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Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr.
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia:
Florenz Ziegfeld |
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Oxford Companion to American Theatre:
Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr. |
Ziegfeld, Florenz, Jr. (1867–1932), producer. The most famous of all American showmen, still synonymous with glamour and opulence, he was born in Chicago, where his father ran a musical conservatory. As director of musical events for the 1893 Columbian Exposition, the elder Ziegfeld sent his son to Europe to secure talent. Instead of hiring distinguished musical figures, the young Ziegfeld signed on music‐hall performers and circus acts. In 1893 he also became manager of the strongman Eugene Sandow, and his promotion of the muscle man established his own name, too. Ziegfeld's first Broadway production was an 1896 revival of A Parlor Match, which featured his first wife, Anna Held. His subsequent productions, mostly vehicles for Held, were Papa's Wife (1899), The Little Duchess (1901), The Red Feather (1903), Mam'selle Napoleon (1903), Higgledy Piggledy (1904), and A Parisian Model (1906). Even in these early productions he began to earn a reputation for offering a chorus line of beautiful girls in sumptuous costumes. His next production was the Follies of 1907, which initiated the famous series called the Ziegfeld Follies. His other musical productions included The Soul Kiss (1908), Miss Innocence (1908), Over the River (1912), A Winsome Widow (1912), The Century Girl (1916), Miss 1917, Sally (1920), Kid Boots (1923), Annie Dear (1924), Louie the 14th (1925), No Foolin' (1926), Betsy (1926), Rio Rita (1927), Show Boat (1927), Rosalie (1928), The Three Musketeers (1928), Whoopee (1928), Show Girl (1929), Bitter Sweet (1929), Simple Simon (1930), Smiles (1930), a 1932 revival of Show Boat, and Hot‐Cha! (1932). Although he was often accused in his day of being indifferent to great comics or great show songs, his roster of brilliant clowns and the numerous still‐popular melodies that came from his shows belie the accusations. He also produced a number of nonmusical plays, including Rose Briar (1922) for his second wife, Billie Burke. Ziegfeld's personal extravagances were as well publicized as his shows—among them his penchant for sending long telegrams to people within reach of his phone. His productions were the costliest of their day and were praised not merely for their richness but for their tasteful visual beauty, especially those designed by Joseph Urban. The producer's excellences so overshadowed those of his associates in contemporary eyes that, for example, the original production of Show Boat was hailed by most critics as a Ziegfeld show and not a Kern or Hammerstein show. Writing of the earlier Sally, Alexander Woollcott concluded, “It is of none of these, not of Urban, nor Jerome Kern, not of Leon Errol, not even of Marilyn Miller that you think as you rush for the subway at ten minutes to midnight. You think of Mr. Ziegfeld. He is that kind of producer. There are not many of them in the world.” Through much of his career he was associated with two of New York's almost legendary theatres, the New Amsterdam, where most of his Follies played, and the Ziegfeld, which he opened in 1927. Biography: Ziegfeld, Charles Higham, 1972.
Gale Encyclopedia of Biography:
Florenz Ziegfeld |
Florenz Ziegfeld (1869-1932) developed the American musical revue and became a dominant force in musical theater in the early 20th century.
Florenz Ziegfeld was born in Chicago, III., on March 21, 1869. His father was a German musician of the old school who eventually became president of the Chicago Musical College. Young "Flo" found this dignified life too quiet. In his first venture into show business he managed Sandow, the strong man of the World's Columbian Exposition, in 1893. He next turned to theatrical management. In London in the 1890s he met the French beauty Anna Held and placed her under contract. Recognizing the American public's insatiable urge to know about the private lives of stars, he promoted Held into national attention with press releases describing her milk baths. He married her in 1897; they were divorced in 1913.
Ziegfeld's early musical productions enjoyed modest success; more important, he was perfecting his style. In 1906 The Parisian Model featured the beautiful girls and intricate though precise musical numbers that made him famous. That summer he visited Paris, and the Folies-Berge‧re became the model for his annual Ziegfeld Follies. Recognizing that the risqué elements of the Folies would be unacceptable in the United States, Ziegfeld substituted more displays of beautiful girls.
Few realized the future of the Ziegfeld Follies when it first opened in July 1907. Presented on the New York Theater roof, the Follies was an immediate success, and in September Ziegfeld moved it indoors. By 1910 others were beginning to copy his format, but no other revues had the precision, discipline, and homogeneity of the Ziegfeld Follies.
