fustian

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Fustian (also called Fustanum^[1][2] and bombast) is a term for a variety of heavy woven cloth, cotton fabrics, that are chiefly prepared for menswear. It is also used to refer to pompous, inflated or pretentious writing or speech, from at least the time of Shakespeare. This literary use is because the cloth type was often used as padding, hence, the purposeless words are 'bombast'.

History and use

Corduroy:This modern diagram shows the warp(3) and the long (red-4) and short (green-5) weft threads, traditionally the knife (1) and the guide (2) are attached and the cutting motion is upwards

It embraces plain twilled cloth known as jean, and cut fabrics similar to velvet, known as velveteen, moleskin, corduroy etc. The original medieval fustian was a stout but respectable cloth with a cotton weft and a linen warp, possibly derived from El-Fustat, the name of a suburb of Cairo where cloth was manufactured.^[3][4] The term seems to have quickly become less precise, and was applied to a coarse cloth made of wool and linen, and in the reign of Edward III of England, the name was given to a woolen fabric. By the early 20th century, fustians were usually of cotton dyed various colors.

In a petition to Parliament during the reign of Mary I, "fustian of Naples" is mentioned. In the 13th and 14th centuries priests' robes and women's dresses were made of fustian, but though dresses are still made from some kinds, the chief use is for labourers' clothes.

Fustian, by the 1860s referred to any cut weft cotton fabric, and its manufacture was common in towns of the fringe of the Lancashire cotton region, such as Congleton in Cheshire, Mow Cop, Staffordshire and Heptonstall in Calderdale.

Manufacture

Crucial to process of manufacture was fustian cutting. This was a hand process using a fustian cutting knife. This tool was around 50cm long, and looked like a long spike, about 10cm from the tip, the top edge was sharpened into a blade. It was inserted along the fabric along side two warp threads, and under the raised weft, as it was guide forward the lade severed the weft. In corduroy, there were seven ridges to the inch, so along a 31in bolt, there would be about 320 cuts to be done.^[5] In the 1860s, the cloth would be stretched over a 22yd long table, and the cutters would walk the length of the table as many times as was necessary, in recent times the cloth was tensioned over a 6ft table and all the cuts made, and then the cloth would be released and the next two yards tensioned onto the table. Over a 60hr week the cutter would be expected to produce 500 yards of 7-8 ridge corduroy. Velveteen was cut the same way but had 32 ridges per inch so production would be proportionately less.^[5]

Cutting was one part of the process. The yarn was sized and the cloth was woven- there would be a high number of weft threads to warp. The ridges were manually cut, and the cloth sent to be finished. It was scoured to remove the size, and brushed to raise the nap. This was then singed over a gas flames, then bleached and or dyed. It was brushed again. It was now stentered to pull it out to the standard width. The cloth was woven at 31 or 32 inches and during processing has shrunk to 27inches. Stentering would stabilise the width to 28inches. The back of the cloth would now be filled to give it stiffness. This could be with a glue based mixture that could be formed from boiled bones. Each manufacturer had their own techniques. The cloth was now ready to be taken to the warehouse to be sold.^[5]

Political significance

Fustian was worn by workers during the 19th century. As such, radical elements of the British working class chose to wear fustian jackets as a symbol of their class allegiance. This was especially marked during the Chartist era. The historian Paul Pickering has called the wearing of fustian "a statement of class without words."^[6]

Notes

1. ^ Abbey, Ramsey (1966). Chronicon abbatiæ rameseiensis: a sæc x. usque ad an. circiter 1200: in quatuor partibus. Partes I., II., III., iterum post Th. Gale, ex chartulario in archivis regni servato, pars IV. nunc primum ex aliis codicibus. Kraus Reprint. p. 424. OCLC 54878467. "[Spelman quotes the passage, and adds " Non eqoidem " intelligo," but refers to Erasmus' Colloquies for the use of the word fustanum for fustian cloth, of which several instances are given in Ducange.] G. Gaola, a prison, 344." 
2. ^ English 18th century dances, Volume 3. New York Public Library. 1813. p. 108. http://books.google.com.hk/books?hl=zh-TW&id=I7oRAAAAYAAJ&q=Fustanum%2C+or+fustian#v=snippet&q=Fustanum%2C%20or%20fustian&f=false. "Fustanum, or fustian, was, what it is at this period, a strong cloth made of cotton ; and priests, as well as the lower ranks, wore it in vests, tunics, and sunouts." 
3. ^ "fustian". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 3rd ed. 2001.
4. ^ Donald King in: Jonathan Alexander & Paul Binski (eds), Age of Chivalry, Art in Plantagenet England, 1200-1400, p. 157, Royal Academy/Weidenfeld & Nicholson, London 1987
5. ^ ^{a b c} Fustian cutting video Calderdale Museums and Galleries, Heptonstall Museum, 2010
6. ^ See Paul A. Pickering, "Class Without Words: Symbolic Communication in the Chartist Movement"

References

• The Online Etymology Dictionary
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 
• Pickering, Paul, A., "Class Without Words: Symbolic Communication in the Chartist Movement", Past and Present, cxii, August 1986, 144-162.

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