Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor

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Francis II (1768-1835) reigned as the last Holy Roman emperor from 1792 to 1806. As Francis I, he was emperor of Austria from 1804 to 1835. During his reign Austria became the principal bastion of European reaction.

Born in Florence on Feb. 12, 1768, Francis was the eldest son of Grand Duke Leopold of Tuscany. As his uncle Emperor Joseph II had no heirs, Leopold had been designated as his successor; and since Francis thus would someday succeed to the imperial throne, he was educated accordingly. At the age of 16, he was sent to Vienna, where Joseph himself supervised his introduction to the art of government. In 1789 he was given nominal command of the Austrian armies fighting against the Turks in the Balkans, but he showed no remarkable aptitude for military leadership.

In 1790 Leopold succeeded Joseph as emperor, and Francis began a long apprenticeship in which he was gradually to share equally in governing the empire. These plans were upset when Leopold died very suddenly on March 1, 1792, and Francis found himself elevated to the throne. In spite of his careful preparation for his responsibilities, he was neither remarkably mature nor very confident that he was equal to his task.

Conflict with France

Francis inherited an uncommonly difficult situation. In foreign affairs the Treaty of Pillnitz, which his father had negotiated with Austria's old antagonist Prussia just before his death, made war with revolutionary France likely, if not inevitable. Indeed, France declared war on the two German powers in April, beginning a struggle which, with some interruptions, would last over 2 decades and which would reveal the weakness of the Austrian monarchy. In the first phase the Austrians, after bungling the opportunity to inflict a rapid and decisive defeat on a still-disorganized France, suffered defeat on all fronts and lost all their Italian territories south of the Adige. The loss was only somewhat counterbalanced by Austria's share in the Third Partition of Poland (1795).

After Napoleon came to power in France, Francis attempted to muster patriotism to counter French pressure by proclaiming himself emperor of Austria in 1804. The attempt was a flat failure, but it did result in the preservation of an imperial title for the Hapsburgs after 1806, when under French pressure Francis agreed to the dissolution of the ancient Holy Roman Empire. Meanwhile, further defeats by France had resulted in the loss of Venetia, the Tirol, and Anterior Austria. Francis sought to rectify the losses by fighting Napoleon in 1809. Again the results were catastrophic, for not only were the Austrians defeated, but Napoleon entered Vienna. Francis was constrained to give Napoleon his daughter Marie Louise in marriage and to supply an auxiliary corps for Napoleon's 1812 invasion of Russia. Only after Napoleon's defeat there did Francis draw back from this enforced alliance and join the great coalition against Napoleon in 1813.

Growing Conservatism

By the time the French had finally been defeated and the powers gathered in Vienna to make the peace (1815), Francis had had his fill of French radicalism. In internal affairs, too, he had moved steadily toward a more conservative pattern. His father had convinced him that the reforms of Joseph II were dangerous because they weakened the existing institutions of the monarchy; Leopold, however, had not lived long enough to establish the validity of his own, more restrained, but nevertheless enlightened system. Moreover, an Austrian Jacobin conspiracy had been discovered in 1794; it amounted to little, but it helped to convince Francis that French radicalism was an article for export, to be feared as much as French armies.

By the time of the Congress of Vienna, then, Francis believed that orderly society could be preserved only if France was permanently restrained from extending its influence beyond its borders and, more important, if political radicalism was stamped out wherever it appeared. In this belief he was reinforced by his brilliant chief minister, Prince Metternich. So, the last 2 decades of Francis' reign saw Austria, in association with Prussia and Russia, solidly lined up behind a policy devoted to the preservation of the status quo and to political reaction. This policy was formalized by the Carlsbad Decrees of 1819 and resulted in Austrian intervention to put down revolutions on several occasions.

Internally also, repression was the rule. Censorship was more strictly applied than at any time during the last three reigns, the peasantry continued to be oppressed by the great landowners, and every attempt by the various nationalities to assert themselves in any way was either suppressed or stifled in bureaucratic delay and inefficiency. Francis died in Vienna on March 2, 1835, leaving a feebleminded son, Ferdinand, to preside over this rickety structure.

Further Reading

A biography of Francis II is Walter Consuelo Langsam, Francis the Good: The Education of an Emperor, 1768-1792 (1949). He is discussed in Carlile Aylmer Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 1790-1918 (1969).

Francis II (Holy Roman Empire) (1768–1835; ruled 1792–1806). As Holy Roman emperor (1792–1806), emperor of Austria (1804–1835), and king of Hungary and king of Bohemia (1792–1835), Francis has a bad press among historians. He is mostly associated with the Metternichian system after the fall of Napoleon in 1815, when Klemens von Metternich (1773–1859), his chancellor, created an international system aimed at inhibiting governmental change and preserving the monarchical structure of European countries.