In 1915 Ziegfeld added an important element when he hired Joseph Urban as designer. Urban's sense of spectacle was perfectly suited to the Ziegfeld idea - beautiful girls, intricate numbers, lavish and artistic design. The Ziegfeld pattern was completed with stars: Fannie Brice, Marilyn Miller, Bert Williams, W. C. Fields, Eddie Cantor, Gilda Grey, Gallagher and Shean, and Will Rogers were under contract at one time or another. Ziegfeld had a sharp eye for talent. The first Follies had cost only $13,000 to produce; the preproduction costs of the 1927 Follies totaled nearly $300,000.
While continuing the Follies, Ziegfeld returned to musical comedy in 1920. Among his hits were Sally (1920), Show Boat and Rio Rita (both 1927), and Bitter Sweet (1929). Ziegfeld abandoned the Follies in 1927; by the time he returned to it in 1931, the magic was gone. He had lost some of his touch, and the mood of the country, deep in the Great Depression, had changed. He died on July 22, 1932, in Hollywood, Calif.
Further Reading
No definitive work on Ziegfeld has appeared, but Cecil Smith, Musical Comedy in America (1950), contains information about his career.
Additional Sources
Ziegfeld, Richard E., The Ziegfeld touch: the life and times of Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr., New York: H.N. Abrams, 1993.
Houghton Mifflin Companion to US History:
Ziegfeld, Florenz |
(1867?-1932), theatrical producer and creator of The Ziegfeld Follies. As the master showman of the early twentieth century, Ziegfeld brought a unique and sophisticated style, taste, and extravagance to the theater, popularizing a new form of entertainment called the revue.
Perhaps in reaction to his strict father's classical music career, Ziegfeld entered show business as a producer of variety entertainments, such as "dancing ducks" and later "Sandow, the Strongman." But not until his production of A Parlor Match, with French performer Anna Held, did Ziegfeld demonstrate his talent as an impresario by using beautiful women, lavish costumes, and elaborate scenery to create spectacle. Ziegfeld staged A Parlor Match so that the production emphasized Held's beauty and risqué charm; although she appeared in only one scene, she became the star of the show. Ziegfeld entered into a common law marriage with Held soon after this success; they divorced in 1912. Later he married Billie Burke, a musical comedy star who appeared as Glenda, the good witch, in the film The Wizard of Oz.
As a result of the success of A Parlor Match, the producing firm of Klaw and Erlanger approached Ziegfeld to mount a light musical entertainment for the summer season. He devised a show that combined European style with American topical humor. The result, The Follies of 1907, was so successful that Ziegfeld produced the show annually, eventually calling it The Ziegfeld Follies.
Twenty-one editions of the Follies were staged. Over the years, the productions developed from a modest topical review of current events with a chorus of women, staged during the slack summer season, to a complex spectacular presentation, lavish in style and grand in scale, serving as the regular season's premiere entertainment. In a two-act presentation of twenty-three scenes, Ziegfeld blended comedy sketches, dances, and specialty acts with costly costumes and innovative scenery into a carefully crafted production that emphasized the beauty of the sixty-woman chorus--the Follies' most noted feature. The shows were kaleidoscopic, for Ziegfeld was a master at blending these elements into an organic, spectacular whole. Called the "Great Glorifier," Ziegfeld created a theatrical environment in which the chorus as well as the featured performers, such as Fanny Brice, Will Rogers, W. C. Fields, and Eddie Cantor, assumed a special and heightened star status.
Because of the Follies' emphases on opulence, spectacle, and beauty, the shows embodied the values of an America imbued with the notion of prosperity and the American Dream. Significantly, the names of the elite who attended on opening nights--the Vanderbilts, the Rockefellers, the Guggenheims, show business celebrities--were mentioned in newspaper reviews of the shows.
The Follies also represented the height of American show business, for Ziegfeld did not let financial considerations impinge upon artistic ones in the creation of his personal theatrical vision. With his death in 1932, at the height of the depression, the American theater lost not only a great showman but a form of entertainment never matched or duplicated since.
Bibliography:
Randolf Carter, The World of Flo Ziegfeld (1962); Charles Higham, Ziegfeld (1972).
Author:
Geraldine Maschio
See also Musical Theater.
Columbia Encyclopedia:
Florenz Ziegfeld |
Ziegfeld, Florenz (flôr'ənz zēg'fĕld), 1869-1932, American theatrical producer, b. Chicago. The talent manager son of a German immigrant, in 1907 he first produced the Ziegfeld Follies, for 24 years an annual revue famous for its extraordinarily elaborate staging, variety of performers, and chorus line of beautiful women. Anna Held, Billie Burke, Fanny Brice, Eddie Cantor, Will Rogers, and W. C. Fields were among his stars. His other spectacular productions included Sally, Rio Rita, Rosalie, Show Boat, and Bitter Sweet. He was married to Anna Held from 1897 to 1913 and in 1914 married Billie Burke.
