gang

(electricity) A mechanical connection of two or more circuit devices so that they can be varied at the same time.

noun

1. An organized group of criminals, hoodlums, or wrongdoers: band², pack, ring¹. Informal mob. See group.
2. A particular social group: circle, clique, coterie, crowd, set². Informal bunch. See group.
3. A group of people organized for a particular purpose: body, corps, crew, detachment, force, team, unit. See group.

phrasal verb - gang up

To assemble or join in a group: band², combine, league, unite. See collect/distribute.

In addition to the idiom beginning with gang, also see like gangbusters.

Definition

Youth gangs are variously defined in the social science and criminal justice literature. They are commonly understood to be a loosely-organized association of socially excluded, alienated, or bigoted individuals acting together within a fluid structure with informal leadership. Youth gangs are bound by a common ethnicity, race, social class, or other determinant and employ distinctive symbols, including style and color of dress, hand signs, tattoos, and graffiti. Loyal gang members follow a gang-defined system of rules, rituals, and codes of behavior. Gangs serve some individuals as a substitute family structure. Membership imparts a sense of empowerment as members act together to defend territory and provide mutual protection. Youth gangs typically engage in delinquent, criminal, and violent activities, often for financial gain.

Description

Gangs have been a part of U.S. culture since the early 19th century. Immigrant youth organized themselves into street gangs, often as a means of economic survival. Social scientists have been studying and reporting on gang membership and attributes since early in the 20th century. Gangs have been seen as a normal adolescent peer activity that occurs "within a continuum of behaviors, from conventional to wild," as suggested by the classic 1927 research of Frederic Thrasher, a social scientist who studied 1,313 Chicago gangs. A more recent view by the U.S. Department of Justice in 1998 holds that "a group must be involved in a pattern of criminal acts to be considered a youth gang." This criterion is also used by the Federal Bureau of Investigation who contend that it is "participation in criminal activity" that separates a community group or social club from a gang.

Gangs are more prevalent in neighborhoods where the community network is weak, with few ties among individual residents or between residents and conventional community institutions. Among adolescent males, the best predictor of gang membership is the absence of a positive male role model. Most girls who participate in gang activity have run away from home at least once due to family problems including the drug addiction and/or arrest of a parent.

Gang violence has reached a crisis level in the United States. A 1998 study revealed that gang members possess significantly more guns than other at-risk youth. The ready availability of such deadly weapons has led to an increase in violence such as drive-by shootings and a loss of life among gang members and others caught in the crossfire. Research reported in 1991 found that gang access to firearms "led to lethal violence in circumstances that might otherwise have been settled with less-than lethal means." Gang culture increasingly involves its youth membership in the use of weapons, drugs, and criminal activity.

Risk Factors

According to Lonnie Jackson, author of the book Gangbusters: Strategies for Prevention and Intervention, many factors contribute to the likelihood of youth gang involvement. Some of the factors he cites include:

• frequent exposure to crime and violence during formative years
• few positive role models, particularly of their own ethnicity
• unstable family life, with little parental control
• lack of economic opportunities conducive to lawful self-sufficiency
• inadequate constructive social and recreational activities for youths
• hopelessness engendered by minimal employment opportunity
• inadequate skills, education, or employment qualifications
• lure of power and money, particularly through the drug trade
• cultural environment that highly values immediate gratification
• unmet needs for safety, a sense of belonging, and secure emotional relationships
• low self-esteem and feelings of insignificance and powerlessness

Demographics

"Gang activity is notably prevalent in the biggest cities (over 100,000 population) in the United States," according to research reported by the National Youth Gang Center. Between 1996 and 2001, more than 90 percent of the largest U.S. cities reported gang activity. However, between 1998 and 1999, the research shows an increase in gang membership by 27 percent in suburban areas and by 29 percent in rural areas. Gang membership is no longer limited to ethnic minorities in America's inner cities, but is found in all ethnic groups, economic classes, and in rural, urban, and suburban settings.

Researchers studying gang life focused first on the behavior of male gangs. Later research, however, has revealed a growing number of girl gangs, with estimates as high as 10 percent of all youth gangs. However, the incidence of female gangs may be much higher than reports indicate. Female gang activity is less violent than that of their male counterparts and is underreported by law enforcement agencies.

