Frank B. Kellogg

For more information on Frank Billings Kellogg, visit Britannica.com.

(b. New York, 22 Dec. 1856; d. 21 Dec. 1937) US; Secretary of State 1925 – 9 Kellogg was brought up in Minnesota, where he practised as a lawyer. He was a Republican, but broke with the party established in 1912 to support Theodore Roosevelt for the presidency. He was counsel for the government in its fight against trusts and was successful in the case which led to the break-up of the Standard Oil Trust. In 1916 he was elected Republican Senator for Minnesota. After defeat in 1922, he held a number of government appointments, including ambassador to Britain. He served as Secretary of State for the duration (1925 – 9) of Coolidge's presidency. His lack of initiative in that post made him, according to many observers, an appropriate colleague for the laid-back President. His main achievement was the Kellogg-Briand peace pact (1928) in which countries repudiated war as an instrument for settling disputes. The initiative for this "outlawing of war" lay with the French Foreign Minister. Although it gained Kellogg a share of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1929 it made no provision for punishing aggressors and proved irrelevant in the storms of the next decade. From 1930 to 1935 he served as a member of the Court of Justice at the Hague.

Frank Billings Kellogg (1856-1937) negotiated the Kellogg-Briand Pact, intended to achieve international peace.

Frank B. Kellogg was born in Potsdam, N.Y., on Dec. 22, 1856. In 1867 the family moved to Minnesota, where Kellogg studied law and was admitted to the bar. He became a highly successful lawyer and was called to conduct a trust prosecution for the Federal government against the Standard Oil Company in 1911. His success led to election as president of the American Bar Association in 1912. In 1916 he was elected to the U.S. Senate but was defeated for reelection in 1922. He served as ambassador to Great Britain from 1923 to 1925.

In 1925 Kellogg was appointed secretary of state by President Calvin Coolidge. As secretary, he faced the problem of strained relations with Mexico over legislation against American oil interests, but the appointment of Dwight Morrow as ambassador relieved those tensions. Kellogg also found himself embroiled in Nicaragua, where civil war broke out against the government recognized by the United States. However, the mission of Henry L. Stimson to Nicaragua restored a measure of peace, which led, eventually, to the withdrawal of American troops. Kellogg was less successful in his attempt to bring about a reduction in naval armaments among the Great Powers.

Kellogg regarded his negotiation of the Kellogg-Briand Pact for the maintenance of world peace as his most important State Department work. Taking advantage of a French proposal to conclude a pact binding France and the United States to refrain from war with each other, Kellogg proposed a much more ambitious policy - a general international agreement for the preservation of peace. Signed in August 1928 and ratified by most of the nations of the world, this pact bound the signatory nations not "to resort to war as an instrument of national policy" and to settle all disputes by peaceful means. For this Kellogg received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1929 and was appointed a member of the Permanent Court of International Justice at The Hague, a post he held from 1930 to 1935.

In practice, the pact proved ineffectual in preventing war. It contained no provision for action against an aggressor nation and could not prevent the outbreak of World War II in 1939.

During Kellogg's tenure, the U.S. State Department took steps to allay Latin American worry over the Monroe Doctrine. In 1928 the Clark Memorandum sought to make it clear that the doctrine was not to be considered a justification for United States military intervention in the affairs of Latin America. Kellogg died on Dec. 22, 1937.

Further Reading

Old but still useful is David Bryn-Jones, Frank B. Kellogg (1937).Kellogg's conduct of foreign affairs is examined in Robert H. Ferrell, Peace in Their Time: The Origins of the Kellogg-Briand Pact (1952), and Lewis E. Ellis, Frank B. Kellogg and American Foreign Relations, 1925-1929 (1961).

Frank Billings Kellogg was born December 22, 1856, in Potsdam, New York. He moved to Minnesota at age nine, received an education in law, and was admitted to the bar in 1877. Kellogg subsequently received numerous doctor of laws degrees from various institutions, including McGill University, Montreal, 1913; New York University, 1927; Harvard, 1929; Brown University, 1930; and Occidental University, 1931. He also received two doctor of civil law degrees in 1929, from Trinity College in Connecticut and Oxford University.

After his admission to the bar, Kellogg performed the duties of city and county attorney for St. Paul, Minnesota, and established a legal practice, specializing in corporation law. His expertise earned him the position of special counsel for the United States, and he participated in the case against the General Paper and Standard Oil trusts (United States v. Standard Oil Co., 212 U.S. 579, 29 S.Ct. 689, 53 L.Ed. 259 [1909]). He served as special counsel of the Interstate Commerce Commission to probe into the speculative dealings concerning the Harriman railroads.

Kellogg began a phase of government and diplomatic service in 1917, when he became U.S. Senator from Minnesota for a six-year term. He followed this with a one-year appointment as minister to Great Britain. From 1925 to 1929, he performed the duties of secretary of state and negotiated treaties.

In 1928, Kellogg achieved international acclaim for his collaboration with Aristide Briand in the formulation of the Kellogg-Briand Pact, which denounced war as a solution to international disagreements. The pact was subsequently ratified by sixty-three nations. In 1929, the Nobel Peace Prize was bestowed upon Kellogg for his contribution to world peace.

During the latter part of his life, Kellogg acted as judge of the Permanent Court of International Justice. He died December 21, 1937, in St. Paul, Minnesota.

Frank Billings Kellogg
45th United States Secretary of State
In office March 5, 1925 – March 28, 1929
President	Calvin Coolidge
Preceded by	Charles Evans Hughes
Succeeded by	Henry L. Stimson
Born	December 22, 1856(1856-12-22) Potsdam, New York, U.S.
Died	December 21, 1937 (aged 80) St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.
Political party	Republican
Profession	Politician, Lawyer

Frank Billings Kellogg (December 22, 1856 – December 21, 1937) was an American lawyer, politician and statesman who served in the U.S. Senate and as U.S. Secretary of State. He co-authored the Kellogg-Briand Pact, for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1929.

Contents 1 Biography 2 Bibliography 2.1 by Kellogg 2.2 About Kellogg 3 References 4 External links 5 See also

Biography

Kellogg was born in Potsdam, New York, and his family moved to Minnesota in 1865. He began practicing law in Rochester, Minnesota, in 1877. He was city attorney of Rochester 1878 – 1881 and county attorney for Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1882 – 1887. He moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1887.

Kellogg was a self-trained lawyer. During the early 1900s, Theodore Roosevelt appointed Kellogg as a prosecutor in the Justice Department. His most important case was Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States, 221 U.S. 1 (1911). Following this successful prosecution, he was elected president of the American Bar Association (1912-1913).

Kellogg was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate from Minnesota in 1916 and served from March 4, 1917 to March 3, 1923 in the 65th, 66th, and 67th Congresses. During the ratification battle for the Treaty of Versailles, he was one of the few Republicans who supported ratification. He lost his re-election bid in 1922. He was a delegate to the Fifth International Conference of American States at Santiago, Chile in 1923, and served as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Britain from 1923 to 1925.

He was United States Secretary of State in the Cabinet of President Calvin Coolidge 1925 – 1929. In 1928, he was awarded the Freedom of the City in Dublin, Ireland and in 1929 the government of France made him a member of the Legion of Honor.

As Secretary of State, he was responsible for improving US-Mexican relations and helping to resolve the long-standing Tacna-Arica controversy between Peru and Chile. His most significant accomplishment however was the Kellogg-Briand Pact, signed in 1928. Proposed by its other namesake, French foreign minister Aristide Briand, the treaty intended to provide for "the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy." He was awarded the 1929 Nobel Peace Prize in recognition.

He was associate judge of the Permanent Court of International Justice from 1930 to 1935. In 1937, he endowed the Kellogg Foundation for Education in International Relations at Carleton College where he was a trustee. He died from pneumonia, following a stroke, on the eve of his 81st birthday in St. Paul.

His house in St. Paul, the Frank B. Kellogg House was listed as a National Historic Landmark in 1976.^[1]

Kellogg Boulevard in downtown Saint Paul is also named for him.^[2]

Kellogg Middle School in Shoreline, Washington and Rochester, Minnesota are named in his honor,^{[citation needed]} as was Frank B. Kellogg High School (closed 1986) in Roseville, Minnesota.

A Liberty ship, the SS Frank B. Kellogg, was named in his honor.

Bibliography

by Kellogg

China's Outstanding Problems. (1925)

About Kellogg

Bryn-Jones, David. Frank B. Kellogg: A Biography. New York, G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1937. (Reprinted in 2007: ISBN 978-1-4325-8982-0)

Ellis, Lewis Ethan. Frank B. Kellogg and American foreign relations, 1925-1929. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1961.

Ferrell, Robert H. Frank B. Kellogg & Henry L. Stimson: The American Secretaries of State and their diplomacy. Cooper Square Publishers, 1963.

References

1. ^ "Frank B. Kellogg House". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1447&ResourceType=Building. Retrieved 2008-01-08. 
2. ^ Millett, Larry (2007). AIA Guide to the Twin Cities: The Essential Source on the Architecture of Minneapolis and St. Paul. Minnesota Historical Society Press. pp. 142. ISBN 0-87351-540-4. 

External links

• Frank B. Kellogg at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

See also

• List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s

United States Senate
Preceded by Moses E. Clapp	United States Senator (Class 1) from Minnesota 1917 – 1923 Served alongside: Knute Nelson	Succeeded by Henrik Shipstead
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by George Harvey	U.S. Ambassador to Great Britain 1924 – 1925	Succeeded by Alanson B. Houghton
Political offices
Preceded by Charles Evans Hughes	United States Secretary of State Served Under: Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover 1925 – 1929	Succeeded by Henry L. Stimson

v • d • e United States Secretaries of State Jefferson • Randolph • Pickering • J Marshall • Madison • Smith • Monroe • Adams • Clay • Van Buren • Livingston • McLane • Forsyth • Webster • Upshur • Calhoun • Buchanan • Clayton • Webster • Everett • Marcy • Cass • Black • Seward • Washburne • Fish • Evarts • Blaine • Frelinghuysen • Bayard • Blaine • Foster • Gresham • Olney • Sherman • Day • Hay • Root • Bacon • Knox • Bryan • Lansing • Colby • Hughes • Kellogg • Stimson • Hull • Stettinius • Byrnes • G Marshall • Acheson • Dulles • Herter • Rusk • Rogers • Kissinger • Vance • Muskie • Haig • Shultz • Baker • Eagleburger • Christopher • Albright • Powell • Rice • Clinton

v • d • e Cabinet of President Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929) Vice President None (1923-1925) • Charles G. Dawes (1925-1929) Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes (1923-1925) • Frank B. Kellogg (1925-1929) Secretary of War John W. Weeks (1923-1925) • Dwight F. Davis (1925-1929) Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon (1923-1929) Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty (1923-1924) • Harlan F. Stone (1924-1925) • John G. Sargent (1925-1929) Postmaster General Harry Stewart New (1923-1929) Secretary of the Navy Edwin Denby (1923-1924) • Curtis D. Wilbur (1924-1929) Secretary of the Interior Hubert Work (1923-1928) • Roy Owen West (1928-1929) Secretary of the Agriculture Henry Cantwell Wallace (1923-1924) • Howard Mason Gore (1924-1925) • William Marion Jardine (1925-1929) Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (1923-1928) • William F. Whiting (1928-1929) Secretary of Labor James J. Davis (1923-1929)

v • d • e Cabinet of President Herbert Hoover (1929-1933) Vice President Charles Curtis (1929-1933) Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg (1929) • Henry L. Stimson (1929-1933) Secretary of War James William Good (1929) • Patrick J. Hurley (1929-1933) Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon (1929-1932) • Ogden L. Mills (1932-1933) Attorney General William D. Mitchell (1929-1933) Postmaster General Walter Folger Brown (1929-1933) Secretary of the Navy Charles Francis Adams III (1929-1933) Secretary of the Interior Ray Lyman Wilbur (1929-1933) Secretary of the Agriculture Arthur M. Hyde (1929-1933) Secretary of Commerce Robert P. Lamont (1929-1932) • Roy D. Chapin (1932-1933) Secretary of Labor James J. Davis (1929-1930) • William N. Doak (1930-1933)

v • d • e United States Senators from Minnesota Class 1 Rice · Ramsey · McMillan · Davis · Towne · Clapp · Kellogg · Shipstead · Thye · McCarthy · H. Humphrey · M. Humphrey · Durenberger · Grams · Dayton · Klobuchar Class 2 Shields · Wilkinson · Norton · Windom · Stearns · Windom · Edgerton · Windom · Sabin · Washburn · K. Nelson · Johnson · Schall · Benson · Howard · Lundeen · Ball · A. Nelson · Ball · H. Humphrey · Mondale · Anderson · Boschwitz · Wellstone · Barkley · Coleman · Franken

v • d • e Nobel Peace Prize laureates Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann / Austen Chamberlain (1926) · Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde (1927) · Frank B. Kellogg (1929) · Nathan Söderblom (1930) · Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler (1931) · Norman Angell (1933) · Arthur Henderson (1934) · Carl von Ossietzky (1935) · Carlos Saavedra Lamas (1936) · Robert Cecil (1937) · Nansen International Office for Refugees (1938) · International Committee of the Red Cross (1944) · Cordell Hull (1945) · Emily Balch / John Mott (1946) · Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee (1947) · John Boyd Orr (1949) · Ralph Bunche (1950) Complete roster · 1901–1925 · 1926–1950 · 1951–1975 · 1976–2000 · 2001–present

v • d • e United States Ambassadors to the United Kingdom Ministers Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James's 1785-1811 John Adams 1785-1788 · Thomas Pinckney 1792-1796 · Rufus King 1796-1803 · James Monroe 1803-1807 · William Pinkney 1808-1811 · Jonathan Russell (chargé d'affaires) 1811-1812 Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James's 1815-1893 John Quincy Adams 1815-1817 · Richard Rush 1818-1825 · Rufus King 1825-1826 · Albert Gallatin 1826-1827 · James Barbour 1828-1829 · Louis McLane 1829-1831 · Martin Van Buren 1831-1832 · Aaron Vail (chargé d'affaires) 1832-1836 · Andrew Stevenson 1836-1841 · Edward Everett 1841-1845 · Louis McLane 1845-1846 · George Bancroft 1846-1849 · Abbott Lawrence 1849-1852 · Joseph R. Ingersoll 1852-1853 · James Buchanan 1853-1856 · George M. Dallas 1856-1861 · Charles Adams, Sr. 1861-1868 · Reverdy Johnson 1868-1869 · John Lothrop Motley 1869-1870 · Robert C. Schenck 1871-1876 · Edwards Pierrepont 1876-1877 · John Welsh 1877-1879 · James Russell Lowell 1880-1885 · Edward J. Phelps 1885-1889 · Robert T. Lincoln 1889-1893 Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James's 1893-present Thomas F. Bayard, Sr. 1893-1897 · John Hay 1897-1898 · Joseph Choate 1899-1905 · Whitelaw Reid 1905-1912 · Walter Page 1913-1918 · John W. Davis 1918-1921 · George Harvey 1921-1923 · Frank B. Kellogg 1924-1925 · Alanson B. Houghton 1925-1929 · Charles G. Dawes 1929-1931 · Andrew W. Mellon 1932-1933 · Robert Bingham 1933-1937 · Joseph P. Kennedy 1938-1940 · John G. Winant 1941-1946 · W. Averell Harriman 1946 · Lewis W. Douglas 1947-1950 · Walter S. Gifford 1950-1953 · Winthrop W. Aldrich 1953-1957 · John Hay Whitney 1957-1961 · David K. E. Bruce 1961-1969 · Walter H. Annenberg 1969-1974 · Elliot L. Richardson 1975-1976 · Anne Armstrong 1976-1977 · Kingman Brewster, Jr. 1977-1981 · John J. Louis, Jr. 1981-1983 · Charles H. Price II 1983-1989 · Henry E. Catto, Jr. 1989-1991 · Raymond G. H. Seitz 1991-1994 · William J. Crowe, Jr. 1994-1997 · Philip Lader 1997-2001 · William S. Farish III 2001-2004 · Robert H. Tuttle 2005-2009 · Louis Susman 2009-

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