Bibliography
See biographies by C. Higham (1972) and E. Mordden (2008); M. Farnsworth, The Ziegfeld Follies (1956).
Houghton Mifflin Chronology of US Literature:
Works by Florenz Ziegfeld Jr |
(1867-1932)
| 1907 | Follies of 1907. The producer initiates the first in an annual series of stage extravaganzas that would continue until 1925. Each features a chorus line of beautiful girls in sumptuous costumes and the leading musical and comic performers of the day, including Fanny Brice, Eddie Cantor, W. C. Fields, Will Rogers, and many others. |
Wikipedia on Answers.com:
Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr. |
| Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr. | |
|---|---|
 Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr. |
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| Born | March 21, 1867 Chicago, Illinois |
| Died | July 22, 1932 (aged 65) Hollywood, Los Angeles, California |
| Spouse | Billie Burke (1914-1932) |
| Partner | Anna Held (1897-1913) |
Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr. (March 21, 1867 – July 22, 1932), (sometimes also called "Flo" Ziegfeld), was an American Broadway impresario, notable for his series of theatrical revues, the Ziegfeld Follies (1907–1931), inspired by the Folies Bergère of Paris. He also produced the musical Show Boat. He was known as the "glorifier of the American girl".[1]
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Contents
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Early life and career
Ziegfeld was born in Chicago, Illinois, in 1867. (Some sources, including his obituary, give the year of birth as 1869.) His mother, Rosalie (née de Hez), who was born in Belgium, was the grand niece of General Count Étienne Maurice Gérard. His father, Florenz Ziegfeld, Sr., was a German immigrant whose father was the mayor of Jever in Friesland. Ziegfeld, Jr., was baptized in his mother's Catholic church (his father was Lutheran).[2] Ziegfeld, Jr.'s father ran the Chicago Musical College and later opened a nightclub, the Trocadero, to obtain business from the 1893 World's Fair.[3] To help his father's unsuccessful nightclub, Ziegfeld, Jr., hired and managed the strongman, Eugen Sandow.[3][4]
His stage spectaculars, known as the Ziegfeld Follies, began with Follies of 1907, which opened on July 7, 1907,[5] and were produced annually until 1931.[6] These extravaganzas, with elaborate costumes and sets, featured beauties chosen personally by Ziegfeld in production numbers choreographed to the works of prominent composers such as Irving Berlin, George Gershwin and Jerome Kern.[1] The Follies featured many performers who, though well-known from previous work in other theatrical genres, achieved unique financial success and publicity with Ziegfeld. Included among these are Nora Bayes, Fanny Brice, Ruth Etting, W. C. Fields, Eddie Cantor, Marilyn Miller, Will Rogers, Bert Williams and Ann Pennington.[6]
His promotion of the Polish-French Anna Held, including press releases about her milk baths, brought her fame.[7] Ziegfeld helped oversee her meteoric rise to national fame. It was Held who first suggested an American imitation of the Parisian Follies to Ziegfeld.[3][8] Her success in a series of his Broadway shows, especially The Parisian Model, was a major reason for his starting the "series of lavish revues in 1907", the Ziegfeld Follies.[9]
Ziegfeld married Held in 1897, but she divorced him in 1913, according to her obituary in The New York Times dated August 13, 1918.[10][11] However, according to Eve Golden, Held and Ziegfeld had never actually married, but had an "informal" wedding in 1897, and they had lived together long enough to "qualify as legal man and wife". Held's divorce from Ziegfeld became final on January 9, 1913. Held had submitted testimony about Ziegfeld's relationship with another woman.[12] The unnamed party in this romantic triangle was showgirl, Lillian Lorraine. Ziegfeld had discovered Lorraine, an entertainer of limited talent but charismatic stage presence and beauty, in 1907 when she was but fifteen years old and a minor performer in a Shubert production, The Tourists. He spent the next years promoting her career, rocketing her into an ascendance, which made her one of the most popular attractions in his Follies. [13] By 1911, Ziegfeld had established Lorraine in an apartment in the opulent Ansonia residential hotel, located but two floors directly above the residence he shared with Anna Held. Author Lee Davis in his book, "Scandals and Follies," writes that: “By 1911, [Ziegfeld] was insanely in love with Lillian Lorraine and would remain so, to one degree or another, for the rest of his life, despite her erratic, irresponsible, often senseless behavior, her multiple marriages to other men, his own two marriages and his need for all his adult life to sleep with the best of the beauties he hired.” [14]
The following year, Ziegfeld married actress Billie Burke,[3][9] who in 1939 would go on to play Glinda in The Wizard of Oz. They had one child, Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson (1916 – 2008). The family lived on his estate in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York, and Palm Beach, Florida.[15]
Ziegfeld Theatre and Show Boat
At a cost of $2.5 million, he built the 1600-seat Ziegfeld Theatre on the west side of Sixth Avenue between 54th and 55th Streets. Designed by Joseph Urban and Thomas W. Lamb, the auditorium was egg-shaped with the stage at the narrow end. A huge medieval-style mural, The Joy of Life, covered the walls and ceiling.[16] To finance the construction, Ziegfeld borrowed from William Randolph Hearst,[17] who took control of the theater after Ziegfeld's death.
