The Roman magistrate, soldier, and engineer Sextus Julius Frontinus (ca. 35-ca. 104) is known primarily as a technical writer.

Frontinus seems to have been of patrician descent, and his writings indicate that he had some knowledge of Alexandrian mathematics. In his role as magistrate, Frontinus served as praetor urbanus of Rome in the year 70 and as consul suffectus in 73. From 74 to 78 he served as governor of Britain, during which time he subdued the Silures, a powerful and warlike tribe from Wales. His instinct for public improvements, which dominated his whole career, led him to begin the construction of a public highway (Via Julia) in the conquered territory. Returning to Rome in 78, Frontinus served as consul suffectus in 98 and again in 100. It was during this latter period that most of his writings seem to have been composed.

Appointed curator aquarum (superintendent of the aqueducts) of Rome in 97, Frontinus embodied his knowledge of the water supply in a treatise, On the Aqueducts of Rome, a valuable source of information on the historical, legal, and technical life of the times. In this work Frontinus lists the names of the aqueducts, when and by whom they were constructed, and their size, height, and distribution, and he collects the many laws and penalties regulating their proper employment. The treatise portrays Frontinus as a faithful public servant who openly boasts that his reforms have made the city cleaner and the water and the air purer and removed the causes of pestilence which had formerly given Rome a bad reputation. In this work Frontinus shows himself aware of the relationship between the speed of outflow of water and its height.

Frontinus composed two treatises on military tactics. The first, The Stratagems, is a manual on military stratagems compiled from Greek and Roman military history. The book is divided into three parts - stratagems for use before the battle begins, those concerned with the battle itself, and those concerned with sieges and the raising of sieges. The other military treatise, De re militari, has not survived except in fragments quoted by other authorities.

Frontinus also composed a treatise on the art of surveying, of which only fragments are extant. It appears that this work was a pioneering effort in Roman surveying and that it was used as a standard authority for some years.

Further Reading

An early edition of Frontinus's work is The Two Books on the Water Supply of the City of Rome, translated and with explanatory chapters by Clemens Herschel (1899). A revised version of Herschel's work is The Stratagems, and the Aqueducts of Rome, edited by Mary B. McElwain (1925). Further information can be found in Thomas Ashby, The Aqueducts of Ancient Rome, edited by I. A. Richmond (1935). J. N. L. Myres, Roman Britain (1939), provides information on the political career of Frontinus as well as background information.

For more information on Sextus Julius Frontinus, visit Britannica.com.

(c.35–105)

Roman author of a major, clearly written, uncluttered treatise (De Aquæductibus Urbis Romae) on the water-supply of the city as well as another on surveying (which survives in fragments). He provided useful descriptions of the aqueducts, as well as of the methods used to provide the linings for the conduits.

Bibliography

• Hamilton & Sturgis et al. (1996)

The full bibliography for this book is available to download as a pdf file.
Download the bibliography for A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (PDF: 1.2MB)

Frontīnus, Sextus Julius (c. AD 30–c.104), consul in 73 or 74, after which he was sent as governor to Britain, where he subdued the Silures in south-east Wales. Of his writings there survive the Stratēgēmata in four books, a manual of Greek and Roman strategy for the use of officers; fragments of a work on land-surveying; and his most famous work, De aquis urbis Romae (‘on the waters of Rome’), in two books written after he was appointed curator of the Roman water-supply (curator aquarum) in 97. He describes for the benefit of his successors the aqueducts and their history, the regulations governing them, and technical details concerning the quality and distribution of supply. Frontinus' writings have a straightforward style in keeping with their subject-matter.

(Sextus Julius Frontinus) (frŏntī'nəs), fl. A.D. 74, Roman administrator and writer. As governor of Britain from A.D. 74 or A.D. 75 to A.D. 78, he reduced the Silures, a rebellious tribe in SE Wales, and pacified Britain within its borders; it was this work, successfully done, that probably rendered possible the achievements of Frontinus' successor, Agricola. From his experience as curator aquarum, or water commissioner, he wrote De aquis urbis Romae, which treats exhaustively of the water supply of Rome, with complete descriptions and history of the aqueducts. He also wrote the Strategematica, which is important as a guide to Roman military tactics and strategy.

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