Francis's reign can be divided into two parts, from 1792 to 1815, when Austria (and many other countries) struggled against the French Revolution and Napoleon, and from 1815 to 1835 when Metternich held sway. In both halves Francis is usually overshadowed (in historical works) by the men around him. In the first half, attention focuses on his brother and one of the rare military talents of the Habsburg Monarchy, the Archduke Charles, and on various advisers like Baron Johann Maria Thugut or Count Philip Stadion. In the latter part of the first half and in the entire second half of his reign, the center of scholarly attention is Metternich. Hovering over both is the overwhelming personality of Napoleon. Francis himself comes across as a stolid, mediocre, prosaic man in the background, fearful of allowing too much freedom to anyone, whether peasant or minister.

In his pre-emperor days, Francis spent much time with his uncle, Emperor Joseph II (co-regent 1765–1780; ruled 1780–1790), the great reformer. Joseph was not satisfied with his tutee's stubborn streaks and apparent lack of imagination but did admire his basic sense of justice and fairness. When Joseph died in 1790, Francis's father Leopold, a ruler considerably admired by historians, came to the throne, but Leopold only lived until 1792 when, upon his death, his eldest son, Francis, succeeded him.

Without doubt the overwhelming problem facing Francis from 1792 to 1815 was the French Revolution and Napoleon I (1769–1821). The first war of the French Revolution began just after Francis became ruler and, like all but the last, ended in Austria's defeat and cession of territory and influence. In the campaigns in Italy fought between Austria and France, the young general Napoleon Bonaparte achieved remarkable victories and in 1797 forced the Austrians to agree to the Treaty of Campo Formio, by which Austria gave up Belgium and agreed to French domination of the left bank of the Rhine River.

Further wars with Napoleon followed rapidly. The second began in 1799 and ended in 1801 with another Austrian defeat. In 1803 Napoleon completely reorganized the Holy Roman Empire, that venerable institution that had existed since the tenth century, in a way that forecast its demise. In 1804 he proclaimed himself emperor of the French, an act that encouraged Francis to declare himself emperor of Austria, both to make certain he had a title equal to that of Napoleon and to anticipate the demise of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1805 Austria went to war again, this time suffering total defeat at the famous Battle of Austerlitz, ceding as a result all of its possessions in Italy and Germany, and accepting the destruction of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.

In 1809 Austria took on Napoleon by itself, but this time with a different approach. Francis and his advisers had little fear of the ideas of the French Revolution because they firmly believed that a political consensus existed in Austria sufficient to hold the various parts of the monarchy together. But they observed that France not only possessed political consensus but had mobilized it, sending its vast armies under astounding leadership throughout Europe. In 1809, inspired by the anti-French outpouring in Spain, Austria undertook an admirable but ultimately feeble effort to mobilize its own political consensus, appealing particularly (and inconsistently) to German nationalism, the idea of a fatherland, and provincial pride and loyalty. It was a good effort, but it could not overcome Napoleon's battalions, and the war ended again in defeat. Subsequently Metternich assumed his role as foreign minister, practicing a more traditional statecraft to help end Napoleon's sway over the monarchy and Europe. Napoleon's disaster in Russia in 1812 led to the complicated coalition that ultimately defeated the French emperor twice, the first leading to his exile to the island of Elba and the second to his expulsion to St. Helena.

Francis's role in these turbulent times has often been downplayed, just like his role in the post-Napoleonic era. But Francis's reign was not without progress. In fact, his and Metternich's basic principles were not the crushing of free speech or the paranoid search for real and potential revolutionaries (as critics have claimed), but the idea that, if people had good government—meaning a well-educated, fair, efficient, and incorruptible bureaucracy—they would not seek personal participation in government or see the need to change it. In fact, the best illustration of the second half of his reign was not the hunt for subversives but life as reflected in the art and culture of the Biedermeier, a term that began as a description of furniture but which came to describe a comfortable, well-mannered, pleasant, successful (Francis never opposed economic improvements), even middle-class kind of life. It had a flavor of kitsch about it, but it was the kind of life Francis wanted his people to have. The problem was that there were forces at work within and without the monarchy that would overwhelm it after his death.

Bibliography

Palmer, Alan. Metternich. New York, 1972.

Roider, Karl A. Baron Thugut and Austria's Response to the French Revolution. Princeton, 1987.

Rothenberg, Gunther. Napoleon's Great Adversaries: The Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army, 1792–1814. Bloomington, Ind., 1982.

—KARL A. ROIDER

Francis II (I)
King of Hungary and Bohemia
Reign	1 March 1792 – 2 March 1835
Predecessor	Leopold II
Successor	Ferdinand V
Holy Roman Emperor
Reign	7 July 1792 – 6 August 1806
Predecessor	Leopold II
Emperor of Austria
Reign	11 August 1804 – 2 March 1835
Successor	Ferdinand I
Spouse	Elisabeth of Württemberg Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este Maria Theresa of Naples Caroline Augusta of Bavaria
Issue
Archduchess Ludovika Elisabeth Marie Louise, Empress of the French Ferdinand I Archduchess Marie Caroline Archduchess Caroline Ludovika Maria Leopoldina, Empress of Brazil Clementina, Princess of Salerno Archduke Joseph Franz Leopold Marie Caroline, Crown Princess of Saxony Archduke Franz Karl Archduchess Maria Anna Archduke Johann Nepomuk Archduchess Amalie Theresa
Full name
Francis Joseph Charles
House	House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Father	Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor
Mother	Maria Luisa of Spain
Born	12 February 1768(1768-02-12) Florence
Died	2 March 1835 (aged 67) Vienna

Francis II (German: Franz II, Erwählter Römischer Kaiser) (12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until 6 August 1806, when he dissolved the Empire after the disastrous defeat of the Third Coalition by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz. In 1804, he had founded the Austrian Empire and became Francis I of Austria (Franz I.), the first Emperor of Austria (Kaiser von Österreich), ruling from 1804 to 1835, so later he was named the one and only Doppelkaiser (double emperor) in history. For the two years between 1804 and 1806, Francis used the title and style by the grace of God elected Roman Emperor, always August, hereditary Emperor of Austria and he was called the Emperor of both Germany and Austria. He was also Apostolic King of Hungary as I. Ferenc and King of Bohemia as Francis I ("František I."). He also served as the first president of the German Confederation following its establishment in 1815.

Francis I continued his leading role as an opponent of Napoleonic France in the Napoleonic Wars, and suffered several more defeats after Austerlitz. The proxy marriage of state of his daughter Marie Louise of Austria to Napoleon I on 10 March 1810 was perhaps his most severe defeat. After the abdication of Napoleon following the War of the Sixth Coalition, Austria participated as a leading member of the Holy Alliance at the Congress of Vienna, which was largely dominated by Francis' chancellor Klemens Wenzel, Prince von Metternich. Due to the establishment of the Concert of Europe, which largely resisted popular nationalist and liberal tendencies, Francis became viewed as a reactionary later in his reign.

Contents 1 Early life 2 Emperor 3 Domestic policy 4 Later years 5 Gallery 6 Ancestry 7 Marriages 8 Children 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Books 10.2 Notes 11 External links

Early life

Francis was a son of Emperor Leopold II (1747 – 1792) and his wife Maria Luisa of Spain (1745 – 1792), daughter of Charles III of Spain. Francis was born in Florence, the capital of Tuscany where his father reigned as Grand Duke from 1765–90. Though he had a happy childhood surrounded by his many siblings,^[1] his family knew Francis was likely to be a future Emperor (his uncle Joseph had no surviving issue from either of his two marriages), and so in 1784 the young Archduke was sent to the Imperial Court in Vienna to educate and prepare him for his future role.^[2]

Emperor Joseph himself took charge of Francis's development, and his disciplinarian regime was a stark contrast to the indulgent Florentine Court of Leopold. The Emperor wrote that Francis was "stunted in growth", "backward in bodily dexterity and deportment", and "neither more nor less than a spoiled mother's child". Joseph concluded that "…the manner in which he was treated for upwards of sixteen years could not but have confirmed him in the delusion that the preservation of his own person was the only thing of importance."^[2]

Joseph's martinet method of improving the young Francis were "fear and unpleasantness".^[3] The young Archduke was isolated, the reasoning being that this would make him more self-sufficient as it was felt by Joseph that Francis "fail[ed] to lead himself, to do his own thinking". Nonetheless, Francis greatly admired his uncle, if rather feared him. To complete his training, Francis was sent to join an army regiment in Hungary and he settled easily into the routine of military life.^[4]

After the death of Joseph II in 1790, Francis's father became Emperor. He had an early taste of power while acting as Leopold's deputy in Vienna while the incoming Emperor traversed the Empire attempting to win back those alienated by his brother's policies.^[5] The strain told on Leopold, and by the winter of 1791 he became ill. He gradually worsened throughout early 1792, and, on the afternoon of 1 March Leopold died, at the relatively young age of 44. Francis, just past his 24th birthday, was now Emperor much sooner than he had expected.

Emperor

As the leader of the large multi-ethnic Habsburg Empire, Francis felt threatened by Napoleon's call for liberty and equality in Europe. Francis had a fraught relationship with France. His aunt Marie Antoinette died under the guillotine at the beginning of his reign. Francis, on the whole, was indifferent to her fate (she was not close to his father Leopold, and Francis had met her, but when he was of an age that was too young for Francis to remember). Georges Danton attempted to negotiate with the Emperor for Marie Antoinette's release from captivity, but Francis was unwilling to make any concessions in return.^[6]

Later, he led Austria into the French Revolutionary Wars. He briefly commanded the Allied forces during the Flanders Campaign of 1794 before handing over command to his brother Archduke Charles. He was later defeated by Napoleon. By the Treaty of Campo Formio, he ceded the left bank of the Rhine to France in exchange for Venice and Dalmatia. He again fought against France during the Second and Third Coalition, when after meeting crushing defeat at Austerlitz, he had to agree to the Treaty of Pressburg, which effectively dissolved the Holy Roman Empire, weakening the Austrian Empire and reorganizing present-day Germany under a Napoleonic imprint.

In 1809, Francis attacked France again, hoping to take advantage of the Peninsular War embroiling Napoleon in Spain. He was again defeated, and this time forced to ally himself with Napoleon, ceding territory to the Empire, joining the Continental System, and wedding his daughter Marie-Louise to the Emperor. Francis essentially became a vassal of the Emperor of the French. The Napoleonic wars drastically weakened Austria and threatened its preeminence among the states of Germany, a position that it would eventually cede to the Kingdom of Prussia.

Austrian Royalty House of Habsburg-Lorraine Francis I (Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor) Children include    Archduchess Marie Louise    Ferdinand I    Archduchess Maria Leopoldina    Archduchess Clementina    Archduke Franz Karl Grandchildren include    Franz Joseph I    Archduke Maximilian    Archduke Karl Ludwig    Archduke Ludwig Viktor Great-grandchildren include    Archduke Franz Ferdinand    Archduke Otto Franz Ferdinand I Franz Joseph I Children    Archduchess Sophie    Archduchess Gisela    Crown Prince Rudolf    Archduchess Marie Valerie Grandchildren include    Archduchess Elisabeth Marie Charles I Children include    Crown Prince Otto    Archduke Robert    Archduke Felix    Archduke Karl Ludwig    Archduke Rudolf Grandchildren include    Archduchess Andrea    Archduchess Monika    Archduchess Michaela    Archduchess Gabriela    Archduchess Walburga    Archduke Karl    Archduke Georg    Archduke Lorenz Great-Grandchildren include    Archduke Ferdinand Zvonimir    Archduke Amedeo

In 1813, for the fourth and final time, Austria turned against France and joined Great Britain, Russia, Prussia and Sweden in their war against Napoleon. Austria played a major role in the final defeat of France—in recognition of this, Francis, represented by Clemens von Metternich, presided over the Congress of Vienna, helping to form the Concert of Europe and the Holy Alliance, ushering in an era of conservatism and reactionism in Europe. The German Confederation, a loose association of Central European states was created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to organize the surviving states of the Holy Roman Empire. The Congress was a personal triumph for Francis, where he hosted the assorted dignitaries in comfort,^[7] though Francis undermined his allies Tsar Alexander and Frederick William III of Prussia by negotiating a secret treaty with the restored French king Louis XVIII.^[8]

The federal Diet met at Frankfurt under Austrian presidency (in fact the Habsburg Emperor was represented by an Austrian 'presidential envoy').

Domestic policy

The events of the French Revolution impressed themselves deeply into the mind of Francis, and he came to distrust 'radicalism' in any form. In 1794, a 'Jacobin' conspiracy was discovered in the Austrian and Hungarian armies.^[9] The leaders were put on trial, but the verdicts only skirted the perimeter of the conspiracy. Francis's brother Alexander Leopold (at that time Palatine of Hungary) wrote to the Emperor admitting "Although we have caught a lot of the culprits, we have not really got to the bottom of this business yet." Nonetheless, two officers heavily implicated in the conspiracy were hanged and gibbeted, while many others were sentenced to imprisonment (where many died in the conditions).^[10]

Francis was by nature suspicious,^[11] and set up an extensive network of police spies and censors to monitor dissent^[10] (in this he was following his father's lead, as the Grand Duchy of Tuscany had the most effective secret police in Europe).^[2] Even his family did not escape attention. His brothers, the Archdukes Charles and Johann had their meetings and activities spied upon.^[12] Censorship was also prevalent. The author Franz Grillparzer, a Habsburg patriot, had one play suppressed solely as a 'precautionary' measure. When Grillparzer met the censor responsible, he asked him what was objectionable about the work. The censor replied "Oh, nothing at all. But I thought to myself 'One can never tell'."^[13]

Francis presented himself as an open and approachable monarch (he regularly set aside two mornings each week to meet his imperial subjects, regardless of status, by appointment in his office, even speaking to them in their own language),^[14] but his will was sovereign. In 1804, he had no compunction about announcing that through his authority as Holy Roman Emperor, he declared he was now Emperor of Austria (at the time a geographical term that had little resonance). Two years later, Francis personally wound up the moribund Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. Both actions were of dubious constitutional legality.^[15]

Later years

Monarchical Styles of Emperor Francis II of Austria
Reference style	His Imperial Majesty
Spoken style	Your Imperial Majesty
Alternative style	My Lord

Francis was a devoted family man, and a main point in the political testament he left for his son and heir Ferdinand was "Preserve unity in the family and regard it as one of the highest goods". In many portraits (particularly those painted by Peter Fendi) he was portrayed as the patriarch of a loving family, surrounded by his children and grandchildren.^[16]

On 2 March 1835, 43 years and a day after his father's death, Francis died in Vienna of a sudden fever aged 67, in the presence of many of his family and with all the religious comforts.^[16] His funeral was magnificent, with his Viennese subjects respectfully filing past his coffin in chapel of the Hofburg^[17] for three days.^[18] Francis was interred in the traditional resting place of Habsburg monarchs, the Kapuziner Imperial Crypt in Vienna's Neue Markt Square. He is buried in tomb number 57, surrounded by his four wives.

After 1806 he used the titles: "We, Francis the First, by the grace of God Emperor of Austria; King of Jerusalem, Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Galicia and Lodomeria; Archduke of Austria; Duke of Lorraine, Salzburg, Würzburg, Franconia, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola; Grand Duke of Cracow; Grand Prince of Transylvania; Margrave of Moravia; Duke of Sandomir, Masovia, Lublin, Upper and Lower Silesia, Auschwitz and Zator, Teschen and Friule; Prince of Berchtesgaden and Mergentheim; Princely Count of Habsburg, Gorizia and Gradisca and of the Tirol; and Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia and in Istria", President of the German Confederation.

Gallery

Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor

Emperor Francis II and his family, by Josef Kreutzinger

Maria Theresa, Francis's second wife and the mother of his children

Silver Thaler of Francis I, struck 1821
By the time the coin was minted, Francis had abdicated the title of "Holy Roman Emperor," and his title had changed to Francis I of Austria. Obverse: (Latin) FRANCISCVS I, D[EI] G[RATIA] AVSTRIAE IMPERATOR, or in English, "Francis I, by the Grace of God, Emperor of Austria"	Reverse: (Latin) HVN[GARIAE] BOH[EMIAE] LOMB[ARDIAE] ET VEN[ETIARUM] GAL[ICIAE] LOD[OMERIAE] IL[LYRIAE] REX A[RCHIDUX] A[USTRIAE] 1821, or in English, "King of Hungary, Bohemia, Lombardy-Venetia, Galicia, Lodomeria, and Illyria, Archduke of Austria 1821."

Ancestry

v • d • e Ancestors of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor

16. Charles V, Duke of Lorraine               8. Leopold, Duke of Lorraine                       17. Eleonora Maria Josefa of Austria Queen Dowager of Poland-Lithuania               4. Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor                             18. Philippe I, Duke of Orléans               9. Princess Élisabeth Charlotte of Orléans                       19. Countess Palatine Elizabeth Charlotte of Simmern               2. Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor                                   20. Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor               10. Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor                       21. Eleonore-Magdalena of Neuburg               5. Maria Theresa of Austria Queen of Hungary & Bohemia                             22. Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel               11. Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel                       23. Princess Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen               1. Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor Francis I of Austria                                         24. Louis, Dauphin of France               12. Philip V of Spain                       25. Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria               6. Charles III of Spain                             26. Edward II Farnese, Duke of Parma               13. Elisabeth of Parma                       27. Countess Palatine Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg               3. Maria Luisa of Spain                                   28. Augustus II of Poland Elector of Saxony               14. Augustus III of Poland Elector of Saxony                       29. Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth               7. Maria Amalia of Saxony                             30. Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor               15. Maria Josepha of Austria                       31. Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick-Calenberg

Marriages

Francis II married four times:

1. On 6 January 1788, to Elisabeth of Württemberg (21 April 1767 – 18 February 1790), who died bearing a short-lived daughter, Ludovika Elisabeth of Austria (1790–1791)
2. On 15 September 1790, to his double first cousin Maria Teresa of the Two Sicilies (6 June 1772 – 13 April 1807), daughter of King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies (both were grandchildren of Empress Maria Theresa and shared all of their other grandparents in common), with whom he had twelve children, but only seven reached adulthood:
3. On 6 January 1808, he married again to another first cousin, Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este (14 December 1787 – 7 April 1816) with no issue. She was the daughter of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este and Maria Beatrice d'Este, Princess of Modena.
4. On 29 October 1816, to Karoline Charlotte Auguste of Bavaria (8 February 1792 – 9 February 1873) with no issue. She was daughter of Maximilian I of Bavaria and had been previously married to William I of Württemberg.

Children

From his first wife Elisabeth of Württemberg, one daughter, and his second wife Maria Teresa of the Two Sicilies, eight daughters and four sons:

Name	Birth	Death	Notes
Archduchess Ludovika Elisabeth of Austria	18 February 1790	24 June 1791	died in childhood, no issue
Archduchess Marie-Louise	12 December 1791	17 December 1847	married first Napoleon Bonaparte, had issue, married second Adam, Count of Neippberg, had issue, married third to Charles, Count of Bombelles, no issue
Archduke Ferdinand I	19 April 1793	29 June 1875	married Maria Anna, Princess of Sardinia, no issue
Archduchess Marie Caroline	8 June 1794	16 March 1795	died in childhood, no issue
Archduchess Caroline Ludovika	22 December 1795	30 June 1797	died in childhood, no issue
Archduchess Maria Leopoldina	22 January 1797	11 December 1826	married Pedro I of Brazil, had issue
Archduchess Maria Clementina	1 March 1798	3 September 1881	married her maternal uncle Prince Leopoldo of the Two Sicilies, had issue
Archduke Joseph Franz Leopold	9 April 1799	30 June 1807	died some weeks after his mother in childhood, no issue
Archduchess Maria Caroline of Austria	8 April 1801	22 May 1832	married Crown Prince (later King) Frederick Augustus II of Saxony, no issue
Archduke Franz Karl	17 December 1802	8 March 1878	married Princess Sophie of Bavaria; issue included Franz Joseph I of Austria and Maximilian I of Mexico.
Archduchess Maria Anna	8 June 1804	28 December 1858	died unmarried
Archduke Johann Nepomuk	30 August 1805	19 February 1809	died in childhood, no issue
Archduchess Amalie Theresa of Austria	6 April 1807	9 April 1807	died in childhood, no issue

See also

• German monarchs family tree

References

Books

• Fraser, Antonia - Marie Antoinette: The Journey : Phoenix 2002, ISBN 0-75381-305-X
• Wheatcroft, Andrew - The Habsburgs : Embodying Empire : Penguin 1996, ISBN 0-14-023634-1
• Richard Reifenscheid, Die Habsburger in Lebensbildern, Piper 2006

Notes

1. ^ Wheatcroft. The Habsburgs. pp. 233. 
2. ^ ^{a b c} Wheatcroft. The Habsburgs. pp. 234. 
3. ^ Wheatcroft. The Habsburgs. pp. 235. 
4. ^ Wheatcroft. The Habsburgs. pp. 236. 
5. ^ Wheatcroft. The Habsburgs. pp. 238. 
6. ^ Fraser. M.Antoinette. pp. 492. 
7. ^ Wheatcroft. The Habsburgs. pp. 249. 
8. ^ Wheatcroft. The Habsburgs. pp. 250. 
9. ^ Wheatcroft. The Habsburgs. pp. 239. 
10. ^ ^{a b} Wheatcroft. The Habsburgs. pp. 240. 
11. ^ Wheatcroft. The Habsburgs. pp. 251. 
12. ^ Wheatcroft. The Habsburgs. pp. 248. 
13. ^ Wheatcroft. The Habsburgs. pp. 241. 
14. ^ Wheatcroft. The Habsburgs. pp. 245. 
15. ^ Wheatcroft. The Habsburgs. pp. 246. 
16. ^ ^{a b} Wheatcroft. The Habsburgs. pp. 254. 
17. ^ "Wien", Wiener Zeitung: 1, col. 2, 1835-03-05, http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?apm=0&aid=wrz&datum=18350305&seite=1&zoom=1 
18. ^ Wheatcroft. The Habsburgs. pp. 255. 

External links

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Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor House of Habsburg-Lorraine Cadet branch of the House of Lorraine Born: 12 February 1768 Died: 2 March 1835
Regnal titles
Preceded by Leopold II	Holy Roman Emperor (elect) King in Germany (formally King of the Romans) 1792 – 1806	Holy Roman Empire dissolved
	Count of Flanders 1792 – 1793	Occupation by the French Republic
	Apostolic King of Hungary King of Bohemia 1792 – 1835	Succeeded by Ferdinand I
	Archduke of Austria 1792 – 1835
Austrian Empire proclaimed	Emperor of Austria 1804 – 1835
German Confederation established	President of the German Confederation 1815 – 1835
Titles in pretence
New title Abolition of countship	— TITULAR — Count of Flanders 1793 – 1835	Succeeded by Ferdinand I

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v • d • e Monarchs of Germany Kingdom of Germany (843-1806) Louis II • Carloman • Louis III • Charles III • Arnulf • Louis the Child • Conrad I • Henry I • Otto I • Otto II • Otto III • Henry II • Conrad II • Henry III • Henry IV • Henry V • Lothair III • Conrad III • Frederick I • Henry VI • Philip • Otto IV • Frederick II • Conrad IV • Rudolf I • Adolf • Albert I • Henry VII • Louis IV • Charles IV • Wenceslaus • Rupert • Sigismund • Albert II • Frederick III • Maximilian I • Charles V • Ferdinand I • Maximilian II • Rudolph II • Matthias • Ferdinand II • Ferdinand III • Leopold I • Joseph I • Charles VI • Charles VII • Francis I • Joseph II • Leopold II • Francis II Confederation of the Rhine (1806-1813) Napoleon I German Confederation (1815-1848) Francis II • Ferdinand I German Empire (1849) Frederick William IV (emperor-elect) German Union (1849-1850) Frederick William IV German Confederation (1850-1866) Franz Joseph I North German Confederation (1867-1871) Wilhelm I German Empire (1871-1918) Wilhelm I • Frederick III • Wilhelm II

v • d • e Austrian archdukes 1st Generation Archduke Cristopher · Maximilian I · Archduke John 2nd Generation Philip I of Castile · Archduke Francis 3rd Generation Charles I · Ferdinand I 4th Generation Philip II of Spain* · Maximilian II · Ferdinand II · Archduke Johann · Charles II 5th Generation Charles, Prince of Asturias* · Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias* · Diego, Prince of Asturias* · Philip III of Spain* · Archduke Ferdinand · Rudolf V · Archduke Ernest · Matthias · Maximilian III · Albert VII · Archduke Wenzel · Archduke Friedrich · Archduke Karl · Archduke Ferdinand · Ferdinand III · Archduke Maximilian · Leopold V 6th Generation Philip IV of Spain* · Archduke Carlos* · Cardinal-Archduke Ferdinand* · Archduke Charles · Archduke John Charles · Ferdinand IV · Leopold Wilhelm · Ferdinand Charles · Sigismund Francis 7th Generation Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias* · Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias* · Charles II of Spain* · Ferdinand IV of Hungary · Archduke Philip August · Archduke Maximilian Thomas · Leopold VI · Charles Joseph, Prince-Bishop of Passau 8th Generation Archduke Ferdinand Wenzel · Archduke Johann Leopold · Joseph I · Archduke Leopold Joseph · Charles III 9th Generation Archduke Leopold Joseph 10th Generation Joseph II** · Archduke Charles Louis** · Leopold VII** · Archduke Ferdinand** · Maximilian Franz, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne** 11th Generation Francis I** · Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany** · Charles, Duke of Teschen** · Alexander Leopold, Palatine of Hungary** · Joseph, Palatine of Hungary** · Archduke Anton Victor** · Archduke John** · Archduke Rainier Joseph** · Archduke Louis** · Cardinal-Archduke Rudolf** · Archduke Josef Franz*** · Francis IV, Duke of Modena*** · Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph*** · Archduke Maximilian*** · Karl, Primate of Hungary*** 12th Generation Emperor Ferdinand I · Archduke Joseph Franz · Archduke Franz Karl · Archduke Johann Nepomuk · Francis Leopold, Grand Prince of Tuscany** · Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany** · Albert, Duke of Teschen · Archduke Karl Ferdinand · Archduke Frederick Ferdinand · Archduke Rudolf · Archduke Wilhelm Franz · Stephen, Palatine of Hungary · Archduke Alexander · Archduke Joseph Karl · Archduke Leopold Ludwig · Archduke Ernest Karl · Archduke Sigismund Leopold · Archduke Rainer Ferdinand · Archduke Heinrich Anton · Archduke Maximilian Karl · Francis V, Duke of Modena*** · Archduke Ferdinand Karl Viktor*** 13th Generation Emperor Franz Joseph I · Maximilian I of Mexico · Archduke Charles Louis · Archduke Ludwig Viktor · Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany** · Archduke Karl Salvator** · Archduke Rainier** · Archduke Ludwig Salvator** · Archduke John Salvator** · Archduke Karl · Archduke Franz Joseph · Friedrich, Duke of Teschen · Archduke Charles Stephen · Archduke Eugen · Archduke Joseph August · Archduke Ladislaus 14th Generation Crown Prince Rudolf · Archduke Franz Ferdinand*** · Archduke Otto Francis · Archduke Ferdinand Karl · Archduke Leopold Ferdinand** · Archduke Joseph Ferdinand** · Archduke Peter Ferdinand** · Archduke Heinrich Ferdinand** · Archduke Robert Ferdinand** · Archduke Leopold Salvator** · Archduke Franz Salvator** · Archduke Albrecht Salvator** · Archduke Rainier Salvator** · Archduke Ferdinand Salvator** · Albrecht Franz, Duke of Teschen · Archduke Karl Albrecht · Archduke Leo Karl · Archduke Wilhelm · Archduke Joseph Francis · Archduke Ladislaus Joseph · Archduke Matthias 15th Generation Emperor Charles I · Archduke Maximilian Eugen · Archduke Gottfried** · Archduke Georg** · Archduke Rainier** · Archduke Leopold Maria** · Archduke Anton** · Archduke Franz Joseph** · Archduke Karl Pius** · Archduke Franz Karl** · Archduke Hubert Salvator** · Archduke Theodor Salvator** · Archduke Clemens Salvator** · Archduke Joseph Arpád · Archduke Itsván · Archduke Géza · Archduke Michael Koloman 16th Generation Crown Prince Otto · Archduke Robert*** · Archduke Felix · Archduke Carl Ludwig · Archduke Rudolf · Archduke Ferdinand Karl · Archduke Heinrich Maria · Archduke Leopold Franz** · Archduke Guntram** · Archduke Radbot** · Archduke Johann** · Archduke Georg** · Archduke Stephan** · Archduke Dominic** · Archduke Friederich Salvator** · Archduke Andreas Salvator** · Archduke Markus** · Archduke Johann** · Archduke Michael** · Archduke Franz Salvator** · Archduke Karl Salvator** · Archduke Joseph Karl · Archduke Andreas Agustinus · Archduke Nicholas Franz · Archduke Johann Jacob · Archduke Edward Karl · Archduke Paul Rudolf 17th Generation Archduke Karl · Archduke Georg · Archduke Lorenz*** · Archduke Gerhard*** · Archduke Martin*** · Archduke Karl Philipp · Archduke Raimund Joseph · Archduke Itsván · Archduke Rudolf · Archduke Carl Christian · Archduke Karl Peter · Archduke Simeon · Archduke Johannes · Archduke Maximilian Heinrich · Archduke Philipp Joachim · Archduke Ferdinand Karl · Archduke Konrad · Archduke Sigismund** · Archduke Georg** · Archduke Guntram** · Archduke Leopold** · Archduke Alexander Salvator** · Archduke Thaddäus Salvator** · Archduke Casimir Salvator** · Archduke Matthias** · Archduke Johannes** · Archduke Bernhard** · Archduke Benedikt · Archduke Joseph Albrecht · Archduke Paul Leo · Archduke Friedrich Cyprian · Archduke Benedikt Alexander · Archduke Nicolás · Archduke Santiago · Archduke Paul Benedikt 18th Generation Archduke Ferdinand Zvonimir · Archduke Karl Konstantin · Archduke Amedeo*** · Archduke Joachim*** · Archduke Bartholomaeus*** · Archduke Emmanuel*** · Archduke Felix Carl · Archduke Andreas Franz · Archduke Paul Johannes · Archduke Carl Christian · Archduke Johannes · Archduke Thomas · Archduke Franz Ludwig · Archduke Michael · Archduke Joseph · Archduke Imre · Archduke Imre · Archduke Christoph · Archduke Alexander · Archduke Lorenz Carl · Archduke Wilhelm  · Archduke Johannes · Archduke Ludwig · Archduke Philipp · Archduke Nicholas · Archduke Constantin · Archduke Jacob Maximilian · Archduke Leopold Amedeo** · Archduke Maximilian** · Archduke Leopold** · Archduke Constantin Salvator** · Archduke Paul Salvator** *also an infante of Spain **also a prince of Tuscany ***also a prince of Modena

v • d • e Tuscan princes 1st Generation Francesco I · Cardinal-Prince Giovanni · Prince Garzia · Ferdinand I · Prince Pietro 2nd Generation Prince Filippo · Cosimo II · Prince Francesco · Cardinal-Prince Carlo · Prince Filippino · Prince Lorenzo 3rd Generation Ferdinand II · Cardinal-Prince Giovan Carlo · Prince Mattias · Prince Francesco · Cardinal-Prince Leopoldo 4th Generation Cosimo III · Cardinal-Prince Francesco Maria 5th Generation Grand Prince Feridinando · Gian Gastone 6th Generation none 7th Generation Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor* · Prince Charles Louis* · Leopold I* · Prince Ferdinand* · Maximilian Franz, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne* 8th Generation Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor* · Ferdinand III* · Charles, Duke of Teschen* · Alexander Leopold, Palatine of Hungary* · Joseph, Palatine of Hungary* · Prince Anton Victor* · Prince John* · Prince Rainier Joseph* · Prince Louis* · Cardinal-Prince Rudolf* 9th Generation Grand Prince Francis Leopold* · Leopold II* 10th Generation Ferdinand IV* · Prince Karl Salvator* · Prince Rainier* · Prince Ludwig Salvator* · Prince John Salvator* 11th Generation Prince Leopold Ferdinand* · Prince Joseph Ferdinand* · Prince Peter Ferdinand* · Prince Heinrich Ferdinand* · Prince Robert Ferdinand* · Prince Leopold Salvator* · Prince Franz Salvator* · Prince Albrecht Salvator* · Prince Rainier Salvator* · Prince Ferdinand Salvator* 12th Generation Prince Gottfried* · Prince Georg* · Prince Rainier* · Prince Leopold Maria* · Prince Anton* · Prince Franz Joseph* · Prince Karl Pius* · Prince Franz Karl* · Prince Hubert Salvator* · Prince Theodor Salvator* · Prince Clemens Salvator* 13th Generation Prince Leopold Franz* · Prince Guntram* · Prince Radbot* · Prince Johann* · Prince Georg* · Prince Stephan* · Prince Dominic* · Prince Friederich Salvator* · Prince Andreas Salvator* · Prince Markus* · Prince Johann* · Prince Michael* · Prince Franz Salvator* · Prince Karl Salvator* 14th Generation Prince Sigismund* · Prince Georg* · Prince Guntram* · Prince Leopold* · Prince Alexander Salvator* · Prince Thaddäus Salvator* · Prince Casimir Salvator* · Prince Matthias* · Prince Johannes* · Prince Bernhard* · Prince Benedikt* 15th Generation Prince Leopold Amedeo* · Prince Maximilian* · Prince Leopold* · Prince Constantin Salvator* · Prince Paul Salvator* * also an archduke of Austria

v • d • e German Confederations 1806–1871 Confederation of the Rhine 1806–1813 Protector: Napoleon I of France (1806–1813) Prince primate: Karl Theodor von Dalberg (1806–1813) • Eugene de Beauharnais (1813) German Confederation 1815–1866 Presidents: Francis I of Austria (1815–1835) • Ferdinand I of Austria (1835–1848) • Francis Joseph I of Austria (1849–1866) Imperial regent: Archduke Johann of Austria (1848–1849) North German Confederation 1867–1871 President: Wilhelm I of Prussia (1867–1871) List of German monarchs – History of Germany – House of Habsburg-Lorraine – House of Hohenzollern

Persondata
NAME	Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Francis I of Austria
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Deceased Monarch
DATE OF BIRTH	12 February 1768
PLACE OF BIRTH	Florence, Tuscany, Italy
DATE OF DEATH	2 March 1830
PLACE OF DEATH	Vienna, Austria

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