fire

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A rapid but persistent chemical reaction accompanied by the emission of light and heat. The reaction is self-sustaining, unless extinguished, to the extent that it continues until the fuel concentration falls below a minimum value. Most commonly, it results from a rapid exothermic combination with oxygen by some combustible material. Flame, the visible manifestation of fire, results from a heating to incandescence of minute particulate matter composed principally of incompletely burned fuel. See also Combustion; Flame.

noun

1. The visible signs of combustion: blaze¹, conflagration, flame, flare-up. See hot/cold/lukewarm.
2. Powerful, intense emotion: ardor, fervency, fervor, passion. See feelings.
3. Passionate devotion to or interest in a cause or subject, for example: ardor, enthusiasm, fervor, passion, zeal, zealousness. See concern/unconcern, feelings.
4. Exceptional brightness and clarity, as of a cut and polished stone: brilliance, brilliancy, luminosity, radiance. See light/darkness.
5. Liveliness and vivacity of imagination: brilliance, brilliancy, genius, inspiration. See good/bad.

verb

1. To cause to burn or undergo combustion: enkindle, ignite, kindle, light¹. Slang torch. Idioms: setafireon fire, set fire to. See hot/cold/lukewarm, start/end.
2. To arouse the emotions of; make ardent: animate, enkindle, impassion, inspire, kindle, stir¹. See excite/bore/interest.
3. To discharge a gun or firearm: shoot. Idioms: take a shot at. See action/inaction.
4. To release or cause to release energy suddenly and violently, especially with a loud noise: blast, blow¹ (up), burst, detonate, explode, fulminate, go off, touch off. See explosion/collapse.
5. To launch with great force: hurtle, loose, project, propel, shoot. Idioms: let fly. See move/halt.
6. To send through the air with a motion of the hand or arm: cast, dart, dash, fling, heave, hurl, hurtle, launch, pitch, shoot, shy², sling, throw, toss. See move/halt.
7. To end the employment or service of: cashier, discharge, dismiss, drop, release, terminate. Informal ax, pink-slip. Slang boot¹, bounce, can, sack¹. Idioms: give someone his or her walking papers, give someone the ax, give someone the gate, give someone the pink slip, let go, show someone the door. See keep/release.

Idioms beginning with fire:
fire away
fire off

See also add fuel to the fire; ball of fire; baptism of fire; catch fire; caught in the cross-fire; draw fire; fat is in the fire; fight fire with fire; get on (like a house afire); hang fire; hold one's fire; hold someone's feet to the fire; irons in the fire; light a fire under; line of fire; miss fire; no smoke without fire; on fire; open fire; out of the frying pan into the fire; play with fire; set on fire; set the world on fire; spread like wildfire; trial by fire; under fire; where's the fire. Also see under firing.

Definition: animation, vigor
Antonyms: apathy, dullness, laziness, lethargy, spiritlessness

v

Definition: dismiss from responsibility
Antonyms: hire

v

Definition: excite, arouse
Antonyms: bore, deflate, defuse, dull

n. the shooting of projectiles from weapons, especially bullets from guns: a burst of machine-gun fire.

1. discharge a gun or other weapon in order to explosively propel (a bullet or projectile): he fired a shot at the retreating prisoners | they fired off a few rounds.

2. discharge (a gun or other weapon): another gang fired a pistol | troops fired on crowds.

3. (of a gun) be discharged.

under fire being shot at:

See the Introduction, Abbreviations and Pronunciation for further details.

In common with other ancient people, the Celts appear to have perceived fire to be the earthly counterpart of the sun. Although there is no Celtic Prometheus, fire is seen as a purifying element, a gift from the sun to humankind that can cleanse, warm, and illuminate as well as destroy. Like other people of cold, dark northern Europe, Celts venerated fire in several festivals, especially at the new year, 1 November (Samain) and the beginning of summer, 1 May (Beltaine); vestiges of these celebrations have survived in modern times. Great bonfires were built on these days as well as at midsummer, Christianized as St John's Day after the purported birthday of John the Baptist. Celebrations also included the rolling of huge fire-wheels. The classical commentators Julius Caesar and Strabo (both 1st cent. BC) testify that the Celts used man-shaped wicker figures in ritual sacrifices; animal and human victims could be burned alive in them. A 9th-century commentator linked the sacrifices with the thunder-god Taranis. The straw men burned in medieval and early Renaissance spring festivals may represent a survival of this sacrifice.

Brigit, the Irish fire-goddess, was transformed into St Brigid, the early Irish saint. The Breton St Barbe was reputed to be descended from a fire-goddess. St Patrick lit a paschal fire in Ireland, and Dewi Sant lit a fire to claim Wales. In the Irish pseudo-history *Lebor Gabála [Book of Invasions] Mide, chief druid of the Nemedians, lit the first fire in Ireland, at Uisnech, which blazed for seven years and was carried to every chief hearth of the island. In Irish folklore, fire was the best preventative against magic, fairy or otherwise. The Irish name Áed embodies another word for fire; Delbáeth means ‘fire shape’. Old Irish teine; Modern Irish tine, teine; Scottish Gaelic teine; Manx aile; Welsh tân; Cornish tān; Breton tan, tantad.

The primary result of combustion. The juridical meaning does not differ from the vernacular meaning.

It is a crime to burn certain types of property under particular circumstances, both under the common law and a number of state statutes. Some of these crimes are regarded as arson, but ordinarily, arson relates specifically to buildings and their contents.

The act of willfully and maliciously setting fire to property belonging to another person— such as stacks of hay or grain, grasses, fences, or wood — is ordinarily punishable as a misdemeanor. Somejurisdictions grade the offense as a felony.

Statutes relating to fires ordinarily define the acts required for conviction. Under these statutes, willfully is defined as meaning with an evil or malicious intent or malevolent motive.

An individual who willfully or negligently sets fire to his or her own woods, prairie land, or other specified areas might be guilty of a misdemeanor. In addition, it is a misdemeanor to burn such areas without first giving proper notice to adjacent landowners or for an individual to allow a fire kindled on his or her wood or prairie to escape and burn adjoining property.

Some statutes relate to burning cultivated ground. Such legislation exists to prevent disastrous fires, and they do not apply to ordinary acts of agriculture that are properly conducted, such as the setting of fire to an area of land to prepare for planting.

Under some statutes that prohibit or regulate the setting of fires, a monetary penalty is imposed on people who violate their provisions. Frequently an agency — such as a state board of forest park preservation commissioners — is named specifically in the statute to bring an action to collect the penalty. Some statutes impose liability on an individual who allows fire to escape from his or her own property even though such escape is not willful, while other statutes provide that a landowner who sets a fire as a result of necessity — such as a back fire used to subdue another fire — will not be held liable. An individual is usually free from liability when he or she is lawfully burning something on his or her own farm and the fire accidentally spreads to an adjacent farm or woods.

There is civil liability for damages at common law imposed upon anyone who willfully and intentionally sets a fire. Some statutes under which criminal liability is imposed for setting certain types of fires also make express provisions that the individual whose property is damaged by the fire may initiate a civil action to recover any loss. Generally, the limit of damages is the loss actually incurred by the fire. Some statutes, however, provide for the recovery of double or treble damages.

To place the first bet in a particular round of poker.

SoundPoker Says: This term is tied to the slang name for poker chips, ammo. When a player moves ammo into the pot, they are "firing" the ammo off.

For example, a player who makes the first bet in a round of poker may say "I'll fire off the first bet."

See Also: Act, Ammo, Bet, Chips, Open, Position, Pot

(DOD, NATO) 1. The command given to discharge a weapon(s). 2. To detonate the main explosive charge by means of a firing system. See also barrage fire; call fire; counterfire; counterpreparation fire; covering fire; destruction fire; direct fire; direct supporting fire; distributed fire; grazing fire; harassing fire; indirect fire; neutralization fire; observed fire; preparation fire; radar fire; registration fire; scheduled fire; searching fire; supporting fire; suppressive fire.

Quotes:

"Fire is never a gentle master" - Proverb

Fire, like many familiar elements from everyday experience, is a complex symbol. It can symbolize passion, anger, the spirit, cooking, purification, transformation, illumination, and destruction. Our language contains expressions like "being fired," "getting fired up," "getting burned," and "passing the torch." The particular meaning of fire in a dream can be determined from other cues in the dream landscape.

Though not mentioned by Abraham Van Helsing the voice of knowledge about vampires in Bram Stoker's Dracula fire was considered the ultimate means of destroying a vampire in eastern European countries. Fire was an ancient symbol of God. For example, God appeared to Moses in the burning bush and once the Hebrews left Egypt, God signaled his presence through a cloud that hovered by day and a fire by night. The fiery destruction of the evil cities of Sodom and Gomorrah was an illustration of God's power. In the book of Revelations, God was pictured as cleansing the earth by fire at the end of time. Fire was thus both destructive and renewing, consuming the old and corrupt and making way for the new and pure.

Throughout the world, fire has been a vital source of light and warmth and integral to food preparation. It was natural for it to take on symbolic and religious meanings. While fire has had a particular meaning and its own rituals in each culture, it has been part of the sacred life of all cultures. In the Mediterranean, the metaphorical description of the soul as a spark of fire added to its sacred quality. Fire also has been used to execute people in some countries-a practice used especially for condemned heretics and witches during the medieval period in Europe.

In eastern Europe, from Bulgaria and Romania to Russia and Poland the body of a suspected vampire was burned if lesser means (the stake or decapitation) failed to stop it. Throughout Europe, people used a new fire to cure livestock of sickness. When such a fire was to be built, residents would extinguish every individual fire in the village and start two new bonfires a short distance from each other. The people then walked the animals in the village through the new fire or need fire. Afterwards, they relighted the village fires from the embers of the need fire. At times, when a vampire was believed to be attacking cattle and other domestic animals, villagers would resort to a need fire, hoping that would free them from the vampire. It was believed that the fire would cause the vampire to leave the herd and become trapped in the area of the fire, where it then would be devoured by wolves.

While not mentioned by Stoker as a way to fight the vampire, fire was used by the author of Varney the Vampyre as the ultimate means of death: Varney jumped into the fiery opening of a volcano. Through the twentieth century, this concept of fire has been picked up in many vampire novels and movies, where it provided a popular option for the vampire's destruction. Torch-carrying villagers attacking the vampire's (or other monster's) lair and burning it to the ground was a common scene in movies of the 1930s and 1940s.

More recently, St Germain the vampire hero in Chelsea Quinn Yarbro's novels, noted fire as one of two means to experience the "true death" of a vampire. For Anne Rice's vampires, whose blood was conmbustible, fire was almost the only way they could be destroyed. Lestat de Lioncourt was introduced to fire soon after he was made a vampire when Magnus, his creator, committed suicide by jumping into a fire before he told Lestat very much about the vampiric life. Claudia and Louis used fire to against Lestat before their leaving for Europe, and later Louis used fire against the Parisian vampire community when he burned their Theatre of the Vampires. Fire had its most prominent role in Rice's third vampire volume, Queen of the Damned , where one character notes that fire is the one weapon that vampires can use against each other, and that is exactly was Akasha the ancient original vampire did. She launched a mission against the vampire community and destroyed many before she was herself destroyed.

Edmans, Karl-Martin. "Fire." In Mircea Eliade, ed. The Encyclopedia of Religion. New York: Macmillian Publishing Company, 1987. Ramsland, Katherine. The Vampire Companion: The Official Guide to Anne Rice's The Vampire Chronicles. New York: Ballantine Books, 1993. 507 pp.

Naked flame.

• f. ant — Solenopsis invicta; bites can cause severe conjunctivitis and corneal ulcers.
• f. brand — see brand.
• f. engine practice — see fire engine practice.
• f. fish — members of the fish family Scorpaenidae, or scorpion fish which cause intense skin irritation.
• f. injury — see burn, bushfire injury.
• f. retardant — chemicals used to proof timber or fabric against fire. Many of these agents are poisonous. The best known are polybrominated and polychlorinated biphenyls.

• Occupations and Job Titles

For other uses, see Fire (disambiguation).

An outdoor fire using wood, termed a bonfire.

The ignition and extinguishing of a pile of wood shavings.

Slow motion fire sequence 1000 frame/s

Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products.^[1] Slower oxidative processes like rusting or digestion are not included by this definition.

The flame is the visible portion of the fire. If hot enough, the gases may become ionized to produce plasma.^[2] Depending on the substances alight, and any impurities outside, the color of the flame and the fire's intensity will be different.

Fire in its most common form can result in conflagration, which has the potential to cause physical damage through burning. Fire is an important process that affects ecological systems across the globe. The positive effects of fire include stimulating growth and maintaining various ecological systems. Fire has been used by humans for cooking, generating heat, signaling, and propulsion purposes. The negative effects of fire include water contamination, soil erosion, atmospheric pollution and hazard to human and animal life.^[3]

Contents 1 Physical properties 1.1 Chemistry 1.2 Flame 1.3 Heat 1.3.1 Typical temperatures of fires and flames 1.3.2 Temperatures of flames by appearance 2 Fire ecology 3 Fossil record 4 Human control 4.1 Use as fuel 5 Protection and prevention 6 Restoration 7 See also 8 Additional images 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links

Physical properties

Chemistry

Main article: Combustion

The fire tetrahedron

Fires start when a flammable and/or a combustible material, in combination with a sufficient quantity of an oxidizer such as oxygen gas or another oxygen-rich compound (though non-oxygen oxidizers exist that can replace oxygen), is exposed to a source of heat or ambient temperature above the flash point for the fuel/oxidizer mix, and is able to sustain a rate of rapid oxidation that produces a chain reaction. This is commonly called the fire tetrahedron. Fire cannot exist without all of these elements in place and in the right proportions. For example, a flammable liquid will start burning only if the fuel and oxygen are in the right proportions. Some fuel-oxygen mixes may require a catalyst, a substance that is not directly involved in any chemical reaction during combustion, but which enables the reactants to combust more readily.

