Fes

Fes فاس Fās
The city stretching into the distance, 2001
Fes Location in Morocco
Coordinates: 34°2′N 5°0′W / 34.033°N 5°W / 34.033; -5Coordinates: 34°2′N 5°0′W / 34.033°N 5°W / 34.033; -5
Country	Morocco
Region	Fès-Boulemane
Elevation [1]	1,259 ft (383.7 m)
Population (2008)
- Total	1,008,782

Fes or Fez (Arabic: فاس‎ [Fās], French: Fès) is the third largest city in Morocco, after Casablanca and Rabat with a population of 946,815 (2004 census). It is the capital of the Fès-Boulemane region.

Fes is one of the four so-called "imperial cities" (the others are Marrakech, Meknes and Rabat). It is separated into three parts, Fes el Bali (the old, walled city), Fes-Jdid (new Fes, home of the Mellah), and the Ville Nouvelle (the French-created, newest section of Fes). The Medina of Fes el Bali, the larger of the two medinas of Fes, is believed to be the largest contiguous car-free urban area in the world. Fes el Bali is classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The University of Al-Karaouine was founded in 859 A.D. and is the oldest continuous operating university in the world.

Contents 1 History 2 Climate 3 Tourism 4 Transport 5 International Relations 5.1 Twin towns - Sister cities 6 Notes 7 See also 8 External links

History

The city was founded on opposite banks of the Fez River by Idris I in 789^[2] and his son Idris II continued the work in 810.^[3] The first was the founder of the Idrisid dynasty; his son was born after he was assassinated. During Yahya ibn Muhammad's rule the Kairouyine mosque, one of the oldest and largest in Africa, was built, and the associated University of Al-Karaouine was founded in 859.^[4] Arab emigration to Fes, mostly from Al-Andalus after a rebellion which took place in Córdoba in 818 and from Tunisia after another rebellion that took place in 824, gave the city a definite Arab character. 'Adwat Al-Andalus and 'Adwat al-Qarawiyyin, the two main quarters of Fes, were called respectively after the two waves of Arab immigrants to the new city.^[5] After Ali ibn Umar (Ali II) came to power, the tribes of Madyuna, Gayatha and Miknasa, which were Sufrite Kharijites, formed a common front against the Idrisid and defeated Ali's armies and occupied Fes. Yahya ibn Al-Qassim, drove the Sufrites out of the city and declared himself Ali's successor.^[6]

The city was populated by Muslims from elsewhere in North Africa, the Middle East, Moriscos, as well as many Jews, who had their own quarter, or Mellah, in the city.

Almohad dynasty (1130-1269)

• It is believed that Fes was the largest city in the world from 1170 to 1180.^[7]

Fes became the scientific and religious center, where both Muslims and Christians from Europe came to study.

Marinid dynasty (1269-1420)
Kingdom of Fez (1420-1554)

• Many Muslim refugees came to Fes after the reconquest of Spain in 1492.

Ottoman Empire (1554-1603)

In the Early Modern Age the Ottoman Empire came closer to Fez after the conquest of Oujda. In 1554 took the Wattasids Dynasty with the support of the Turks the city of Fez, it become a vassal city of Ottomans. But 1579 was a decisive moment in the history of Fez city, the conquest of the city under reign of Murad II as a part of Ottoman Empire completed.^[8][9] Early on, the Ottomans saw their Moroccan neighbor not as enemies but as allies. The Ottoman power in the North Africa concentrated itself more on the threats posed by Habsburg Spain and the Portuguese Kingdom. As a result, the city of Fez was not under pressure by the Ottoman rulers. The conquest of Fes was the catalyst for the move of the capital city of Saadi Dynasty to Marrakech City. At the beginning of the 17th century become Moroccan cities under Ahmad al Mansur independent of Turkish rulers.^[10]

Capital of Saadi Kingdom of Fez (1603-1627)

Later became part of Saadi Dynasty (1627-1649)

Fes became the center of the Morocco in 1649, and it was a major trading post of the Barbary Coast of North Africa. Until the 19th century it was the only source of Fez hats (also known as the tarboosh), before they began to be manufactured in France and Turkey; originally, the dye for the hats came from a berry that was grown outside the city, known as the Turkish kizziljiek or Greek akenia (Cornus mascula). Fes was also the end of a north-south gold trading route from Timbuktu.

It became independent in 1790–1795, under the leadership of Yazid in 1790-1792, and later, of Abu´r-Rabi Sulayman in 1792-1795. This Kingdom was conquered by Morocco.

