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Dictionary:

gang1

  (găng) pronunciation
n.
  1. A group of criminals or hoodlums who band together for mutual protection and profit.
  2. A group of adolescents who band together, especially a group of delinquents.
  3. Informal. A group of people who associate regularly on a social basis: The whole gang from the office went to a clambake.
  4. A group of laborers organized together on one job or under one foreperson: a railroad gang.
  5. A matched or coordinated set, as of tools: a gang of chisels.
    1. A pack of wolves or wild dogs.
    2. A herd, especially of buffalo or elk. See synonyms at flock1.

v., ganged, gang·ing, gangs.

v.intr.

To band together as a group or gang.

v.tr.
  1. To arrange or assemble into a group, as for simultaneous operation or production: gang several pages onto one printing plate.
  2. To attack as an organized group.
phrasal verb:

gang up

  1. To join together in opposition or attack: The older children were always ganging up on the little ones.
  2. To act together as a group: various agencies ganging up to combat the use of illicit drugs.

[Middle English, band of men, from Old English, journey, and Old Norse -gangr, journey, group (as in thjofagangr, gang of thieves).]


gang2 (găng) pronunciation
n.

Variant of gangue.


 
 
Thesaurus: gang
also gang up

noun

  1. An organized group of criminals, hoodlums, or wrongdoers: band2, pack, ring1. Informal mob. See group.
  2. A particular social group: circle, clique, coterie, crowd, set2. Informal bunch. See group.
  3. A group of people organized for a particular purpose: body, corps, crew, detachment, force, team, unit. See group.

phrasal verb - gang up

    To assemble or join in a group: band2, combine, league, unite. See collect/distribute.

 
Idioms: gang

In addition to the idiom beginning with gang, also see like gangbusters.

 
Children's Health Encyclopedia: Gangs

Definition

Youth gangs are variously defined in the social science and criminal justice literature. They are commonly understood to be a loosely-organized association of socially excluded, alienated, or bigoted individuals acting together within a fluid structure with informal leadership. Youth gangs are bound by a common ethnicity, race, social class, or other determinant and employ distinctive symbols, including style and color of dress, hand signs, tattoos, and graffiti. Loyal gang members follow a gang-defined system of rules, rituals, and codes of behavior. Gangs serve some individuals as a substitute family structure. Membership imparts a sense of empowerment as members act together to defend territory and provide mutual protection. Youth gangs typically engage in delinquent, criminal, and violent activities, often for financial gain.

Description

Gangs have been a part of U.S. culture since the early 19th century. Immigrant youth organized themselves into street gangs, often as a means of economic survival. Social scientists have been studying and reporting on gang membership and attributes since early in the 20th century. Gangs have been seen as a normal adolescent peer activity that occurs "within a continuum of behaviors, from conventional to wild," as suggested by the classic 1927 research of Frederic Thrasher, a social scientist who studied 1,313 Chicago gangs. A more recent view by the U.S. Department of Justice in 1998 holds that "a group must be involved in a pattern of criminal acts to be considered a youth gang." This criterion is also used by the Federal Bureau of Investigation who contend that it is "participation in criminal activity" that separates a community group or social club from a gang.

Gangs are more prevalent in neighborhoods where the community network is weak, with few ties among individual residents or between residents and conventional community institutions. Among adolescent males, the best predictor of gang membership is the absence of a positive male role model. Most girls who participate in gang activity have run away from home at least once due to family problems including the drug addiction and/or arrest of a parent.

Gang violence has reached a crisis level in the United States. A 1998 study revealed that gang members possess significantly more guns than other at-risk youth. The ready availability of such deadly weapons has led to an increase in violence such as drive-by shootings and a loss of life among gang members and others caught in the crossfire. Research reported in 1991 found that gang access to firearms "led to lethal violence in circumstances that might otherwise have been settled with less-than lethal means." Gang culture increasingly involves its youth membership in the use of weapons, drugs, and criminal activity.

