folly

Rotunda at Stowe Garden (1730-38)

Broadway Tower, Worcestershire, England

In architecture, a folly is a building constructed strictly as a decoration, having none of the usual purposes of housing or sheltering associated with a conventional structure. In the 18th century English gardens and French landscape gardening often featured Roman temples, which symbolized classical virtues or ideals. Other 18th century garden follies represented Chinese temples, Egyptian pyramids, ruined abbeys, or Tatar tents, to represent different continents or historical eras. Sometimes they represented rustic villages, mills and cottages, to symbolize rural virtues.^[1] "Folly" is used in the sense of fun or light-heartedness, not in the sense of something ill-advised.

Characteristics

Castle Oliver Folly, Ireland

The concept of the folly is somewhat ambiguous, but they generally have the following properties:

• They are buildings, or parts of buildings. Thus they are distinguished from other garden ornaments such as sculpture.
• They have no purpose other than as an ornament. Often they have some of the appearance of a building constructed for a particular purpose, but this appearance is a sham.
• They are purpose-built. Follies are deliberately built as ornaments.
• They are often eccentric in design or construction. This is not strictly necessary; however, it is common for these structures to call attention to themselves through unusual details or form.
• There is often an element of fakery in their construction. The canonical example of this is the sham ruin: a folly which pretends to be the remains of an old building but which was in fact constructed in that state.

Related types

The Bory Castle in Székesfehérvár, Hungary

Follies fall within the general realm of fanciful and impractical architecture, and whether a particular structure is a folly is sometimes a matter of opinion. However, there are several types which are related but which can be distinguished from follies.

• Fantasy and novelty buildings are essentially the converse of follies. Follies often look like real, usable buildings, but never are; novelty buildings are usable, but have fantastic shapes. The many American shops and water towers in the shapes of commonplace items, for example, are not properly follies.

• Eccentric structures may resemble follies, but the mere presence of eccentricity is not proof that a building is a folly. Many mansions and castles are quite eccentric, but being purpose-built to be used as residences, they are not properly follies.

• Some structures are popularly referred to as "follies" because they failed to fulfill their intended use. Their design and construction may be foolish, but in the architectural sense, they are not follies.

• Visionary art structures frequently blur the line between artwork and folly, if only because it is rather often hard to tell what intent the artist had. The word "folly" carries the connotation that there is something frivolous about the builder's intent, and it is hard to say whether a structure like the Watts Towers was constructed "seriously". Some works (such as the massive complex by Ferdinand Cheval) are considered as follies because they are in the form of useful buildings, but are plainly constructions of extreme and intentional impracticality.

• Amusement parks, fairgrounds, and expositions often have fantastical buildings and structures. Some of these are follies, and some are not; the distinction, again, comes in their usage. Shops, restaurants, and other amusements are often housed in strikingly odd and eccentric structures, but these are not follies. On the other hand, fake structures which serve no other purpose than decoration are also common, and these are follies.

History

Swallow's Nest near Yalta, Crimea, Ukraine (1912)

Black Castle Public House, Bristol, England

Follies began as decorative accents on the great estates of the late 16th and early 17th centuries but they flourished especially in the two centuries which followed. Many estates were blessed with picturesque ruins of monastic houses and (in Italy) Roman villas; others, lacking such buildings, constructed their own sham versions of these romantic structures. Such structures were often dubbed "[name of architect or builder]'s Folly", after the single individual who commissioned or designed the project. However, very few follies are completely without a practical purpose. Apart from their decorative aspect, many originally had a use which was lost later, such as hunting towers. Follies are misunderstood structures, according to The Folly Fellowship, a charity that exists to celebrate the history and splendour of these often neglected buildings.

Follies in 18th Century French and English Gardens

Temple d'amour created for Marie Antoinette and the Jardin de la reine at Versailles

Marie Antoinette's idyllic "hameau de la reine" at Versailles

Follies (FR: fabriques) were an important feature of the English garden and French landscape garden in the 18th century, such as Stowe and Stourhead in England and Ermenonville and the gardens of Versailles in France. They were usually in the form of Roman temples, ruined Gothic abbeys, or Egyptian pyramids. In France they sometimes took the form of romantic farmhouses, mills and cottages, as in Marie Antoinette's Hameau de la Reine at Versailles. Sometimes they were copied from landscape paintings by painters such as Claude Lorrain and Hubert Robert. Often they had symbolic importance, illustrating the virtues of ancient Rome, or the virtues of country life. The temple of philosophy at Ermenonville, left unfinished, symbolized that knowledge would never be complete, while the temple of modern virtues at Stowe was deliberately ruined, to show the decay of contemporary morals.

Later in the 18th century, the follies became more exotic, representing other parts of the world- they included Chinese pagodas, Japanese bridges, and Tatar tents. ^[2].

Famine Follies

The Irish Potato Famine of 1845-49 led to the building of several follies. The society of the day held that reward without labour was misguided. However, to hire the needy for work on useful projects would deprive existing workers of their jobs. Thus, construction projects termed "famine follies" came to be built. These include: roads in the middle of nowhere, between two seemingly random points; screen and estate walls; piers in the middle of bogs; etc.^[3]

Examples

Follies are found world-wide, but they are particularly abundant in Great Britain. See also Category:Folly buildings.

Lucy the Elephant in Margate City, New Jersey, USA

France

• Désert de Retz, folly garden in Chambourcy near Paris, France (18th century)
• Parc de la Villette in Paris has a number of modern follies by architect Bernard Tschumi.
• Ferdinand Cheval in Châteauneuf-de-Galaure, built what he called an Ideal Palace, seen as an example of naive architecture.