Once ignited, a chain reaction must take place whereby fires can sustain their own heat by the further release of heat energy in the process of combustion and may propagate, provided there is a continuous supply of an oxidizer and fuel.

Fire can be extinguished by removing any one of the elements of the fire tetrahedron. Consider a natural gas flame, such as from a stovetop burner. The fire can be extinguished by any of the following:

• turning off the gas supply, which removes the fuel source;
• covering the flame completely, which smothers the flame as the combustion both uses the available oxidizer (the oxygen in the air) and displaces it from the area around the flame with CO₂;
• application of water, which removes heat from the fire faster than the fire can produce it (similarly, blowing hard on a flame will displace the heat of the currently burning gas from its fuel source, to the same end), or
• application of a retardant chemical such as Halon to the flame, which retards the chemical reaction itself until the rate of combustion is too slow to maintain the chain reaction.

In contrast, fire is intensified by increasing the overall rate of combustion. Methods to do this include balancing the input of fuel and oxidizer to stoichiometric proportions, increasing fuel and oxidizer input in this balanced mix, increasing the ambient temperature so the fire's own heat is better able to sustain combustion, or providing a catalyst; a non-reactant medium in which the fuel and oxidizer can more readily react.

Flame

Main article: Flame

A candle's flame

Photo of a fire taken with a 1/4000th of a second exposure

A flame is a mixture of reacting gases and solids emitting visible, infrared, and sometimes ultraviolet light, the frequency spectrum of which depends on the chemical composition of the burning material and intermediate reaction products. In many cases, such as the burning of organic matter, for example wood, or the incomplete combustion of gas, incandescent solid particles called soot produce the familiar red-orange glow of 'fire'. This light has a continuous spectrum. Complete combustion of gas has a dim blue color due to the emission of single-wavelength radiation from various electron transitions in the excited molecules formed in the flame. Usually oxygen is involved, but hydrogen burning in chlorine also produces a flame, producing hydrogen chloride (HCl). Other possible combinations producing flames, amongst many, are fluorine and hydrogen, and hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide.

The glow of a flame is complex. Black-body radiation is emitted from soot, gas, and fuel particles, though the soot particles are too small to behave like perfect blackbodies. There is also photon emission by de-excited atoms and molecules in the gases. Much of the radiation is emitted in the visible and infrared bands. The color depends on temperature for the black-body radiation, and on chemical makeup for the emission spectra. The dominant color in a flame changes with temperature. The photo of the forest fire is an excellent example of this variation. Near the ground, where most burning is occurring, the fire is white, the hottest color possible for organic material in general, or yellow. Above the yellow region, the color changes to orange, which is cooler, then red, which is cooler still. Above the red region, combustion no longer occurs, and the uncombusted carbon particles are visible as black smoke.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the United States has recently found that gravity also plays a role in flame formation. Modifying the gravity causes different flame types.^[4] The common distribution of a flame under normal gravity conditions depends on convection, as soot tends to rise to the top of a general flame, as in a candle in normal gravity conditions, making it yellow. In micro gravity or zero gravity, such as an environment in outer space, convection no longer occurs, and the flame becomes spherical, with a tendency to become more blue and more efficient (although it may go out if not moved steadily, as the CO₂ from combustion does not disperse as readily in micro gravity, and tends to smother the flame). There are several possible explanations for this difference, of which the most likely is that the temperature is sufficiently evenly distributed that soot is not formed and complete combustion occurs.^[5] Experiments by NASA reveal that diffusion flames in micro gravity allow more soot to be completely oxidized after they are produced than diffusion flames on Earth, because of a series of mechanisms that behave differently in micro gravity when compared to normal gravity conditions.^[6] These discoveries have potential applications in applied science and industry, especially concerning fuel efficiency.

In combustion engines, various steps are taken to eliminate a flame. The method depends mainly on whether the fuel is oil, wood, or a high-energy fuel such as jet fuel.

Heat

Main article: Heat

Fires give off heat, or the process of energy transfer from one body or system due to thermal contact.

Typical temperatures of fires and flames

• Oxyhydrogen flame: 2000 °C or above (3600 °F)^[7]
• Bunsen burner flame: 1,300 to 1,600 °C (2,400 to 2,900 °F)^[8]
• Blowtorch flame: 1,300 °C (2,400 °F)^[9]
• Candle flame: 1,000 °C (1,800 °F)
• Smoldering cigarette:
  • Temperature without drawing: side of the lit portion; 400 °C (750 °F); middle of the lit portion: 585 °C (1,100 °F)
  • Temperature during drawing: middle of the lit portion: 700 °C (1,300 °F)
  • Always hotter in the middle.

Temperatures of flames by appearance

The temperature of flames with carbon particles emitting light can be assessed by their color:^[10]

• Red
  • Just visible: 525 °C (980 °F)
  • Dull: 700 °C (1,300 °F)
  • Cherry, dull: 800 °C (1,500 °F)
  • Cherry, full: 900 °C (1,700 °F)
  • Cherry, clear: 1,000 °C (1,800 °F)
• Orange
  • Deep: 1,100 °C (2,000 °F)
  • Clear: 1,200 °C (2,200 °F)
• White
  • Whitish: 1,300 °C (2,400 °F)
  • Bright: 1,400 °C (2,600 °F)
  • Dazzling: 1,500 °C (2,700 °F)

Fire ecology

Main article: Fire ecology

Every natural ecosystem has its own fire regime, and the organisms in those ecosystems are adapted to or dependent upon that fire regime. Fire creates a mosaic of different habitat patches, each at a different stage of succession.^[11] Different species of plants, animals, and microbes specialize in exploiting a particular stage, and by creating these different types of patches, fire allows a greater number of species to exist within a landscape.