In 1819–1821 was part of the rebellion whose leader was Ibrahim ibn Yazid. In 1832 rebellion, leader Muhammad ibn Tayyib.

Fez was a prime manufacturing location for leather goods such as the Adarga.

Fes has been the capital of Morocco several times in the past, the last of which ended in 1912, when most of Morocco came under French control and Rabat was chosen to be the capital of the new colony, a status retained even when Morocco achieved independence in 1956. While many of the original inhabitants of Fes have since emigrated, the Jewish quarter has been emptied of its Jewish population (In 1465, there was large massacre of Jews by Arab riots.^[11] ), and the economy has stagnated, Fes is perhaps the most interesting and picturesque of the Imperial Cities of Morocco. Despite the traditional character of most of the city, there is also a modern section, the Ville Nouvelle, or "New City", which is a bustling commercial center. The popularity of the city has increased since the King of Morocco took a Fassi computer engineer, Salma Bennani, as his wife.

Climate

Located along the Atlas Mountains, Fes has a seasonal climate, shifting from cool in winter to hot days in the summer months of July-September. The nights are always cool (or colder in winter), with daytime temperatures generally rising about +9~14 C° (+15~26 F°) every day. The winter highs typically reach only 16°C (60°F) in December-January (see weather-table below).

Weather averages for Fes, Morocco
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Average high °F (°C)	60 (16)	63 (17)	66 (19)	69 (21)	75 (24)	82 (28)	91 (33)	91 (33)	85 (29)	75 (24)	67 (19)	61 (16)
Average low °F (°C)	42 (6)	45 (7)	46 (8)	49 (9)	58 (14)	59 (15)	65 (18)	65 (18)	62 (17)	56 (13)	49 (9)	48 (9)
Precipitation inches (mm)	2.8 (71.1)	4.0 (101.6)	3.7 (94)	3.5 (88.9)	2.1 (53.3)	1.0 (25.4)	0.1 (2.5)	0.1 (2.5)	0.7 (17.8)	2.5 (63.5)	3.5 (88.9)	3.4 (86.4)
Source: Lat34North.com, Yahoo.com[1]

Tourism

Fes is becoming an increasingly popular tourist destination and many non-Moroccans are now restoring traditional houses (riads and dars) as second homes in the Fes medina. The most important monuments in the city are:

• Bou Inania Madrasa
• Al-Attarine Madrasa
• University of Al-Karaouine
• Zaouia Moulay Idriss II
• Dar Batha
• Aben Danan Synagogue

Transport

The city is served by Saïss Airport. It also has an ONCF train station which goes east to Oujda and west to Tanger and Casablanca.^[12]

International Relations

Twin towns - Sister cities

Fes is twinned with:

Montpellier in France (since 1961) Strasbourg in France (since 1961) Florence in Italy (since 1961) Kairouan in Tunisia (since 1965)

Saint Louis in Senegal (since 1979) Jerusalem in Palestine (since 1982) [13] Kraków in Poland (since 1985) [14] Coimbra in Portugal[15]

Bobo Dioulasso in Burkina Faso (since 2003) Lahore in Pakistan Suwon in South Korea (since 2003)

Sister cities:

• İzmir in Turkey (since 1995) ^[16]

Notes

See also

• Treaty of Fez
• Book by Roger Le Tourneau (English translation by Besse Clement), Fez in the Age of the Marinides, Oklahoma University, editions 1961 and 1974 (latter ISBN 0806111984).

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Fes

• Fes travel guide from Wikitravel
• complexe culturel de fes complexe culturel de fes, Morocco
• Fez City of Islam
• Fantastic Morocco A practical travel guide to Fes, Morocco
• Best of Morocco An accommodation guide to Fes, Morocco
• The portal of Fès
• In Search of the Sacred at the Fez Festival, Part 1 An in depth review of the Fez Festival Of World Sacred Music.
• In Search of the Sacred at the Fez Festival, Part 2
• Pictures and videos from Fes and Morocco

Preceded by Aleppo

Capital of islamic culture 2007

Succeeded by Alexandria, Djibouti, Lahore

v • d • e World Heritage Sites in Morocco Archaeological Site of Volubilis · Historic City of Meknes · Ksar of Ait-Ben-Haddou · Medina of Essaouira (formerly Mogador) · Medina of Fes el Bali  · Medina of Marrakech · Medina of Tétouan (formerly known as Titawin) · Portuguese City of Mazagan (El Jadida)