fulminate

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A compound containing the ONC group and derived from fulminic acid, HONC. Fulminates are isomeric with cyanates; that is, cyanates have the same atoms but in different arrangement, OCN.

The fulminates have been commercially important because of the use of mercury fulminate, Hg(ONC)₂, in priming compositions and as an initial detonating agent; lead azide is replacing mercury fulminate as a detonating agent. See also Cyanate.

verb

To release or cause to release energy suddenly and violently, especially with a loud noise: blast, blow¹ (up), burst, detonate, explode, fire, go off, touch off. See explosion/collapse.

Definition: criticize harshly
Antonyms: compliment, defend, flatter, praise, support

To occur suddenly with great intensity.

• Judgments Pro and Con - fulminate: utter with denunciation; issue censure or invective
• Blame, Censure, Ridicule, and Contempt - fulminate: (vb) utter denunciations and invective

Structural formula of the fulminate ion

Fulminates are chemical compounds which include the fulminate ion. The fulminate ion, CNO⁻ is a pseudohalic ion, acting like a halogen with its charge and reactivity. Due to the instability of the ion, fulminate salts are friction-sensitive explosives. The best known is mercury(II) fulminate, which has been used as a primary explosive in detonators. Fulminates can be formed from metals, such as silver and mercury, dissolved in nitric acid and reacted with ethanol. It is largely the presence of the weak single nitrogen-oxygen bond which leads to its instability. Nitrogen very easily forms a stable triple bond to another nitrogen atom, forming gaseous nitrogen.

Contents 1 Historical notes 2 Compounds 3 See also 4 References

Historical notes

Fulminates were discovered by Edward Charles Howard in 1800.^[1][2][3] The use of fulminate gunpowder for firearms was first demonstrated by a Scottish minister, A. J. Forsyth, who was granted the patent to it in 1807.^[4] Joshua Shaw then made the transition to their use in metallic encapsulations, to form a percussion cap, but did not patent his invention until 1822.

In the 1820s, the organic chemist Justus Liebig discovered silver fulminate (Ag-CNO) and Friedrich Wöhler discovered silver cyanate (Ag-OCN). The fact that these substances have the same chemical composition led to an acrid dispute, which was not resolved until Jöns Jakob Berzelius came up with the concept of isomers.^[5]

Compounds

• Fulminic acid
• Mercury(II) fulminate
• Potassium fulminate
• Silver fulminate

See also

Look up fulminate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• The cyanate (-OCN) and isocyanate (-NCO) groups have a related structure.
• The nitrile (-CN) and isonitrile (-NC) groups.
• Nitrile oxide (-CNO) the respective functional group of the fulminate ion.
• Internal ballistics
• Percussion cap

References

1. ^ Edward Howard (1991). "On a New Fulminating Mercury". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 90 (1): 204–238. doi:10.1098/rstl.1800.0012. 
2. ^ F. Kurzer (1999). "The Life and Work of Edward Charles Howard". Annals of Science 56 (2): 113–141. doi:10.1080/000337999296445. 
3. ^ "Edward Charles Howard (1774-1816), Scientist and sugar refiner". National Portrait Gallery. 2005-01-05. http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp02292. Retrieved 2006-08-30. 
4. ^ "Rifled Breach Loader". Globalsecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/rifle-history.htm. 
5. ^ Greenberg, Arthur (2000). A Chemical History Tour. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 198–203. ISBN 0-471-35408-2. 

This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)

Dansk (Danish)
v. intr. - lyne, glimte, komme til pludseligt og voldsomt udbrud
v. tr. - få til at eksplodere, rase imod
n. - knaldsalt

idioms:

• fulminate against    rase imod

Nederlands (Dutch)
fulmineren, uitvaren, flikkeren, ontploffen, fulminaat (explosief zout)

Français (French)
v. intr. - fulminer, pester
v. tr. - fulminer, pester
n. - (Chim) fulminate

idioms:

• fulminate against    fulminer contre

Deutsch (German)
v. - wettern
n. - (Chem.) Fulminat, Knallpulver

idioms:

• fulminate against    wettern gegen

Ελληνική (Greek)
v. - εξαπολύω μύδρους (εναντίον), κεραυνοβολώ, κατακεραυνώνω, εκτοξεύω (κατηγορίες κ.λπ.)

idioms:

• fulminate against    απευθύνω βαριές καταγγελίες

Italiano (Italian)
imprecare

idioms:

• fulminate against    imprecare contro

Português (Portuguese)
v. - criticar severamente, explodir

idioms:

• fulminate against    criticar severamente

Русский (Russian)
метать гром и молнии

idioms:

• fulminate against    обрушиваться на

Español (Spanish)
v. intr. - fulminar, explotar, detonar
v. tr. - fulminar, explotar, detonar
n. - fulminante

idioms:

• fulminate against    tronar contra

Svenska (Swedish)
v. - dundra, explodera, slunga en bannstråle mot

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
爆炸, 怒喝, 电闪, 使爆发, 以严词谴责, 雷酸盐, 雷汞

idioms:

• fulminate against    对...严词谴责, 对...怒喝

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
v. intr. - 爆炸, 怒喝, 電閃
v. tr. - 使爆發, 以嚴詞譴責
n. - 雷酸鹽, 雷汞

idioms:

• fulminate against    對...嚴詞譴責, 對...怒喝

한국어 (Korean)
v. intr. - 굉장한 소리를 내며 폭발하다, 격렬하게 비난하다, 급하게 엄습하다
v. tr. - 폭발 시키다, 맹렬히 비난하다
n. - 뇌산염, 폭발분

idioms:

• fulminate against    질책하다, 질타하다

日本語 (Japanese)
v. - 爆発音を出す, どなり付ける, 爆発する
n. - 雷酸塩

idioms:

• fulminate against    非難する, 叱り付ける

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(فعل) يشجب بعنف‏

עברית (Hebrew)
v. intr. - ‮התפוצץ, פרץ (מחלה), הבריק כברק, ביקר חריפות‬
v. tr. - ‮התקיף קשות, פוצץ‬
n. - ‮מלח של חומצת פיצוץ‬

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