Fixed point number usually allow only 8 bits (32 bit computing) of binary numbers for the fractional portion of the number which means many decimal numbers are recorded inaccurately. Floating Point numbers use exponents to shift the decimal point therefore they can store more accurate fractional values than fixed point numbers. However the CPU will have to perform extra arithmetic to read the number when stored in this format. Fixed point number usually allow only 8 bits (32 bit computing) of binary numbers for the fractional portion of the number which means many decimal numbers are recorded inaccurately. Floating Point numbers use exponents to shift the decimal point therefore they can store more accurate fractional values than fixed point numbers. However the CPU will have to perform extra arithmetic to read the number when stored in this format.

An arithmetic spiral is a spiral which increases in distance from its point of origin at a constant rate.

The advantages of integer arithmetic over floating point arithmetic is the absence of rounding errors. Rounding errors are an intrinsic aspect of floating point arithmetic, with the result that two or more floating point values cannot be compared for equality or inequality (or with other relational operators), as the exact same original value may be presented slightly differently by two or more floating point variables. Integer arithmetic does not show this symptom, and allows for simple and reliable comparison of numbers.

However, the disadvantage of integer arithmetic is the limited value range. While scaled arithmetic (also known as fixed point arithmetic) allows for integer-based computation with a finite number of decimals, the total value range of a floating point variable is much larger.

For example, a signed 32-bit integer variable can take values in the range -231..+231-1 (-2147483648..+2147483647), an IEEE 754 single precision floating point variable covers a value range of +/- 3.4028234 * 1038 in the same 32 bits.

Finite precision arithmetic, solve numeric errors by using the floating point.

An arithmetic sequence in one in which consecutive terms differ by a fixed amount,or equivalently, the next term can found by adding a fixed amount to the previous term.

Example of an arithmetic sequence: 2 7 12 17 22 ... Here the the fixed amount is 5.

I suppose any other type of sequence could be called non arithmetic, but I have not heard that expression before.

Another useful kind of sequence is called geometric which is analogous to arithmetic, but multiplication is used instead of addition, i.e. to get the next term, multiply the previous term by some fixed amount.

Example: 2 6 18 54 162 ... Here the muliplier is 3.