

한국어 (Korean)
adj. - 여성의 , 암컷의
n. - 여자 , 암컷

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 女性, 雌
adj. - 女の, 女性の, 雌の, 受けるほうの

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) أنثى (صفه) أنثوي‏

עברית (Hebrew)
adj. - ‮חלול, נקבי‬
n. - ‮נקבה, אישה, של נקבה‬


 
 

 

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Devil's Dictionary. Devil's Dictionary by Ambrose Bierce, 1911  Read more
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