Hungary

• Bory Castle at Székesfehérvár
• Taródi Castle at Sopron
• Vajdahunyad vára in the City Park of Budapest

India

Wainhouse Tower, Halifax, from Wainhouse Terrace

• Overbury's Folly, Thalassery, Kerala

Ireland

• Carden's Folly
• Casino at Marino
• Conolly's Folly
• Larchill in County Kildare, with several follies
• St Anne's Park, which contains a number of follies
• The Wonderful Barn

Italy

• The Bomarzo Gardens

Russia

• Ruined towers in Peterhof, Tsarskoe Selo, Gatchina, and Tsaritsino
• Creaking Pagoda and Chinese Village in Tsarskoe Selo
• Dutch Admiralty in Tsarskoe Selo

Ukraine

• Swallow's Nest near Yalta

United Kingdom

Rushton Triangular Lodge, Northamptonshire, England, built in the late 16th century to symbolise the Holy Trinity

• Ashton Memorial, Lancaster, England
• Beckford's Tower, Somerset, England
• Broadway Tower, The Cotswolds, England
• Bettisons Folly, Hornsea, England
• Black Castle Public House, Bristol, England
• The Cage at Lyme Park, Cheshire, England

Wimpole's Folly, Cambridgeshire, England, built in the 1700s to resemble Gothic-era ruins

• The Castle at Roundhay Park, Leeds, England
• Clavell Tower, Dorset, England
• Clytha Castle Monmouthshire
• The Caldwell Tower, Lugton, Renfrewshire, Scotland.
• Dunmore Pineapple, Falkirk, Scotland
• Faringdon Folly, Faringdon, Oxfordshire
• Flounder's Folly, Shropshire, England
• The Folly Tower at Pontypool, Wales
• Fonthill Abbey, Wiltshire, England
• Fort Belvedere, Surrey, England
• Freston Tower, near Ipswich, Suffolk
• Gothic Tower at Goldney Hall, Bristol
• The Great Pagoda at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London¨
• Gwrych Castle, one of Europe's largest follies, Abergele, North Wales
• Hadlow Tower, Hadlow, Kent, England
• Hawkstone Park, follies and gardens in Shropshire, England
• Hume Castle. Berwickshire, Scotland
• Horton Tower, Dorset, England
• King Alfred's Tower, Stourhead, Wiltshire, England
• Mow Cop Castle, Cheshire, England
• National Monument, Edinburgh, Scotland

Bishop Castle, Colorado, USA,

• Old John, Bradgate Park, Leicestershire, England
• Penshaw Monument, Penshaw, Sunderland, England
• Perrott's Folly, Birmingham, England
• Pope's Grotto, Twickenham, south west London, England.
• Portmeirion, Wales
• The Ruined Arch at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London
• Rushton Triangular Lodge, Northamptonshire (16th century)
• Severndroog Castle, Shooter's Hill, south-east London
• Stowe School has several follies in the grounds
• Sway Tower, New Forest, England
• Tattingstone Wonder, near Ipswich, Suffolk
• The Temple near Castle Semple Loch, Renfrewshire, Scotland.
• Wainhouse tower, the tallest folly in the world, Halifax, England
• Wentworth Follies, Wentworth, South Yorkshire
• Williamson's tunnels, probably the largest underground folly in the world, Liverpool, England
• McCaig's Tower, Oban, Argyle and Bute, Scotland.

United States

• Belvedere Castle, New York City
• Lawson Tower, Scituate, Massachusetts
• Lucy the Elephant, Margate City, New Jersey
• Bishop Castle, outside of Pueblo, Colorado
• Körner's Folly, Kernersville, North Carolina

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Follies

• Category:Folly buildings
• Grotto
• Folly Fellowship
• Novelty architecture
• Boondoggle

Sources and Citations

External links

• The Folly Fellowship- An organization which celebrates architectural follies
• Follies in the English Landscape
• Follies and Monuments - A comprehensive catalogue of Follies within the UK
• Images of follies on Odd-stuff!
• [1] - stylish blog of modern follies around the world

Bibliography

• Barton, Stuart Monumental Follies Lyle Publications, 1972
• Folly Fellowship, The Follies Magazine, published quarterly
• Folly Fellowship, The Follies Journal, published annually
• Folly Fellowship, The Foll-e, an electronic bulletin published monthly and available free to all
• Hatt, E. M. Follies National Benzole, London 1963
• Headley, Gwyn & Meulenkamp, Wim, Follies Grottoes & Garden Buildings, Aurum Press, London 1999
• Headley, Gwyn Architectural Follies in America, John Wiley & Sons, New York 1996
• Headley, Gwyn & Meulenkamp, Wim, Follies — A Guide to Rogue Architecture, Jonathan Cape, London 1990
• Headley, Gwyn & Meulenkamp, Wim, Follies — A National Trust Guide, Jonathan Cape, London 1986
• Howley, James The Follies and Garden Buildings of Ireland Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 1993
• Jackson, Hazelle Shellhouses and Grottoes, Shire Books, England, 2001
• Jones, Barbara Follies & Grottoes Constable, London 1953 & 1974
• Meulenkamp, Wim Follies — Bizarre Bouwwerken in Nederland en België, Arbeiderpers, Amsterdam, 1995
• Barlow, Nick et al Follies of Europe, Garden Art Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1870673563