Fossil record

Main article: Fossil record of fire

The fossil record of fire first appears with the establishment of a land-based flora in the Middle Ordovician period, 470 million years ago,^[12] permitting the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere as never before, as the new hordes of land plants pumped it out as a waste product. When this concentration rose above 13%, it permitted the possibility of wildfire.^[13] Wildfire is first recorded in the Late Silurian fossil record, 420 million years ago, by fossils of charcoalified plants.^[14][15] Apart from a controversial gap in the Late Devonian, charcoal is present ever since.^[15] The level of atmospheric oxygen is closely related to the prevalence of charcoal: clearly oxygen is the key factor in the abundance of wildfire.^[16] Fire also became more abundant when grasses radiated and became the dominant component of many ecosystems, around 6 to 7 million years ago;^[17] this kindling provided tinder which allowed for the more rapid spread of fire.^[16] These widespread fires may have initiated a positive feedback process, whereby they produced a warmer, drier climate more conducive to fire.^[16]

Human control

Main article: Control of fire by early humans

The fire miracle of Saint Peter Martyr by Antonio Vivarini.

The ability to control fire was a dramatic change in the habits of early humans. Making fire to generate heat and light made it possible for people to cook food, increasing the variety and availability of nutrients. The heat produced would also help people stay warm in cold weather, enabling them to live in cooler climates. Fire also kept nocturnal predators at bay. Evidence of cooked food is found from 1.9 million years ago, although fire was probably not used in a controlled fashion until 1,000,000 years ago.^[16] Early Human fire Evidence becomes widespread around 50 to 100 thousand years ago, suggesting regular use from this time; interestingly, resistance to air pollution started to evolve in human populations at a similar point in time.^[16] The use of fire became progressively more sophisticated, with its being used to create charcoal and to control wildlife from tens of thousands of years ago.^[16]

Fire has also been used for centuries as a method of torture and execution, as evidenced by death by burning as well as torture devices such as the iron boot, which could be filled with water, oil, or even lead and then heated over an open fire to the agony of the wearer.

By the Neolithic Revolution,^{[citation needed]} during the introduction of grain-based agriculture, people all over the world used fire as a tool in landscape management. These fires were typically controlled burns or "cool fires",^{[citation needed]} as opposed to uncontrolled "hot fires", which damage the soil. Hot fires destroy plants and animals, and endanger communities. This is especially a problem in the forests of today where traditional burning is prevented in order to encourage the growth of timber crops. Cool fires are generally conducted in the spring and autumn. They clear undergrowth, burning up biomass that could trigger a hot fire should it get too dense. They provide a greater variety of environments, which encourages game and plant diversity. For humans, they make dense, impassable forests traversable. Another human use for fire in regards to landscape management is its use to clear land for agriculture. Slash-and-burn agriculture is still common across much of tropical Africa, Asia and South America. "For small farmers, it is a convenient way to clear overgrown areas and release nutrients from standing vegetation back into the soil," said Miguel Pinedo-Vasquez, an ecologist at the Earth Institute’s Center for Environmental Research and Conservation.^[18] However this useful strategy is also problematic. Growing population, fragmentation of forests and warming climate are making the earth's surface more prone to ever-larger escaped fires. These harm ecosystems and human infrastructure, cause health problems, and send up spirals of carbon and soot that may encourage even more warming of the atmosphere–and thus feed back into more fires. Globally today, as much as 5 million square kilometers–an area more than half the size of the United States–burns in a given year.^[18]

There are numerous modern applications of fire. In its broadest sense, fire is used by nearly every human being on earth in a controlled setting every day. Users of internal combustion vehicles employ fire every time they drive. Thermal power stations provide electricity for a large percentage of humanity.

Hamburg after four fire-bombing raids in July, 1943, which killed an estimated 50,000 people.^[19]

The use of fire in warfare has a long history. Fire was the basis of all early thermal weapons. Homer detailed the use of fire by Greek soldiers who hid in a wooden horse to burn Troy during the Trojan war. Later the Byzantine fleet used Greek fire to attack ships and men. In the First World War, the first modern flamethrowers were used by infantry, and were successfully mounted on armoured vehicles in the Second World War. In the latter war, incendiary bombs were used by Axis and Allies alike, notably on Tokyo, Rotterdam, London, Hamburg and, notoriously, at Dresden, in the latter two cases firestorms were deliberately caused in which a ring of fire surrounding each city^{[citation needed]} was drawn inward by an updraft caused by a central cluster of fires. The United States Army Air Force also extensively used incendiaries against Japanese targets in the latter months of the war, devastating entire cities constructed primarily of wood and paper houses. The use of napalm was employed in July 1944, towards the end of the Second World War;^[20] although its use did not gain public attention until the Vietnam War.^[20] Molotov cocktails were also used.

Use as fuel

A coal-fired power station in the People's Republic of China

Disability-adjusted life year for fires per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.^[21]

  no data

  less than 50

  50-100

  100-150

  150-200

  200-250

  250-300

  300-350

  350-400

  400-450

  450-500

  500-600

  more than 600

Setting fuel aflame releases usable energy. Wood was a prehistoric fuel, and is still viable today. The use of fossil fuels, such as petroleum, natural gas, and coal, in power plants supplies the vast majority of the world's electricity today; the International Energy Agency states that nearly 80% of the world's power comes from these sources.^[22] The fire in a power station is used to heat water, creating steam that drives turbines. The turbines then spin an electric generator to produce electricity. Fire is also used to provide mechanical work directly, in both external and internal combustion engines.

The unburnable solid remains of a combustible material left after a fire is called clinker if its melting point is below the flame temperature, so that it fuses and then solidifies as it cools, and ash if its melting point is above the flame temperature.

Protection and prevention

Main articles: Wildfire and Fire protection

Wildfire prevention programs around the world may employ techniques such as wildland fire use and prescribed or controlled burns.^[23][24][25] Wildland fire use refers to any fire of natural causes that is monitored but allowed to burn. Controlled burns are fires ignited by government agencies under less dangerous weather conditions.^[26]

Fire fighting services are provided in most developed areas to extinguish or contain uncontrolled fires. Trained firefighters use fire apparatus, water supply resources such as water mains and fire hydrants or they might use A and B class foam depending on what is feeding the fire.

Fire prevention is intended to reduce sources of ignition. Fire prevention also includes education to teach people how to avoid causing fires.^[27] Buildings, especially schools and tall buildings, often conduct fire drills to inform and prepare citizens on how to react to a building fire. Purposely starting destructive fires constitutes arson and is a crime in most jurisdictions.

Model building codes require passive fire protection and active fire protection systems to minimize damage resulting from a fire. The most common form of active fire protection is fire sprinklers. To maximize passive fire protection of buildings, building materials and furnishings in most developed countries are tested for fire-resistance, combustibility and flammability. Upholstery, carpeting and plastics used in vehicles and vessels are also tested.

Where fire prevention and fire protection have failed to prevent damage, fire insurance can mitigate the financial impact.