The Ziegfeld Theatre opened in February 1927, with his production of Rio Rita, which ran for almost 500 performances. This was followed by Show Boat,[9] which had the "largest advance ticket sale up to that time" and became a "substantial hit."[18] "When the stunned opening night audience reacted to the show in near silence, Ziegfeld was convinced his gamble had failed. The rave reviews in the papers and long lines at the box office the next morning proved otherwise."[3] It was a great success, with a run of 572 performances.[3] In May 1932, after Ziegfeld lost much of his money in the stock market crash, he staged a revival of Show Boat. "By Depression standards, it was a hit." It ran for six months.[19] That same year, he brought his Follies stars to CBS Radio with The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air.[20]
Film
Screen versions of three of Ziegfeld's hit stage musicals were produced in the early sound film era: Sally (First National, 1929) starring Marilyn Miller;[21] Rio Rita (RKO, 1929) starring Bebe Daniels and John Boles;[22] and Whoopee! (Goldwyn, 1930) starring Eddie Cantor.[21] All were filmed in Technicolor and closely followed the original stage productions, although Whoopee! featured an almost entirely new score with only three of the songs from the stage used. Whoopee! was made under Ziegfeld's personal supervision, with Ziegfeld as a producer with Samuel Goldwyn.[23]
Show Boat was filmed three times. The first version, a part-talkie released in 1929 while the stage show was still playing, is more closely based on the source novel than the stage play. It kept only one song from the stage musical, "Ol' Man River".[24] Nevertheless, Ziegfeld appeared in a sound prologue made to be shown before the actual film.
Two more film versions of Show Boat were made after Ziegfeld's death which were more faithful to the stage musical. The acclaimed 1936 film version featured many who had appeared in the stage show, including Helen Morgan and Irene Dunne.[25] The 1951 Technicolor film, features a more abbreviated plot but includes almost all of the original songs. It stars Kathryn Grayson, Ava Gardner, and Howard Keel as Magnolia, Julie and Ravenal, respectively.
A semi-biographical film, The Great Ziegfeld, was produced in 1936.[26][27] A film recreating the Follies with an all-star cast, Ziegfeld Follies, was produced in 1946. Both were made by MGM and featured William Powell as Ziegfeld.[27]
A 3-hour made-for-television film, Ziegfeld: The Man and His Women, starring Paul Shenar as Ziegfeld, Samantha Eggar as Billie Burke and Barbara Parkins as Anna Held, was produced by Columbia Pictures and shown on NBC in 1978.[27][28]
Death
Ziegfeld died in Hollywood, California on July 22, 1932. The cause was pleurisy, related to a previous lung infection.[1] He had been in Los Angeles only a few days after moving from a New Mexico sanitarium.[1] His death left Burke with substantial debts, driving her toward film acting in an effort to settle them.[17] He is interred in Kensico Cemetery in Valhalla, Westchester Co., New York.
Broadway productions
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Further reading
- Redniss, Lauren, Century Girl: 100 Years in the Life of Doris Eaton Travis, Last Living Star of the Ziegfeld Follies, New York, Harper Collins, 2006, ISBN 9780060853334.
References
- ^ a b c d "Florenz Ziegfeld Dies in Hollywood After Long Illness". New York Times. July 23, 1932. http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0321.html. Retrieved 2009-02-19. "Florenz Ziegfeld, musical comedy producer, died tonight at a hospital here. Death came at 10:31 P.M., after an unexpected setback that developed only tonight. Only Dr. Marcus Radwin, attending physician, and a nurse were in the room when the producer died."
- ^ [1]
- ^ a b c d e f Kenrick, John. "Florenz Ziegfeld:A Biography" Musicals101, (Copyright 2002-2004), accessed January 13, 2011
- ^ [2]
- ^ Vlastnik, Frank; Bloom, Ken. "Ziegfeld Follies of 1919" Broadway Musicals: The 101 Greatest Shows of All Time, Black Dog Publishing, 2010, ISBN 1579128491, p. 332
- ^ a b Green, Stanley. "Florenz Ziegfeld" Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre, Da Capo Press, 1980, ISBN 0306801132, pp. 463-464
- ^ Van Dagens, Margaret. "Book review, Anna Held And The Birth Of Ziegfeld's Broadway by Eve Golden, University Press of Kentucky" New York Times, May 14, 2000
- ^ Cambridge Guide to the American Theatre, (New York: Cambridge UP, 1995) p. 511
- ^ a b c "Florenz Ziegfeld biography" pbs.org, accessed January 13, 2011
- ^ "Anna Held Dies After Brave Fight" New York Times, August 13, 1918
- ^ "Anna Held Dies After Brave Fight" New York Times, article preview, August 13, 1918
- ^ Golden, Eve "Chapter: The Unchastened Woman" Anna Held and the Birth of Ziegfeld's Broadway, University Press of Kentucky, 2000, ISBN 0813121531, p. 160-161
- ^ Hanson, Nils, "Lillian Lorraine, The Life and Times of a Ziegfeld Diva," MacFarland & Company Publishers, 2011, p. 18-19
- ^ Hanson, Nils, "Lillian Lorraine, The Life and Times of a Ziegfeld Diva," MacFarland & Company Publishers, 2011, p. 63
- ^ "Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson, Daughter of Legendary Broadway Impresario". Jazz News. 2008-04-25. http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/news.php?id=18104. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
- ^ Innes, C.D. "Chapter: Stage and Screen" Designing modern America: Broadway to main street, Yale University Press, 2005, ISBN 0300108044, pp.60-62
- ^ a b Hayter-Menzies, Grant. "Chapter 18. The Great Ziegfeld" Mrs. Ziegfeld: The Public and Private Lives of Billie Burke McFarland, 2009, ISBN 0786438002, p. 114, 159
- ^ Green, Stanley. "Chapter:Jerome Kern" The World of Musical Comedy (4ed.), Da Capo Press, 1984, ISBN 0306802074, p. 62
- ^ Jones, John Bush. "The Depression Hits Broadway" Our Musicals, Ourselves:A Social History of the American Musical Theater, UPNE, 2003, ISBN 0874519047, p. 82
- ^ Dunning, John.On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-19-507678-8
- ^ a b "NY Times: Sally". NY Times. http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/108722/Sally/details. Retrieved 2011-01-13.
- ^ "'Rio Rita' Overview, Review, Cast, Production Credits, Awards" allmovie.com, accessed January 13, 2011
- ^ Bradley, Edwin M. "'Whoopee!'; Chapter 7, 1929-1939, 'Rio Rita'" The First Hollywood Musicals: A Critical Filmography of 171, McFarland, 2004, ISBN 0786420294, pp. 114-115; 173-175
- ^ "'Show Boat', 1929, Overview, Cast, Production Credits allmovie.com, accessed January 13, 2011
- ^ "'Show Boat', 1936, Overview, Review, Cast, Production Credits, Awards" allmovie.com, accessed January 13, 2011
- ^ "'The Great Ziegfeld' Overview, Review, Cast, Production Credits, Awards" allmovie.com, accessed January 13, 2011
- ^ a b c Vogel, Michelle. "Chapter: Rags to Riches" Olive Thomas: The Life and Death of a Silent Film Beauty, McFarland, 2007, ISBN 0786429089, p. 23
- ^ Berard, Jeanette M.; Corwin, Norman; Englund, Klaudia. "Specials" Television Series and Specials Scripts, McFarland, 2009, ISBN 0786433485, p. 425
- ^ Kenrick, John. Ziegfeld's Broadway Productions" Musicals101, accessed January 13, 2011
External links
- Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr. at the Internet Broadway Database
- Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr. at the Internet Movie Database
- Ziegfeld biography by John Kenrick
- Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr. at Find a Grave
- Portrait of Ziegfeld and his wife Billie Burke
- Flo Ziegfeld-Billie Burke Papers, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.
- "Ziegfeld Follies" movie trailer (1936) video clip
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- Sally, musical in 3 acts (ballet music by V.Herbert) (Classical Work)
- Mae West
- 1893 (chronology)
- Paul Shenar
- Glorifying the American Girl
- Rio Rita (1929 film)
- Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson
- The Great Ziegfeld
- Billie Burke
- List of biographical films