Risk Factors

According to Lonnie Jackson, author of the book Gangbusters: Strategies for Prevention and Intervention, many factors contribute to the likelihood of youth gang involvement. Some of the factors he cites include:

  • frequent exposure to crime and violence during formative years
  • few positive role models, particularly of their own ethnicity
  • unstable family life, with little parental control
  • lack of economic opportunities conducive to lawful self-sufficiency
  • inadequate constructive social and recreational activities for youths
  • hopelessness engendered by minimal employment opportunity
  • inadequate skills, education, or employment qualifications
  • lure of power and money, particularly through the drug trade
  • cultural environment that highly values immediate gratification
  • unmet needs for safety, a sense of belonging, and secure emotional relationships
  • low self-esteem and feelings of insignificance and powerlessness

Demographics

"Gang activity is notably prevalent in the biggest cities (over 100,000 population) in the United States," according to research reported by the National Youth Gang Center. Between 1996 and 2001, more than 90 percent of the largest U.S. cities reported gang activity. However, between 1998 and 1999, the research shows an increase in gang membership by 27 percent in suburban areas and by 29 percent in rural areas. Gang membership is no longer limited to ethnic minorities in America's inner cities, but is found in all ethnic groups, economic classes, and in rural, urban, and suburban settings.

Researchers studying gang life focused first on the behavior of male gangs. Later research, however, has revealed a growing number of girl gangs, with estimates as high as 10 percent of all youth gangs. However, the incidence of female gangs may be much higher than reports indicate. Female gang activity is less violent than that of their male counterparts and is underreported by law enforcement agencies.

Gang membership remains predominantly the province of male adolescents and young adults from 12 to 24 years of age. When young women become involved in gangs, it is usually through relationships with boyfriends or brothers, according to research by A. Campbell reviewed in the Journal of Criminal Justice. Girl gang members experience more long-term, harmful effects from gang membership than their male counterparts, and some research finds that "gang membership itself opened up young women to additional victimization risk."

The proportion of gang members of particular race or ethnicity reflects the demographics of the community where they live. "Nearly half (49 percent) of all gang members are Hispanic/Latino, 34 percent are African American/black, 10 percent are Caucasian/white, 6 percent are Asian, and the remainder are of some other race/ethnicity," according to respondents to the 2001 National Youth Gang Survey. The Survey estimated that "youth gangs were active in over 2,300 cities with populations over 2,500 in 2002."

Causes

Research studies throughout the 1980s and 1990s, during a period of growing gang involvement among North American youth, cite complex social problems as the root cause of the persistence and proliferation of youth gangs. Dysfunctional families, often with an absent father, low socio-economic circumstances, poor educational opportunities, unemployment, indigence, deteriorated neighborhoods with high crime rates, racism, and limited opportunities for bringing about a change in circumstances, are among the serious factors that put youth at high risk for gang involvement.

Though there is no conclusive evidence, many critics of popular media cite youth exposure to violent films and song lyrics, particularly rap music, as a negative influence glamorizing gang life and encouraging at-risk youth to join gangs or to participate in gang-related crime as a means of gaining a sense of belonging and empowerment.

When to Intervene

Early intervention is the most effective means of diverting at-risk youth into pro-social activities and associations before they seek affiliation with youth gangs. Children as young as eight years old are attracted by the lure of gang membership. Parents, teachers, and concerned others should seek the help of culturally-sensitive and well-trained counselors who can intervene with information and alternatives that address unmet needs for safety, and provide a feeling of belonging, and a sense of power and purpose.

Indicators

Concerned and attentive parents and school counselors should be on the alert for indications of possible gang membership in at-risk youth. Some indicators are poor academic achievement and frequent truancy, anti-social and delinquent behaviors, adoption of gang dress in style and color, appearance of tattoos, use of hand signals, and other gang-related signs, preference for music with gang themes, and the presence of gang activity in the community.

Treatment

Effective treatment must be culturally sensitive, diverse, and experienced as relevant to the lives of the gang-involved youth. Treatment plans must address the myriad and serious underlying personal and social problems that lead to gang involvement. Young people need information about alternatives to street gangs that can realistically meet their needs in pro-social ways. Treatment for drug addiction, sexual abuse, and other physical and emotional traumas are a prerequisite to providing lasting help. Mental health treatment must address delayed stress issues from repeated exposure to trauma, violence, and economic hardship. Education and training in skills of nonviolent conflict resolution are also important components of a successful treatment plan. Counselors must be skilled, knowledgeable, and trustworthy and able to help the gang-involved youth to examine choices in ways that encourage clear thinking and provide a broader view of potential and possibilities outside gang life.

Prognosis

Early intervention with at-risk youth to relieve some of the personal and environmental stressors that lead to gang involvement has the best prognosis. Youth who have already joined a gang usually also have well-developed manipulative skills. They exhibit a fierce loyalty to other gang members and are highly resistant to change, even after arrest and detention for gang-related crimes.

Prevention

Community intervention at the grassroots, neighborhood level, can be an effective first step in a multifaceted approach to prevention of gang involvement. Eliminating underlying social problems that lead to development of youth gangs and strengthening community ties can reduce the influence of gangs and deter gang crime that thrives when neighborhoods fail to work together. Parental involvement with teachers can head off many problems of truancy, and community education on gang culture will help parents and teachers to identify early signs of gang involvement. Strong after-school programs that assist working parents meet children's needs for supervision and provide structured, pro-social activities to young children may reduce attraction to gang-related activities. Former gang members who are willing to speak about the negative side of gang life, and adults who are willing to serve as mentors and tutors can provide critical positive role models for at-risk youth, an indispensable component to a successful prevention strategy. Job skills training and meaningful employment opportunities will divert many youth from the path to gang membership.

Parental Concerns

The prevalence of youth gangs throughout the United States, and the increase in violence associated with gang membership are serious issues of concern for any parent. Delinquent and antisocial behaviors in young children, particularly those who live in environments where poverty, unemployment, and drug addiction are common, are early danger signs. Seeking help from concerned and qualified school counselors, church, and community leaders can alleviate many parental concerns and provide opportunity for early intervention.

Resources

Books

Branch, Curtis W. Clinical Interventions with Gang Adolescents and Their Families. Boulder: Westview Press., 1997.

Jackson, Lonnie Gangbusters: Strategies for Prevention and Intervention. Lanham, Maryland: American Correctional Association, 1998.

Wolff, Lisa Gangs. San Diego: Lucent Books, Inc., 2000.

Periodicals

Decker, Scott H. and G. David Curry. "Gangs, gang homicides, and gang loyalty: Organized crimes or disorganized criminals." Journal of Criminal Justice 30, no. 4 (July–August 2002): 343-352. Science Direct.

St. Cyr, Jenna L. and Scott H. Decker. "Girls, guys, and gangs: Convergence or divergence in the gendered construction of gangs and groups." Journal of Criminal Justice 31, no. 5 (September–October 2003): 423-433. Science Direct.

Wang, Alvin Y. "Pride and prejudice in high school gang members." Adolescence 29 no. 114 (Summer 1994): 279. EBSCO.

Organizations

Institute for Intergovernmental Research. National Youth Gang Center. Post Office Box 12729, Tallahassee, FL 32317; Phone:(850) 385-0600. www.iir.com/nygc/maininfo.htm

Web Sites

"Chicago officials innovative in battling street gang life." Los Angeles Daily News. Belleville News-Democrat and wire service sources. [cited October 11, 2004]. www.belleville.com.

"Frequently Asked Questions Regarding Gangs." National Youth Gang Center. Institute for Intergovernmental Research. [Cited October 11, 2004]. www.iir.com/nygc/faq.htm.

"Gangs Fact Sheet." National Youth Violence Prevention Resource Center. [cited October 11, 2004] www.safeyouth.org/scripts/facts/gangs.asp.

Hagedorn, John. "Discussion of Gang Definitions." Crime & Justice: A Review of Research.24. (1998): 366-368. [cited September 27, 2004]. .

[Article by: Clare Hanrahan]


 
Columbia Encyclopedia: gang,
group of people organized for a common purpose, often criminal. Gangs of criminals were long known on the American frontier and also flourished in urban settings. Notorious were the outlaws led by Jesse James and his brother, the Sydney Ducks of San Francisco (active in the 1850s), and the Hudson Dusters of turn-of-the-century New York City. Modern criminal gangs are largely urban and highly organized (see organized crime). Adolescent gangs before World War II were generally poverty-area recreational groups that turned to crime under the influence of adult gangs. Often the groups were rehabilitated through recreational leadership and guidance in community centers. In the late 1940s fighting gangs arose in the poverty areas of most large cities. Uniting to seek security and status in a discouraging environment, the young members divide their neighborhoods into rival territories and amass homemade and stolen weapons. Boundary violations or other insults invite intergang fights in streets or parks. Most fighting gangs are organized intricately, with caste systems and with officers who arrange battles and prepare strategy; the gang may range in size from several members to over 100. Factors related to the development of delinquent gangs include blighted communities, dropping out of school, unemployment, family disorganization, neighborhood traditions of gang delinquency, psychopathology, and ethnic status. Gangs provide acceptance and protection to inner-city youth; in Los Angeles gangs doubled from 400 in 1985 to 800 (with 90,000 members) in 1990. See also juvenile delinquency.

Bibliography

See L. Yablonsky, The Violent Gang (1962, repr. 1970); M. W. Klein and B. G. Myerhoff, Juvenile Gangs in Context (1967); J. F. Short, ed., Gang Delinquency and Delinquent Subcultures (1968); E. Liebow, Talley's Corner (1968); J. Haskins, Street Gangs: Yesterday and Today (1977); W. F. Whyte, Streetcorner Society (1981); A. Campbell, Girls in the Gang (1984); E. Dolan, Youth Gangs (1984); L. Bing, Do or Die (1991).

 
Word Tutor: gang
pronunciation

IN BRIEF: n. - Tool consisting of a combination of implements arranged to work together; An organized group of workmen; An association of criminals; An informal body of friends v. - Act as an organized group.

pronunciation I think that today's youth are drawn to gangs for a sense of belonging.

 
Wikipedia: gang

A gang is a group of individuals that share a common identity, even if that identity consists of little more than their association with one another. In early English usage, it referred to a group of workmen, and later underwent pejoration.

Gang generally carries a negative connotation, however, within a gang which defines itself in opposition to mainstream norms, members may adopt the phrase as a statement of identity or defiance. Gang activities are not restricted to typical organized crime groups,[1] but may be associated with a general class of behavior in which collective action and support of communal interests and goals serves to achieve social cohesion or solidarity "especially in gangs, cults, unions, political parties or movements, and religious sects."[1]

An article in the Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice talks of a consensus definition, "any durable, street-oriented youth group whose own identity includes involvement in illegal activity". This definition was developed over 5 years and agreed on by more than 100 gang research scholars in the United States and Europe.[2] It is a minimalist definition specifically designed to enhance comparative street gang research.

Today

In modern usage, gang often refers to loosely organized groups that control a territory through readiness to use coordinated violence, especially against other gangs. Violence also serves to maintain organization within the gang and to control gang members (Decker and Van Winkle, 1996; Horowitz, 1983; Sanchez-Jankowski, 1991; Yablonsky, 1962).[2]

Gangs are as diverse and dissimilar as the ideologies and belief systems which influence and motivate them.[3] Extremist and hate groups in some states have acquired the label, as the extremist groups operate very similarly to corporate gangs.[4] While hierarchy, colors, and turf are not emphasized as much within these extremist groups, symbols, signs, codes, special languages, and group collaboration and participation in patterns of criminal activity, especially crimes against human rights and civil liberties, are as much a part of the gang type behavior as they are to more traditional 'street gangs'.[5]

'Terrorities' have expanded to include the Internet for some gangs. Crips, Bloods, MS-13, 18th Street and other "web bangers" are among some gangs posting on personal and social networking Web sites taunting other gangs, boasting of illegal exploits, and, according to George W. Knox, director of the National Gang Crime Research Center[3], influencing and recruiting new members.[4] Tod Burke, a criminal justice professor at Radford University in Virginia states: “Gangs already have their own alphabet, their own language, their own hand signals, so why not use the Internet?” Gang members, using home computers communicate with each other using their own coded language to brag about criminal exploits and to organize crimes on the street, including fights with rival gangs.[5] White Aryan Resistance (WAR) and the World Church of the Creator (WCOTC) are two American-based white-supremacist or neo-fascist groupuscules or gangs who have been quick to exploit the advantages the Internet and the World Wide Web offer for organizing, recruiting, and developing their small, splinter groups of extremists. While the Internet provides these gangs with the opportunity to communicate with a wider audience, the threat of increased influence on disenfranchised and underprivileged youths may be exaggerated.[6] Gang members have also been joining and organizing within the U.S. military and learning military skills in Iraq, a phenomenon an FBI report calls "a threat to law enforcement and national security."[6]

In environments with few social supports, gangs provide young members a sense of belonging, and protection from other gangs; often, where prospects for gainful employment are poor, they also provide an illegal means of earning a living.

Classification

The dissimilarity between some gangs has prompted the generation of categories to classify gangs based on finances and activities.

Scavenger gangs are characteristically disorganized and often represent the least successful of all the types of gangs. Members of scavenger gangs may be low achievers, and may be prone to violent or erratic behavior. Because these gangs are not well organized, leadership of scavenger gangs may change frequently and without reason. Scavenger gangs often turn to low-level crime, usually committed spontaneously and without planning. If a scavenger gang can become more organized, it may be able to grow into a territorial gang.[3]

Territorial gangs are typically more organized than scavenger gangs, but their primary purpose is still social. Some may sell drugs, but this is not a defining characteristic of the territorial gang. Territorial gangs will often use violent means to defend their territory; in some cases this helps the gang to bond and reinforces the social structures of the gang. Gang members may be attracted to territorial gangs because they have difficult home lives.[3]

Corporate gangs are highly organized conspiracies, constructed for the purpose of marketing drugs and gaining maximum profits. The symbolism and turfs that are significant to territorial and scavenger gangs are meaningless to corporate gangs. Members of corporate gangs are expected to follow a certain etiquette, and severe punishment can be expected for any faux pas. Leadership of a corporate gang requires a higher level of intelligence than other gangs, and bosses in these gangs will often be highly successful career criminals.[3]

References

  1. ^ Robert S. Mueller, III (Director). Executive Speeches. Federal Bureau of Investigations. Retrieved on 2007-06-05.
  2. ^ Malcolm W. Klein, "The Value of Comparisons in Street Gang Research", Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 21, No. 2, 135-152 (2005), DOI: 10.1177/1043986204272911. Abstract online
  3. ^ a b c d Deborah Prothrow-Stith. Not All Gangs are the Same: Types of Youth Gangs. Smart Library on Children and Families. Retrieved on 2007-06-05.
  4. ^ Robert S. Mueller, III. Federal Bureau of Investigation Congressional Testimony - Testimony of Robert S. Mueller, III (Director). Retrieved on 2007-06-05.
  5. ^ John R. Schafer, Joe Navarro. The Hate Model. Retrieved on 2007-06-05.
  6. ^ Exclusive: Gangs Spreading In The Military CBSNews.Com July 28, 2007

See also

External links

  • Gang Photos - Pictures of different types of gangs and gang members

gang volenice


This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)

 
Translations: Gang

Dansk (Danish)
1.
n. - arbejdshold, sjak, kolonne, bande
v. intr. - slutte sig sammen, angribe i flok
v. tr. - rotte sig sammen

idioms:

  • gang up    angribe i flok

2.
v. intr. - gå i slæng

3.
n. - gangmasse, metalmoder

Nederlands (Dutch)
bende, vriendenkring, meute, ploeg (arbeiders), samenstel (gereedschap)

Français (French)
1.
n. - bande (péj), équipe, (Tech) jeu
v. intr. - former un gang, se grouper, s'allier
v. tr. - former un gang, se grouper, s'allier

idioms:

  • gang up    former un gang, se liguer, s'allier

2.
v. intr. - aller, avancer, circuler

idioms:

  • gang agley    s'en aller à vau-l'eau, mal tourner (un projet), marcher de travers

3.
n. - (Minér) gangue

Deutsch (German)
1.
n. - Bande, Haufen, Kolonne
v. - zusammenstellen, zu einer Gruppe zusammenschließen, eine Bande bilden

idioms:

  • gang up    sich zusammentun

2.
v. - gehen, weitergehen

idioms:

  • gang agley    scheitern

3.
n. - Gangmineralmasse, Gangmineralgestein

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - παρέα, συντροφιά, σπείρα, συμμορία, συνεργείο (εργατών), (ναυτ.) πλήρωμα (κν. τσούρμο)
v. - σχηματίζω ομάδα ή σπείρα, συσπειρώνομαι

idioms:

  • gang up    συνασπίζομαι

Italiano (Italian)
banda

idioms:

  • gang up    formare una combriccola, riunirsi

Português (Portuguese)
n. - grupo (m) de pessoas, quadrilha (f), jogo (m) de ferramentas, gangue (f)
v. - agrupar-se

idioms:

  • gang up    atacar em bando, agir em conjunto como um grupo

Русский (Russian)
шайка, партия заключенных, компания, рабочая бригада, комплект инструментов, комплектовать инструменты

idioms:

  • gang up    ополчаться, сговариваться, собирать шайку

Español (Spanish)
1.
n. - círculo de amigos, banda, cuadrilla
v. intr. - actuar en banda, unirse, confabularse
v. tr. - acomodar en grupos, atacar en banda

idioms:

  • gang up    unirse, confabularse, conspirar

2.
v. intr. - hacer, proceder, seguir un curso

idioms:

  • gang agley    proceder mal

3.
n. - roca sin valor en la que se encuentran vetas de metales

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - (arbets)lag, gäng, uppsättning (verktyg)
v. - slå sig ihop, gå (skotsk.)

中文（简体） (Chinese (Simplified))
1. 一帮, 一群, 恶少帮, 阿飞党, 游伴, 一队人, 一伙人, 一组人, 成群结队, 结伙, 使结成一伙, 使成套排列, 合伙袭击

idioms:

  • gang up    集合起来

2. 一帮, 一群, 恶少帮, 阿飞党, 游伴, 一队人, 一伙人, 一组人

中文（繁體） (Chinese (Traditional))
1.
n. - 一幫, 一群, 惡少幫, 阿飛党, 遊伴, 一隊人, 一伙人, 一組人

2.
n. - 一幫, 一群, 惡少幫, 阿飛党, 遊伴, 一隊人, 一夥人, 一組人
v. intr. - 成群結隊, 結夥
v. tr. - 使結成一夥, 使成套排列, 合夥襲擊

idioms:

  • gang up    集合起來

한국어 (Korean)
1.
n. - 떼, 폭력단
v. intr. - 떼를 이루다
v. tr. - 무리로 편성하다

idioms:

  • gang up    단체로 행동하다

2.
v. intr. - 가다

3.
n. - 맥석

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 一団, 一味, 遊び仲間, 非行グループ, ギャング
v. - 団結する, 集団で襲う, 一団になる

idioms:

  • gang up    徒党を組んでする

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) عصابه, جماعه (فعل) يهاجم‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮כנופיה, חבורה, קבוצה‬
v. intr. - ‮התלכדו לחבורה, פעלו כחבורה‬
v. tr. - ‮ערך (כלים וכו') לעבודה בתיאום‬
v. intr. - ‮הלך, נמשך‬
n. - ‮סלע חסר-ערך בו נמצאו מחצבים‬

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Idioms. The American Heritage® Dictionary of Idioms by Christine Ammer. Copyright © 1997 by The Christine Ammer 1992 Trust. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.  Read more
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