Restoration

Different restoration methods and measures are used depending on the type of fire damage that occurred. Fire damage can be performed by property management teams, building maintenance personnel, or by the homeowners themselves; however, contacting a certified professional fire damage restoration specialist is often regarded as the safest way to restore fire damaged property due to their training and extensive experience.^[28] Most are usually listed under "Fire and Water Restoration" and they can help speed repairs, whether for individual homeowners or for the largest of institutions.^[29]

Fire and Water Restoration companies are regulated by the appropriate state's Department of Consumer Affairs - usually the state contractors license board. In California, all Fire and Water Restoration companies must register with the California Contractors State License Board.^[30] Presently, the California Contractors State License Board has no specific classification for "water and fire damage restoration." Hence, the Contractor's State License Board requires both an asbestos certification (ASB) as well as a demolition classification (C-21) in order to perform Fire and Water Restoration work.^[31]

See also

Fire portal

• Aodh (given name)
• Colored fire
• Cremation
• Deflagration
• Fire (classical element)
• Fire investigation
• Fire lookout
• Fire lookout tower
• Fire pit
• Fire whirl
• Fire worship
• Flame test
• Life Safety Code
• List of fires
• List of light sources
• Phlogiston theory
• Pyranoscope
• Pyrokinesis
• Pyrolysis
• Pyromania
• The Chemical History of a Candle
• Volcano

Additional images

• 

  Wildfire

• 

  Kuwaiti oil wells on fire, during the Gulf War.

• 

  School fire in Aberdeen, Washington

• 

  Bonfire in Lappeenranta, Finland

• 

  A structure fire

• 

  Structure fire in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina

• 

  Fire generated by a burning weed

• 

  A controlled wildfire in Canada

• 

  Making fire by rubbing two pieces of firewood together.

• 

  Fire from a match.

• 

  How a match gets ignited.

• 

  

  A match being ignited

• 

  Fire is affected by gravity. Left: Flame on Earth; Right: Flame on ISS (microgravity)

• 

  Fire breathing

References

1. ^ Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. November 2009. http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/glossary/pms205.pdf. Retrieved 2008-12-18 
2. ^ Helmenstine, Anne Marie. "What is the State of Matter of Fire or Flame? Is it a Liquid, Solid, or Gas?". About.com. http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryfaqs/f/firechemistry.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-21 
3. ^ Lentile, et al., 319
4. ^ Spiral flames in microgravity, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2000.
5. ^ CFM-1 experiment results^{[dead link]}, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 2005.
6. ^ LSP-1 experiment results^{[dead link]}, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 2005.
7. ^ "Flame Temperature Measurement". http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PFLDAS000009000008001577000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes. 
8. ^ "Flame Temperatures". http://www.derose.net/steve/resources/engtables/flametemp.html. 
9. ^ "Pyropen Cordless Soldering Irons" (PDF). http://www.cooperhandtools.com/europe/sales_literature/documents/WellerPyropen_GB.pdf. 
10. ^ "A Book of Steam for Engineers", The Stirling Company, 1905
11. ^ Begon, M., J.L. Harper and C.R. Townsend. 1996. Ecology: individuals, populations, and communities, Third Edition. Blackwell Science Ltd., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
12. ^ Wellman CH, Gray J. The microfossil record of early land plants. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2000;355(1398):717–31; discussion 731–2. doi:10.1098/rstb.2000.0612. PMID 10905606.
13. ^ Jones, T.; Chaloner, W. (1991). "Fossil charcoal, its recognition and palaeoatmospheric significance". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 97: 39–50. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(91)90180-Y.  edit
14. ^ Glasspool Ij, E. D. (2004). "Charcoal in the Silurian as evidence for the earliest wildfire". Geology 32 (5): 381–383. Bibcode 2004Geo....32..381G. doi:10.1130/G20363.1.  edit
15. ^ ^{a b} Scott, C.; Glasspool, J. (Jul 2006). "The diversification of Paleozoic fire systems and fluctuations in atmospheric oxygen concentration" (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 (29): 10861–10865. Bibcode 2006PNAS..10310861S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604090103. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1544139. PMID 16832054. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16832054.  edit
16. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Bowman DM, Balch JK, Artaxo P et al. Fire in the Earth system. Science. 2009;324(5926):481–4. doi:10.1126/science.1163886. PMID 19390038.
17. ^ Retallack GJ. Neogene expansion of the North American prairie. PALAIOS. 1997;12(4):380–90. doi:10.2307/3515337.
18. ^ ^{a b} "Farmers, Flames and Climate: Are We Entering an Age of ‘Mega-Fires’? – State of the Planet". Blogs.ei.columbia.edu. http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/11/16/farmers-flames-and-climate-are-we-entering-an-age-of-mega-fires/. Retrieved 2012-05-23. 
19. ^ "In Pictures: German destruction". BBC News.
20. ^ ^{a b} "Napalm". GlobalSecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/napalm.htm. Retrieved 8 May 2010. 
21. ^ "WHO Disease and injury country estimates". World Health Organization. 2009. http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html. Retrieved Nov. 11, 2009. 
22. ^ "Share of Total Primary Energy Supply, 2002; International Energy Agency". http://www.iea.org/statlist/index.htm. ^{[dead link]}
23. ^ Federal Fire and Aviation Operations Action Plan, 4.
24. ^ MSN Encarta. Backburn [cited 2009-07-09].
25. ^ UK: The Role of Fire in the Ecology of Heathland in Southern Britain. International Forest Fire News. January 1998;18:80–81.
26. ^ SmokeyBear.com. Prescribed Fires [cited 2008-11-21].
27. ^ Fire & Life Safety Education^{[dead link]}, Manitoba Office of the Fire Commissioner
28. ^ "US Department of Homeland Security, US Fire Administration Handbook". Usfa.dhs.gov. 2010-05-06. http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/citizens/atf/salvage.shtm. Retrieved 2012-05-23. 
29. ^ Begal, Bill (August 23, 2007). "Restoration With a Capital E-P-A: A Case Study". Restoration & Remediation. http://www.randrmagonline.com/CDA/Archives/BNP_GUID_9-5-2006_A_10000000000000156172. Retrieved 2008-04-11. 
30. ^ "California Contractors State License Board". State of California. http://www.cslb.ca.gov/. Retrieved 2010-08-29. 
31. ^ "What You Should Know About Your Water Damage Or Mold Removal Company:". Rapco West Environmental Services, Inc.. http://www.rapcowest.com/water.html. Retrieved 2010-08-29. 