Gang membership remains predominantly the province of male adolescents and young adults from 12 to 24 years of age. When young women become involved in gangs, it is usually through relationships with boyfriends or brothers, according to research by A. Campbell reviewed in the Journal of Criminal Justice. Girl gang members experience more long-term, harmful effects from gang membership than their male counterparts, and some research finds that "gang membership itself opened up young women to additional victimization risk."

The proportion of gang members of particular race or ethnicity reflects the demographics of the community where they live. "Nearly half (49 percent) of all gang members are Hispanic/Latino, 34 percent are African American/black, 10 percent are Caucasian/white, 6 percent are Asian, and the remainder are of some other race/ethnicity," according to respondents to the 2001 National Youth Gang Survey. The Survey estimated that "youth gangs were active in over 2,300 cities with populations over 2,500 in 2002."

Causes

Research studies throughout the 1980s and 1990s, during a period of growing gang involvement among North American youth, cite complex social problems as the root cause of the persistence and proliferation of youth gangs. Dysfunctional families, often with an absent father, low socio-economic circumstances, poor educational opportunities, unemployment, indigence, deteriorated neighborhoods with high crime rates, racism, and limited opportunities for bringing about a change in circumstances, are among the serious factors that put youth at high risk for gang involvement.

Though there is no conclusive evidence, many critics of popular media cite youth exposure to violent films and song lyrics, particularly rap music, as a negative influence glamorizing gang life and encouraging at-risk youth to join gangs or to participate in gang-related crime as a means of gaining a sense of belonging and empowerment.

When to Intervene

Early intervention is the most effective means of diverting at-risk youth into pro-social activities and associations before they seek affiliation with youth gangs. Children as young as eight years old are attracted by the lure of gang membership. Parents, teachers, and concerned others should seek the help of culturally-sensitive and well-trained counselors who can intervene with information and alternatives that address unmet needs for safety, and provide a feeling of belonging, and a sense of power and purpose.

Indicators

Concerned and attentive parents and school counselors should be on the alert for indications of possible gang membership in at-risk youth. Some indicators are poor academic achievement and frequent truancy, anti-social and delinquent behaviors, adoption of gang dress in style and color, appearance of tattoos, use of hand signals, and other gang-related signs, preference for music with gang themes, and the presence of gang activity in the community.

Treatment

Effective treatment must be culturally sensitive, diverse, and experienced as relevant to the lives of the gang-involved youth. Treatment plans must address the myriad and serious underlying personal and social problems that lead to gang involvement. Young people need information about alternatives to street gangs that can realistically meet their needs in pro-social ways. Treatment for drug addiction, sexual abuse, and other physical and emotional traumas are a prerequisite to providing lasting help. Mental health treatment must address delayed stress issues from repeated exposure to trauma, violence, and economic hardship. Education and training in skills of nonviolent conflict resolution are also important components of a successful treatment plan. Counselors must be skilled, knowledgeable, and trustworthy and able to help the gang-involved youth to examine choices in ways that encourage clear thinking and provide a broader view of potential and possibilities outside gang life.

Prognosis

Early intervention with at-risk youth to relieve some of the personal and environmental stressors that lead to gang involvement has the best prognosis. Youth who have already joined a gang usually also have well-developed manipulative skills. They exhibit a fierce loyalty to other gang members and are highly resistant to change, even after arrest and detention for gang-related crimes.

Prevention

Community intervention at the grassroots, neighborhood level, can be an effective first step in a multifaceted approach to prevention of gang involvement. Eliminating underlying social problems that lead to development of youth gangs and strengthening community ties can reduce the influence of gangs and deter gang crime that thrives when neighborhoods fail to work together. Parental involvement with teachers can head off many problems of truancy, and community education on gang culture will help parents and teachers to identify early signs of gang involvement. Strong after-school programs that assist working parents meet children's needs for supervision and provide structured, pro-social activities to young children may reduce attraction to gang-related activities. Former gang members who are willing to speak about the negative side of gang life, and adults who are willing to serve as mentors and tutors can provide critical positive role models for at-risk youth, an indispensable component to a successful prevention strategy. Job skills training and meaningful employment opportunities will divert many youth from the path to gang membership.

Parental Concerns

The prevalence of youth gangs throughout the United States, and the increase in violence associated with gang membership are serious issues of concern for any parent. Delinquent and antisocial behaviors in young children, particularly those who live in environments where poverty, unemployment, and drug addiction are common, are early danger signs. Seeking help from concerned and qualified school counselors, church, and community leaders can alleviate many parental concerns and provide opportunity for early intervention.

Resources

Books

Branch, Curtis W. Clinical Interventions with Gang Adolescents and Their Families. Boulder: Westview Press., 1997.

Jackson, Lonnie Gangbusters: Strategies for Prevention and Intervention. Lanham, Maryland: American Correctional Association, 1998.

Wolff, Lisa Gangs. San Diego: Lucent Books, Inc., 2000.

Periodicals

Decker, Scott H. and G. David Curry. "Gangs, gang homicides, and gang loyalty: Organized crimes or disorganized criminals." Journal of Criminal Justice 30, no. 4 (July–August 2002): 343-352. Science Direct.

St. Cyr, Jenna L. and Scott H. Decker. "Girls, guys, and gangs: Convergence or divergence in the gendered construction of gangs and groups." Journal of Criminal Justice 31, no. 5 (September–October 2003): 423-433. Science Direct.

Wang, Alvin Y. "Pride and prejudice in high school gang members." Adolescence 29 no. 114 (Summer 1994): 279. EBSCO.

Organizations

Institute for Intergovernmental Research. National Youth Gang Center. Post Office Box 12729, Tallahassee, FL 32317; Phone:(850) 385-0600. www.iir.com/nygc/maininfo.htm

Web Sites

"Chicago officials innovative in battling street gang life." Los Angeles Daily News. Belleville News-Democrat and wire service sources. [cited October 11, 2004]. www.belleville.com.

"Frequently Asked Questions Regarding Gangs." National Youth Gang Center. Institute for Intergovernmental Research. [Cited October 11, 2004]. www.iir.com/nygc/faq.htm.

"Gangs Fact Sheet." National Youth Violence Prevention Resource Center. [cited October 11, 2004] www.safeyouth.org/scripts/facts/gangs.asp.

Hagedorn, John. "Discussion of Gang Definitions." Crime & Justice: A Review of Research.24. (1998): 366-368. [cited September 27, 2004]. .

[Article by: Clare Hanrahan]

This article is about groups of individuals who share a common identity. For other uses, see Gang (disambiguation).

Founded	1800s
Years active	1850 - present
Ethnicity	Central American, African American, Eastern European, Middle Eastern, Asian, Caucasian, and Native American
Membership	800,000 in the US (estimated)
Criminal activities	Drug smuggling and sales, arms trafficking, auto theft, Bank robbery, carjacking, home invasion, Human trafficking, assault, aggravated assault, assault on law enforcement officials, drive-by shootings, contract killing, extortion, illegal immigration, Kidnapping, murder, money laundering, people smuggling, Prostitution

Photograph of a young boy with a teardrop tattoo below his left eye.

A gang is a group of people who, through the organization, formation, and establishment of an assemblage, share a common identity. In current usage it typically denotes a criminal organization or else a criminal affiliation. In early usage, the word gang referred to a group of workmen. In the United Kingdom the word is still often used in this sense, but it later underwent pejoration. The word gang often carries a negative connotation; however, within a gang which defines itself in opposition to mainstream norms, members may adopt the phrase as a statement of identity or defiance. Reports of gang-related homicides are concentrated mostly in the largest cities in the United States, where there are long-standing and persistent gang problems and a greater number of documented gang members—most of whom are identified by law enforcement.

The United States Department of Justice estimates there are approximately 30,000 gangs, with 800,000 members, impacting 2,500 communities across the United States.^[1]

Gang is from the past participle of Old English gan "to go". It is cognate with Old Norse gangr "a group of men", and it is in this sense that the word is used today, rather than the older meaning.^[2]

Contents 1 Gangster 2 Historic criminal gangs 3 Gang signs 4 Gang population 5 Gang identification 6 Gang violence 7 Types 8 Typical activities 9 Notable criminal gangs 10 Gangs in prison 11 Gangs in the military 12 Known gang members 13 See also 14 Further reading 15 References 16 External links

Gangster

Main article: Gangster

The term gangster (or mobster) refers to a criminal who is a member of a crime organization, such as a gang. The terms are widely used in reference to members of gangs associated with American prohibition and the American offshoot of the Mafia, such as the Chicago Outfit or the Five Families. The related word "mobster" is a term derived from Latin and Aramaic.^[3]

Historic criminal gangs

Bonnie and Clyde were notorious bank robbers who, with their gang, traveled the Central United States during the Great Depression.

A wide variety of historic gangs, such as the The Order of Assassins, Adam the Leper's gang, Indian Thugs, Chinese Triads, Snakehead, Japanese Yakuza, Irish mafia, American Old West outlaw gangs, Russian mafia and Italian Mafia crime families have existed for centuries. For example during the 1200s the members belonging to Sardinian Camorra, best known as Gamurra, consisting of mercenaries, before going to Naples worked in Cagliari town as private policemen and bodyguards.

Many poor children and orphans in London survived by joining pickpocketing gangs controlled by adult criminals. At the beginning of the 19th century, child criminals in Britain were punished in the same way as adults. They were sent to adult prisons, transported to the various Australian penal colonies, whipped or even sentenced to death for petty theft.^[4][5][6]

In 1850 (around the same time Los Angeles was incorporated), New York City recorded more than 200 gang wars fought largely by youth gangs.^[7] All the major cities of Victorian England in the late 19th century had gangs.^[8][9] Chicago had over 1,000 gangs in the 1920s.^[10] These early gangs were known for many criminal activities, but in most countries could not profit from drug trafficking prior to drugs being made illegal by laws such as the 1912 International Opium Convention and the 1919 Volstead Act. Gang involvement in drug trafficking increased during the 1970s and 1980s, but some gangs continue to have minimal involvement in the trade.^[11]

Gang signs

Main article: Gang signal

The Gang symbol of the Bloods, as the sign reads the word "blood"

Gangs often establish distinctive, characteristic identifiers including graffiti tags^[12] colors, hand-signals, clothing, jewelry, hair styles, fingernails, slogans^[13], signs such as the swastika, the noose, the cross, five-pointed and six-pointed stars, crowns and tridents ^[14], flags^[15] for example the Confederate flag, secret greetings, slurs, or code words and other group-specific symbols associated with the gang's common beliefs, rituals, and mythologies to define and differentiate themselves from rival groups and gangs.^[16] As an alternative language, hand-signals, symbols, and slurs in speech, graffiti, print, music, or other mediums communicate specific informational cues used to threaten, disparage, taunt, harass, intimidate, alarm, influence^[17], or exact specific responses including obedience, submission, fear, or terror. One study focused on terrorism and symbols states: "... Symbolism is important because it plays a part in impelling the terrorist to act and then in defining the targets of their actions."^[18] Displaying a gang sign, such as the noose, as a symbolic act can be construed as "... a threat to commit violence communicated with the intent to terrorize another, to cause evacuation of a building, or to cause serious public inconvenience, in reckless disregard of the risk of causing such terror or inconvenience...an offense against property or involving danger to another person that may include but is not limited to recklessly endangering another person, harassment, stalking, ethnic intimidation, and criminal mischief."^[19]

Gang population

Mara Salvatrucha suspect bearing gang tattoos is handcuffed. In 2004, the FBI created the MS-13 National Gang Task Force to combat gang activity in the United States. A year later, the FBI helped create National Gang Intelligence Center.

Los Angeles is the Gang capital of America with an estimated 120,000 gang members.^[20] There were at least 30,000 gangs and 800,000 gang members active across the USA in 2007.^[21][22] About 900,000 gang members lived "within local communities across the country," and about 147,000 were in U.S. prisons or jails in 2009.^[23] By 1999, Hispanics accounted for 47% of all gang members, Blacks 31%, Whites 13%, and Asians 6%.^[24]

There are between 25,000 and 50,000 gang members in Central America’s El Salvador.^[25] The Mexican drug cartels have as many as 100,000 foot soldiers.^[26] The Yakuza are among one the largest organized crime organizations in the world. In Japan, as of 2005, there are some 86,300 known members.^[27] Hong Kong's Triads include up to 160,000 members in the 21 century.^[28] It was estimated that in the 1950s, there were 300,000 Triad members in Hong Kong.^[29] The Chinese government claims that police have eliminated 1,221 triad-style gangs across China since a crackdown was launched in 2006. More than 87,300 suspects have been arrested.^[30] The FBI estimates the size of the four Italian organized crime groups to be approximately 25,000 members and 250,000 affiliates worldwide.^[31]

Gang identification

Most gang members have identifying characteristics unique to their specific clique or gang affiliation. ^[32] The Bloods for instance wear red bandanas and the Crips blue, ^[33] allowing the two sides to "represent" their alliances. Any disrespect of a gang member's color by an unaffiliated individual is grounds for a violent retaliation, often by multiple members of that gang. Tattoos are also common identifiers. ^[34] For instance, a "18" above the eyebrow is a common 18th Street (gang) ^[35] member tattoo. Tattoos help a gang member gain respect and help add the essence of dedication for life. They cannot only be inked on, but burned as well. The Sureno for instance wear blue bandanas and identifier they have tattoos ^[36] like "13" and Xlll,x3,southside. The nortenos for instance wear red bandanas and identifier they have tattoos like "14" and xiv,x4,northside.

Gang violence

Further information: Violence

Gang violence refers to mostly those illegal and non-political acts of violence perpetrated by gangs against innocent people, property, or other gangs. ^[37] Throughout history, such acts have been committed by gangs at all levels of organization. ^[38] Nearly every major city was ravaged by gang violence at some point in its history. ^[39] Modern gangs introduced new acts of violence, which may also function as a rite of passage for new gang members. ^[40]

Types

Many types of gangs make up the general structure of an organized group. ^[41] There are street gangs, which are people with similar backgrounds and motivations. ^[42] These usually involve criminal activity. Prison gangs are groups in a prison or correctional institution ^[43] for mutual protection and advancement.

Typical activities

Gangs are involved in all areas of street-crime activities like extortion, drug trafficking, and murder, ^[44] both in and outside the prison system, victimize businesses through extortion or theft activities like hijacking, stealing goods. ^[45] Gangs also victimize individuals by car theft, bank robbery, burglary, Jewelry theft, Kidnapping. ^[46]

Street gangs' take over territory or "turf" in a particular city and are often involved in "providing protection", ^[47] often a thin cover for extortion, as the "protection" is usually from the gang itself, or in other criminal activity. Most members retain their gang affiliations when sent to prison (see prison gang). Many gangs use fronts to demonstrate influence and gain revenue in a particular area. ^[48]

Notable criminal gangs

A Mara Salvatrucha gang member with a tattoo showing his gang membership

Perhaps the best known criminal gangs are the Italian Cosa Nostra, most commonly known as the Mafia. The Neopolitan Camorra, the Calabrian 'Ndrangheta, Abruzzian Rancitelli (mafia), the Sardinian kidnappers or Anonima Sarda and the Apulian Sacra Corona Unita are similar Italian organized gangs. Other criminal gangs include the Russian Mafia, the Serbian mafia, the Israeli Mafia, the Albanian Mafia, Mexican and Colombian Drug Cartels, the Indian Mafia, the Chinese Triads, Irish Mob, the Japanese Yakuza, the Jamaican-British Yardies, the Turkish Mafia and other crime syndicates. On a lower level in the criminal gang food chain are many street gangs, such as the Sureños, Nortenos, Latin Kings, MS-13, Gangster Disciples, Vice Lords, Bloods and Crips. Criminal gangs may function both inside and outside of prison, such as the Mexican Mafia, Folk Nation, and the Brazilian PCC. Biker gangs such as the Hells Angels are also involved in organized crime.

Gangs in prison

The main entrance to the Utah State Prison.

Main article: Prison gang

For more, see Prison.

Many prison gangs require members to have gang tattoos to recognize other member of the organization. Most prison gangs follow the policy of "blood in - blood out." It generally means that to get into a prison gang, one has to spill someone else's blood. Most often this requires a murder.

It should be noted that prison gangs often have several "affiliates" or "chapters" in different state prison systems that branch out due to the movement or transfer of their members.

Most correctional facilities have policies prohibiting the formation of prison gangs. However, many prison gangs continue to operate with impunity. Many members are serving life imprisonment (a few are on death row) for various crimes, thus they have no incentive to leave a gang or to integrate with the general prison population.

Gangs in the military

“

Gang members in uniform use their military knowledge, skills and weapons to commit and facilitate various crimes.

”

The FBI’s 2007 report on gang membership in the military states that the military's recruit screening process is ineffective, allows gang members/extremists to enter the military, and lists at least eight instances in the last three years in which gang members have obtained military weapons for their illegal enterprises.^[49] "Gang Activity in the U.S. Armed Forces Increasing", dated January 12, 2007, states that street gangs including the Bloods, Crips, Black Disciples, Gangster Disciples, Hells Angels, Latin Kings, The 18th Street Gang, Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13), Mexican Mafia, Nortenos, Surenos, and Vice Lords have been documented on military installations both domestic and international although recruiting gang members violates military regulations.^[50]

A January, 2007 article in the Chicago Sun-Times reports that gang members in the military are involved in the theft and sale of military weapons, ammunition, and equipment, including body armor. According to a conversation recorded by an undercover FBI agent, one U.S. soldier may have stolen military body armor with intentions to supply Chicago gangs with the stolen equipment.^[51] The Sun-Times began investigating the gang activity in the military after receiving photos of gang graffiti showing up in Iraq. A 2006 Sun-Times article reports that gangs encourage members to enter the military to learn urban warfare techniques to teach other gang members.^[52]

In 2006, Scott Barfield, a Defense Department investigator, said there is an online network of gangs and extremists, and that: "They're communicating with each other about weapons, about recruiting, about keeping their identities secret, about organizing within the military."^[53]

Known gang members

Denho Acar Salvador Agron Sonny Barger Moazzam Begg Maurice Boucher Harry Joseph Bowman Rodolfo Cadena Ruben Cavazos Chen Chi-li Ion Croitoru Nicky Cruz James Dalton Rayful Edmond

Mark Guardado Shauntay Henderson Allan Heyl George Jackson (Black Panther) Jan Krogh Jensen Michael Ljunggren Kenneth McGriff O. G. Mack Ramadan Abdel Rehim Mansour Howard Mason Greg Mathis

Benjamin Melendez Thomas Möller Erismar Rodrigues Moreira Lorenzo Nichols Jørn Nielsen José Padilla (prisoner) Hugo Pinell Emigdio Preciado, Jr. Edwin Ramos Luis J. Rodriguez Robert Sandifer Sanyika Shakur Slobbery Jim

Sanyika Shakur Slobbery Jim Michael Thompson (Aryan Brotherhood) Jim Tinndahn Alex Vella Raymond Washington Stanley Williams Yang Fuqing Raymon Youmaran

See also

Gangs portal

List of gangs in the United States List of gangs in Mexico American Mafia Contract killing Criminal tattoos Gang colors Organized crime in Italy Drug cartels Hitman Irish mafia Gangs in Australia Gangs in Canada Gangs in the United Kingdom Gangs in New Zealand Crips Bloods Jamaican Posse

Irish Mob Outlaw motorcycle gang Raskol gangs Russian Mafia Prison gang Gang des Tractions Avant Gang signal Mexican Mafia Organized crime Triad (underground societies) Yakuza trinitario ñetas latin kings Highwayman Outlaw Sureno

Further reading

• Frederick Thrasher, The Gang: A Study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1927 ASIN: B000IZWOBA
• Varrio Warfare: Violence in the Latino Community, Gabriel C. Morales, 1998 ASIN: B0018HRNHM
• Roberson, Cliff. "Exploring Juvenile Justice", California: Wadsworth/Thompson Learning, 2000 ISBN 978-1928916093
• Daniels, Peggy. ed. "Gangs", Michigan: The Gale Group, 2008

References

1. ^ "11 Facts about Gangs". source. http://www.dosomething.org/tipsandtools/11-facts-about-gangs. Retrieved in 2009. 
2. ^ Douglas Harper. "gang". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=gang&searchmode=none. 
3. ^ "word "mobster"". source. http://www.docstoc.com/docs/6400497/Gangs. Retrieved 2009. 
4. ^ Artful Dodgers: Youth and Crime in Early Nineteenth Century London. Heather Shore. Boydell Press, London, 1999, pp. 193; ISBN 0861932420
5. ^ London's children in the 19th century. Museum of London.
6. ^ National Affairs: CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: A FADING PRACTICE. Time. March 21, 1960.
7. ^ 19th century AD. Adolescence , Summer, 1995 by Ruskin Teeter.
8. ^ Angels with Manky Faces at Liverpool Unity Theatre. Liverpool.com.
9. ^ The first hoodies: Warring yobs and utterly powerless police. No, not 2009, but a Victorian England terrorised by teenage gangs. Mail Online. January 17, 2009.
10. ^ Gang (crime). Encyclopædia Britannica.
11. ^ "The Growth of Youth Gang Problems in the United States: 1970-98". 2001. http://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/ojjdprpt_yth_gng_prob_2001/chap7.html#c. 
12. ^ Author: Ferrell, J., Title: "Crimes of style: Urban graffiti and the politics of criminality", Publisher: New York: Garland. (235pp),Year: 1993[1]
13. ^ "Gang Identifiers and Terminology", Cantrell, Mary Lynn, Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Problems, v1 n1 p13-14 Spr 1992 [2]
14. ^ "Noose: ‘Shameful' sign makes ominous return", by Darryl Fears, Washington Post, Published: October 21, 2007 6:00 a.m.[3]
15. ^ "Symbols and the world system: National anthems and flags", KA Cerulo - Sociological Forum, 1993 - Springer [4]
16. ^ "The Seven-Stage Hate Model", United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation [5]
17. ^ RICO
18. ^ "Symbolism and Sacrifice in Terrorism", Authors: J. Dingley; M. Kirk-Smith, Source: Small Wars & Insurgencies, Volume 13, Number 1, Spring 2002 , pp. 102-128(27, Publisher: Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group [6]
19. ^ Terroristic Threat Law & Legal Definition
20. ^ Gang mayhem grips LA, The Observer, March 18, 2007
21. ^ COPS Office: Gangs
22. ^ L.A. Gangs: Nine Miles and Spreading. Laweekly.com. December 13, 2007.
23. ^ Report: Gang membership on the rise across U.S., by Kevin Johnson, USA Today, January 30, 2009
24. ^ Into the Abyss: The Racial and Ethnic Composition of Gangs
25. ^ El Salvador's teenage beauty queens live and die by gang law, The Observer, November 10, 2002
26. ^ 100,000 foot soldiers in Mexican cartels, Washington Times, March 3, 2009.
27. ^ Criminal Investigation: Fight Against Organized Crime (1), Overview of Japanese Police, National Police Agency (June 2007).
28. ^ Asian Triads
29. ^ Hong Kong's T-Shirt Contest. TIME. November 28, 2007.
30. ^ Police chief and businessmen arrested in triad crackdown. Times Online. August 14, 2009.
31. ^ Italian Organized Crime—Overview. FBI.gov.
32. ^ "Gang Awareness". Everett Police Department. http://www.everettpolicema.com/gang_awareness.htm. Retrieved 2009. 
33. ^ "Gang description". Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/gang. Retrieved 2009. 
34. ^ "Gang Identifiers". Winston-Salem Police Department web site. http://www.cityofws.org/Home/Nlnn/GangAwareness/Articles/GangIdentifiers. Retrieved 2009. 
35. ^ "About 18th Street Gang". ~*Know Ur Gangs*~. http://kieroshaea666.tripod.com/id4.html. Retrieved 2009. 
36. ^ "Graffiti and Other Gang Identifiers". © 2002 Michael K. Carlie. http://faculty.missouristate.edu/M/MichaelCarlie/what_I_learned_about/GANGS/graffiti_and_other_identifiers.htm. Retrieved 2009. 
37. ^ "ICE and Local Law Enforcement Target Immigrant Gangs". source. http://www.cis.org/ImmigrantGangs. Retrieved 2009. 
38. ^ "[http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/Youth%20Gangs%20%20%20Members,%20Activities%20and%20Measures%20to%20Decrease%20Violence.pdf U.S. Gangs: Their Changing History]". data. http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/Youth%20Gangs%20%20%20Members,%20Activities%20and%20Measures%20to%20Decrease%20Violence.pdf. Retrieved 2009. 
39. ^ "Gang Terror in our streets". http://lang.dailynews.com/socal/gangs/articles/ivdbp2_pomona.asp. 
40. ^ "VIOLENCE AND STREET GANGS". http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093426. Retrieved 2009. 
41. ^ "Street Gang Dynamics". The Nawojczyk Group, Inc.. http://www.gangwar.com/dynamics.htm. Retrieved 2009. 
42. ^ "general structure". source. http://www.d155.org/clc/faculty/faculty_pages/smalley/documents/GANGS.pdf. Retrieved 2009. 
43. ^ "Societal and Correctional Context of Prison Gangs". source. http://www.prisoncommission.org/statements/fleisher_mark_s.pdf. Retrieved 2009. 
44. ^ "Gang activities". CrimeUSA. http://www.crimeusa.com/prison_gangs.html. