Frederick Reines (March 16 1918 – August 26 1998) was an American
physicist. He was awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physics for his co-detection of the neutrino
with Clyde Cowan in the neutrino experiment,
and may be the only scientist in history "so intimately associated with the discovery of an elementary particle and the subsequent thorough investigation of its fundamental
properties".[1]
Early life
Reines was born in Paterson, New Jersey, the son of Jewish emigrants to the US from Russia, and the youngest of four children. Reines and his family moved
to upstate New York, where he spent much of his childhood in a small town where his father ran
a country store. Looking back, Reines said: "My early childhood memories center around this typical American country store and
life in a small American town, including 4th of July celebrations
marked by fireworks and patriotic music played from a pavilion bandstand."[2]
Reines later lived in North Bergen, New Jersey, where he attended
Horace Mann Elementary School, and then in Union
City, New Jersey, where he attended Union Hill High School. He had a
variety of extracurricular activities, participation in his school’s singing group, and being a member of the History Forum,
editor-in-chief of the school yearbook and an Eagle Scout.[2]
Discovery of an early passion for science
Reines had a passion for creating and building things, and exhibited a love of science in his childhood. In his autobiography
given to the Nobel Prize Committee, he recalled, “The first stirrings of interest in science that I remember occurred during a
moment of boredom at religious school, when, looking out of the window at twilight through a hand curled to simulate a telescope, I noticed something peculiar about the light; it was
the phenomenon of diffraction. That began for me a fascination with light." Ironically,
Reines’ excelled in literary and history courses, but received average or low marks in science and math in his freshman year of
high school, though he improved in those areas by his junior and senior years through the encouragement of an unidentified
teacher who gave him a key to the school laboratory and gave him permission to work whenever he wanted. This cultivated a love of
science in Reines by his senior year, and led him in the direction of a career in science. In response to a question seniors were
asked for a yearbook quote, Reines responded, “To be a physicist extraordinaire.” Reines graduated from high school in
1935.[2]
Reines said that his "early education was strongly influenced" by his older siblings. They were studious pupils who became
doctors and lawyers.[2]
Reines attended Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, where he earned his M.E. and M.S. degrees, before receiving his Ph.D. from
New York University. In 1940 he married Sylvia
Samuels, to whom he remained married for the rest of his life.
Discovery of the neutrino and the inner workings of stars
In 1944 Reines began working under Richard Feynman in the Theoretical Division of the
Los Alamos National Laboratory, where Reines became a group leader in
1945. In the early 1950s, working in Hanford and Savannah River laboratories, Reines and his colleague, Clyde
Cowan developed the detection procedures by which they and a team of researchers in 1956 first detected neutrinos. Neutrinos had been first proposed theoretically by Wolfgang
Pauli 20 years earlier to explain undetected energy that escaped when a neutron decayed into
a proton and an electron. From then on Reines dedicated the major part of his career to the study of the neutrino’s
properties and interactions, which work would influence study of the neutrino for future researchers to come, including the
discovery of neutrinos emitted from Supernova SN1987A by the Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven Collaboration.[3] This discovery helped to inaugurate the field of neutrino astronomy.
On the basis of his work in first detecting the neutrino, Reines became the head of the
physics department of Case Western Reserve University from
1959 to 1966. At Case, Reines led a group that was the first to
detect neutrinos created in the atmosphere by cosmic rays.[4] Reines had a booming voice, and had been a singer since childhood. During
this time, besides performing his duties as a research supervisor and chairman of the physics department, Reines sang in the
Cleveland Orchestra Chorus under the direction of Robert Shaw in performances
with George Szell and the Cleveland
Orchestra.[3]
In 1966, Reines took most of his neutrino research team with him when he left for California to become the founding dean of
physical sciences at the then new University of California, Irvine
(UCI). While at UCI, Reines extended the research interests of some of his graduate students into the development of medical
radiation detectors, such as for measuring total radiation delivered to the whole human body in radiation therapy.[3]
Reines had prepared for the possibility of measuring the distant events of a supernova explosion. Supernova explosions are
rare, but Reines thought he might be lucky, see one in his lifetime, and be able to catch the neutrinos streaming from it in his
specially-designed detectors. According to a UCI obituary, during his wait for a supernova to explode, he put signs on some of
his large neutrino detectors, calling them "Supernova Early Warning Systems".
After Supernova 1987A exploded, researchers used the results of Reines's and others' measurements to figure out events in
stellar evolution. According to these research findings, when a supermassive star collapses and then explodes, the resulting jets of neutrinos bombard the escaping
masses to create the elements up through uranium that are heavier than iron. Researchers have
concluded that without these natural neutrino processes in exploding supermassive stars, the elements like copper, silver,
platinum, and gold that are heavier than iron would not exist; at least no other natural process has been discovered that creates usable
quantities of the elements heavier than iron.[3]
In 1995, Reines was honored, along with Martin L. Perl with the Nobel Prize in Physics, and his work with Clyde Cowan in
first detecting the neutrino was recognized by the National Academy
of Sciences. Reines also received many other awards, including the National
Medal of Science.
Reines remained on UCI's faculty until his death of natural causes in 1998, aged 80. (After 1988 his title was
professor emeritus.) In addition to his wife, Reines was survived by his son Robert G., his
daughter Alisa K. Cowden, and six grandchildren.
References
- ^ Frederick Reines and the Neutrino, Jonas Schultz and Hank Sobel
- ^ a b c d Frederick
Reines, Nobel Prize in Physics 1995, Autobiography
- ^ a b c d University of California: In Memoriam, 1998. Frederick Reines, Physics; Radiological Sciences:
Irvine
- ^ Physics Today, Volume
54, Number 2, pages 17-19, by Gloria B. Lubkin.pdf file. Last retrieved June 12, 2007.
- The Union City Reporter; January 15, 2006; ("Native Sons and Daughters: Portrait
of UC Nobel laureate Frederick Reines" by Jessica Rosero.)
External links
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