Bibliography

• Karki, Sameer (2002) (PDF). Community Involvement in and Management of Forest Fires in South East Asia. Project FireFight South East Asia. http://www.asiaforests.org/doc/resources/fire/pffsea/Report_Community.pdf. Retrieved 2009-02-13 ^{[dead link]}
• Haung, Kai. 2009. Population and Building Factors That Impact Residential Fire Rates in Large U.S. Cities. Applied Research Project. Texas State University. TXstate.edu
• Lentile, Leigh B.; Holden, Zachary A.; Smith, Alistair M. S.; Falkowski, Michael J.; Hudak, Andrew T.; Morgan, Penelope; Lewis, Sarah A.; Gessler, Paul E.; Benson, Nate C.. Remote sensing techniques to assess active fire characteristics and post-fire effects. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 2006;3(15):319-­345.
• Kosman, Admiel: Sacred fire. In: Thu, January 13, 2011.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Fire

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Fire

• How Fire Works at HowStuffWorks
• What exactly is fire? from The Straight Dope
• On Fire, an Adobe Flash-based science tutorial from the NOVA (TV series)
• Early human fire mastery revealed BBC article on archaeological discoveries
• Flames in microgravity^{[dead link]}
• Spiral flames in microgravity
• moebuildingcontrol.co.uk - UK Guidance on fire safety codes and fire engineering
• Smokey Bear - Prevent Wildfires
• Fun Uses with Fire with a Rubens' Tube

This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)

Dansk (Danish)
n. - ild, bål, beskydning, tulipangråskimmel
v. tr. - affyre, sætte ild på, fyre
v. intr. - blive antændt, fare op, fænge

idioms:

• be fired with    være optændt af
• be on fire    brænde
• catch fire    bryde i brand
• draw fire    pådrage sig ens vrede
• fire alarm    brandalarm
• fire and brimstone    helvedes pinsler
• fire away    fyr bare løs!, klem bare på!
• fire brigade    brandvæsen
• fire control    ildledelse
• fire department    brandstation, brandvæsen
• fire drill    brandøvelse
• fire engine    brandbil
• fire escape    brandtrappe, nødudgang
• fire extinguisher    ildslukker
• fire fighting    brandslukning
• fire from the hip    skyde fra hoften
• fire hydrant    brandhane
• fire in the belly    vildt begejstret
• fire irons    kaminsæt
• fire off    affyre
• fire sale    brandudsalg
• fire service    brandslukningstjeneste
• fire station    brandstation
• fire trap    dødsfælde
• fire truck    brandbil
• fire up    fyre op, fare op
• hold fire    indstille skydning
• line of fire    skudlinie
• open fire on    begynde at skyde
• return fire    besvare beskydning
• set fire to    sætte ild til
• set on fire    stikke i brand
• under fire    under beskydning

Nederlands (Dutch)
vuur, kachel, brand, afschieten, doen ontbranden, inspireren, opvlammen, in werking zetten, verjagen met vuur, ontploffen, scoren, smijten, krachtig uiten, boos/enthousiast worden, zenuwsignaal doorgeven

Français (French)
n. - ardeur, feu, incendie, poêle, flambée, rafale (de mitraillette), fougue, coups de feu, feu (ordre de tirer), feu (pour donner l'alarme)
v. tr. - s'enthousiasmer, renvoyer, virer, cuire (une céramique), (fig) bombarder de questions, (Mil) décharger (un fusil), lancer (un missile)
v. intr. - (Mil) tirer, (Mécan) démarrer

idioms:

• be fired with    brûler de (d'enthousiasme, etc)
• catch fire    prendre feu
• draw fire    attirer les foudres, offrir une cible au tir ennemi
• fire alarm    sirène d'incendie
• fire and brimstone    qui annonce l'auditoire des tourments de l'enfer (un sermon)
• fire away    allez y, tir à feu continu
• fire brigade    brigade de pompiers, pompiers
• fire control    contrôle d'incendie
• fire department    pompiers
• fire drill    exercice d'évacuation
• fire engine    voiture de pompiers
• fire escape    sortie de secours
• fire extinguisher    extincteur
• fire fighting    lutte contre l'incendie
• fire from the hip    parler sans réfléchir
• fire hydrant    borne à incendie, bouche d'incendie
• fire in the belly    (être) enthousiaste, (être) avide de
• fire irons    accessoires de cheminée
• fire off    (Mil) tirer, (fig) poser des (questions) à brûle-pourpoint
• fire sale    soldes surprise
• fire service    pompiers
• fire station    caserne de pompiers
• fire trap    piège (en cas d'incendie)
• fire truck    camion à incendie, camion de pompier
• fire up    gonfler (qn) à bloc
• hold fire    arrêter
• line of fire    ligne de feu
• on fire    brûler
• open fire    ouvrir le feu sur
• return fire    riposter
• set fire to    incendier
• set on fire    mettre feu à
• take fire    prendre feu
• under fire    essuyer le feu (de l'ennemi)

Deutsch (German)
n. - Feuer, Brand, Schießen, Ofen
v. - feuern, schießen, in Brand stecken, brennen, befeuern, abschießen, zünden, entflammen

idioms:

• be fired with    begeistert sein von
• catch fire    Feuer fangen
• draw fire    Feuer/Kritik auf sich ziehen
• fire alarm    Feueralarm, Feuermelder
• fire and brimstone    Höllen..., vom Höllenfeuer
• fire away    losschießen
• fire brigade    Feuerwehr
• fire control    Feuerleitung
• fire department    Feuerwehr
• fire drill    Feuerwehrübung
• fire engine    Feuerwehrfahrzeug
• fire escape    Feuertreppe
• fire extinguisher    Feuerlöscher
• fire fighting    Feuerbekämpfung
• fire from the hip    aus der Hüfte schießen
• fire hydrant    Feuerhydrant
• fire in the belly    Ehrgeiz
• fire irons    Besteck für den Ofen
• fire off    abfeuern
• fire sale    Ausverkauf
• fire service    Feuerwehr
• fire station    Feuerwache
• fire trap    Feuerfalle
• fire truck    Feuerwehrauto
• fire up    plötzlich Zorn zeigen
• hold fire    nicht schießen
• line of fire    Beschußlinie
• on fire    brennen
• open fire    beschießen
• return fire    zurückschießen
• set fire to    etwas anzünden, Brand stiften
• set on fire    etwas anzünden, anstecken
• take fire    (BrE) Feuer fangen, in Brand geraten
• under fire    unter Beschuß

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - φωτιά, πυρά, πυρκαγιά, (στρατ.) πυρ, βολές κατά στόχου, (μτφ.) φλόγα, ενθουσιασμός
v. - ανάβω, βάζω φωτιά, πυρπολώ, πυροβολώ, εκπυρσοκροτώ, πυροδοτώ, βάλλω, ρίχνω, εμπνέω, διεγείρω, ενθουσιάζω, αναφλέγω, απολύω, παύω
int. - (άρξασθε) πυρ!, φωτιά!

idioms:

• be fired with    φλέγομαι από
• be on fire    έχω πιάσει φωτιά, καίγομαι
• draw fire    συγκεντρώνω τα πυρά
• fire away    (αρχίζω να) πυροβολώ, αρχίζω
• fire brigade    πυροσβεστική υπηρεσία, πυροσβεστικό σώμα
• fire control    (στρατ.) κανονισμός βολής/πυρός
• fire department    πυροσβεστική (υπηρεσία)
• fire drill    άσκηση κατάσβεσης πυρκαγιάς
• fire engine    (όχημα) πυροσβεστική αντλία
• fire escape    έξοδος κινδύνου (πυρκαγιάς)
• fire extinguisher    πυροσβεστήρας
• fire fighting    κατάσβεση πυρκαγιάς
• fire hydrant    πυροσβεστικός κρουνός
• fire in the belly    επείγουσα ανάγκη
• fire irons    σιδερικά/σύνεργα τζακιού
• fire off    πυροβολώ, κάνω/πετώ ξαφνικά (π.χ. ερώτηση)
• fire sale    (οικον.) εκποίηση εμπορευμάτων που έχουν υποστεί βλάβη από πυρκαγιά
• fire service    πυροσβεστική υπηρεσία
• fire station    πυροσβεστικός σταθμός
• fire trap    επικίνδυνο κτίριο σε περίπτωση πυρκαγιάς (χωρίς έξοδο κινδύνου), "ποντικοπαγίδα"
• fire truck    (όχημα) πυροσβεστική αντλία
• fire up    φουντώνω, κορώνω, αρπάζομαι, εμπνέω φλόγα, φλογίζω (την ψυχή)
• hold fire    σταματώ να πυροβολώ
• line of fire    γραμμή του πυρός
• open fire on    ανοίγω πυρ κατά
• return fire    ανταποδίδω τα πυρά
• set fire to    βάζω φωτιά σε
• set on fire    βάζω φωτιά σε
• under fire    βαλλόμενος (από εχθρικά πυρά)

Italiano (Italian)
sparare, far fuoco, mettere alla porta, accendere, avviarsi, fuoco, falò, incendio, fervore, focolare, ardore, stufa

idioms:

• be fired with    entusiasmarsi per
• be on fire    essere in fiamme, essere eccitato
• catch fire    prendere fuoco
• draw fire    attirare su di sé l'attenzione del nemico
• fire away    criticare, attaccare
• fire brigade    vigili del fuoco
• fire control    controllo del tiro
• fire drill    esercitazione antincendio
• fire engine    pompa antincendio
• fire escape    uscita di sicurezza
• fire extinguisher    estintore
• fire fighting    spegnimento incendi, pompieraggio
• fire hydrant    idrante
• fire in the belly    eccitazione
• fire irons    attizzatoio
• fire off    sparare, scaricare, tirare
• fire sale    svendita
• fire service/department    servizio antincendio
• fire station    caserma dei pompieri
• fire trap    (edificio) che può prendere fuoco con facilità
• fire truck    autobotte dei pompieri
• hold fire    cessare il fuoco
• line of fire    prima linea
• open fire on    aprire il fuoco su
• return fire    rispondere al fuoco
• set fire to    incendiare, appiccare il fuoco a
• set on fire    appiccare il fuoco a, incendiare, dare fuoco a, dare alle fiamme
• under fire    sotto tiro

Português (Portuguese)
n. - fogo (m), tiro (m)
v. - incendiar, atirar (com arma de fogo), demitir
int. - Fogo!

idioms:

• be fired with    levar tiro com
• be on fire    estar em chamas
• catch fire    pegar fogo
• draw fire    atrair os tiros (ou a atenção)
• fire alarm    alarme (m) de incêndio
• fire and brimstone    inferno (m)
• fire away    começar a falar
• fire brigade    corpo (m) de bombeiros
• fire control    controle de incêndio
• fire drill    treinamento (m) de incêndio
• fire engine    carro (m) de bombeiros
• fire escape    escada (f) de incêndio
• fire extinguisher    extintor (m) de incêndio
• fire fighting    luta contra o fogo
• fire hydrant    hidrante (m)
• fire in the belly    frio na barriga
• fire irons    pá (f) e ferramentas (f pl) para remexer brasas
• fire off    atirar
• fire sale    liquidação (f)
• fire service/department    corpo (m) de bombeiros
• fire station    posto (m) de bombeiros
• fire trap    edifício (m) que pode incendiar-se facilmente
• fire truck    carro (m) de bombeiro
• fire up    acender fogo
• hold fire    controlar o fogo
• line of fire    linha (f) de fogo
• open fire on    abrir fogo contra (atirar)
• return fire    revidar
• set fire to    atear fogo
• set on fire    atear fogo
• under fire    sob fogo (militar)

Русский (Russian)
зажигать, стрелять, огонь, пожар, костер, нагреватель, камин, жар, огневой, вспышка

idioms:

• be fired with    воодушевиться
• be on fire    гореть
• catch fire    загораться, воспламенять
• draw fire    вызвать огонь противника, вызвать критику
• fire alarm    пожарная тревога
• fire and brimstone    угрожать огнем и жгучей серой
• fire away    валяй, выкладывай
• fire brigade    пожарная команда
• fire control    борьба с лесными пожарами, управление огнем
• fire drill    учебная пожарная тревога
• fire engine    пожарная машина
• fire escape    пожарная лестница
• fire extinguisher    огнетушитель
• fire fighting    тушение пожара
• fire hydrant    гидрант, пожарный кран
• fire in the belly    страстный, пылкий, мужественный
• fire irons    каминный прибор
• fire off    израсходовать, срочно отправить
• fire sale    распродажа вещей, оставшихся после пожара
• fire service/department    служба противопожарной охраны
• fire station    пожарная команда
• fire trap    здание, не приспособленное на случай пожара
• fire truck    пожарная машина
• fire up    внушить, вдохновить
• hold fire    не стрелять, не действовать
• line of fire    линия огня
• open fire on    открыть огонь
• return fire    вести ответный огонь
• set fire to    поджигать
• set on fire    поджигать
• under fire    под обстрелом

Español (Spanish)
n. - lumbre, fogata, fuego, incendio, fervor, afán, ardor, fuego de hogar, brío, ímpetu
v. tr. - disparar, tirar, lanzar, explotar, echar, despedir, encender, inflamar, quemar, prender fuego, arrancar
v. intr. - ponerse en marcha, encenderse, inflamarse, hacer fuego, disparar, enardecerse, excitarse, enojarse

idioms:

• be fired with    ser accionado por, funcionar con
• catch fire    prenderse, encenderse
• draw fire    constituir una meta, atraer el fuego
• fire alarm    alarma de incendios
• fire and brimstone    infernal, del fuego del infierno
• fire away    ¡adelante!, disparar constantemente
• fire brigade    cuerpo de bomberos
• fire control    extinción de incendios, control de fuego, conducción de tiro
• fire department    servicio de incendios, cuerpo de bomberos
• fire drill    simulacro de incendio
• fire engine    coche de bomberos
• fire escape    escalera de incendios, escalera de emergencia
• fire extinguisher    extintor, extinguidor
• fire fighting    extinción de incendios
• fire from the hip    disparar sin apuntar, no tener pelos en la lengua
• fire hydrant    hidrante, boca de incendio
• fire in the belly    enérgico, apasionado, entusiasta
• fire irons    accesorios para el hogar/la chimenea
• fire off    disparar en todas direcciones, soltar, lanzar ráfagas, despachar rápidamente
• fire sale    liquidación por incendio, liquidación
• fire service    servicio de incendios, cuerpo de bomberos
• fire station    parque de bomberos, cuartel de bomberos
• fire trap    edificio del que resulta difícil salir en caso de incendio
• fire truck    camión de bomberos
• fire up    mostrar repentino enojo
• hold fire    esperar la oportunidad adecuada, dejar de disparar
• line of fire    línea de fuego
• on fire    estar en llamas, arder, estar ardiendo
• open fire    romper el fuego, abrir fuego sobre, disparar contra
• return fire    responder el fuego
• set fire to    pegar fuego a, encender, incendiar
• set on fire    prender fuego a, incendiar
• take fire    tomar fuego
• under fire    bajo fuego, bajo metralla

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - eld (en), eld i eldstad, eldsvåda, skottlossning, glans, feber, lidelse (bildl.)
v. - avskjuta, antända, avskeda, steka, bränna (vet.med.), egga (bildl.), ge fyr, fatta eld, bli upprörd
int. - elden är lös!, eld! (mil.)

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
火, 闪光, 火灾, 点燃, 使发光, 烧制, 开枪, 着火, 射击

idioms:

• be fired with    受...的激励
• be on fire    着火
• catch fire    着火
• draw fire    吸引火力, 引起对方的射击
• fire alarm    火警, 警钟, 报火机
• fire and brimstone    地狱里的磨难
• fire away    继续开枪, 开始说话或做事
• fire brigade    消防队
• fire control    射击控制, 消防, 火力控制
• fire department    消防署, 消防署全体人员
• fire drill    消防训练, 消防演习, 火灾避难训练
• fire engine    消防车
• fire escape    防火梯
• fire extinguisher    灭火器
• fire fighting    消防工作, 消防
• fire from the hip    鲁莽行事, 轻举妄动, 信口开河
• fire hydrant    消防栓, 消防龙头
• fire in the belly    志向, 热情, 推动力
• fire irons    火炉用具
• fire off    开火, 开炮
• fire sale    火灾物品大拍卖
• fire service    消防署
• fire station    消防站
• fire trap    无太平门的建筑物, 易失火的建筑物
• fire truck    救火车
• fire up    生火, 突然发怒
• hold fire    不采取行动
• line of fire    射击线
• open fire on    向...开火
• return fire    还击
• set fire to    纵火烧
• set on fire    使燃烧, 使激动, 烧
• under fire    受攻击

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 火, 閃光, 火災
v. tr. - 點燃, 使發光, 燒制
v. intr. - 開槍, 著火, 射擊

idioms:

• be fired with    受...的激勵
• be on fire    著火
• catch fire    著火
• draw fire    吸引火力, 引起對方的射擊
• fire alarm    火警, 警鐘, 報火機
• fire and brimstone    地獄裡的磨難
• fire away    繼續開槍, 開始說話或做事
• fire brigade    消防隊
• fire control    射擊控制, 消防, 火力控制
• fire department    消防署, 消防署全體人員
• fire drill    消防訓練, 消防演習, 火災避難訓練
• fire engine    消防車
• fire escape    防火梯
• fire extinguisher    滅火器
• fire fighting    消防工作, 消防
• fire from the hip    魯莽行事, 輕舉妄動, 信口開河
• fire hydrant    消防栓, 消防龍頭
• fire in the belly    志向, 熱情, 推動力
• fire irons    火爐用具
• fire off    開火, 開炮
• fire sale    火災物品大拍賣
• fire service    消防署
• fire station    消防站
• fire trap    無太平門的建築物, 易失火的建築物
• fire truck    救火車
• fire up    生火, 突然發怒
• hold fire    不採取行動
• line of fire    射擊線
• open fire on    向...開火
• return fire    還擊
• set fire to    縱火燒
• set on fire    使燃燒, 使激動, 燒
• under fire    受攻擊

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 불, 화염, 화재, 발사, 흥분
v. tr. - 불을 지르다, 열중 시키다, 발사하다,, 파면하다,, 던지다,
v. intr. - 발포하다, 시동하다, 번쩍이다

idioms:

• be fired with    ~으로 동력화 하다
• be on fire    타고 있는
• catch fire    불붙다, 열광하다
• draw fire    ~의 공격을 초래하다
• fire away    탄약을 다 써버리다, 서슴없이 시작하다
• fire off    발포하다, 빠른 회신을 보내다
• fire up    (보일러 등에) 불을 떼다
• open fire on    사격을 개시하다, ~을 시작하다
• set fire to    ~에 불을 붙이다
• under fire    포화를 받고, 비난을 받고

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 火, 炎, たき火, かがり火, 射撃, 攻撃, 火事, 暖房装置, 熱狂
v. - 発射する, 発砲する, 火をつける, 解雇する, 浴びせる, 焼く, 燃えたたせる, 点火する, くべる, 刺激する

idioms:

• be fired with    燃え立たせる
• be on fire    火災を起こして, 興奮して
• fire alarm    火災警報, 火災報知器, 火災警報器
• fire and brimstone    火と硫黄, ちくしょう
• fire away    撃ち尽くす, 発砲し続ける, どんどん始める
• fire brigade    消防隊, 消防署
• fire control    射撃管制, 砲撃管制, 防火
• fire drill    消防訓練, 消防演習, 火鑽
• fire engine    消防車
• fire escape    火災避難装置
• fire extinguisher    消火器
• fire fighting    消火
• fire hydrant    消火栓
• fire in the belly    野心, 熱意
• fire irons    暖炉用鉄具
• fire off    発砲する, 発射する, 放つ
• fire sale    焼け残り品の特売
• fire service/department    消防署
• fire station    消防署
• fire trap    火災時に逃げ場のない建物
• fire truck    消防自動車
• fire up    火をつける, 燃え上がる, かっとなる
• irons in the fire    火中の鉄, なかなか手を出せない事
• set fire to    火をつける, 興奮させる
• set on fire    火をつける, 興奮させる

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) نار , غضب , إطلاق النار (فعل) ينير , يشعل , يقيل من الخدمه (نداء) للتخدير , نار‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮אש, שריפה, התלהבות, רגש עז, זוהר, להט, ירי, רגש, דימיון ער‬
v. tr. - ‮שרף, הבעיר, ירה, שילהב, פיטר, פוצץ‬
v. intr. - ‮התלהב, פוטר‬

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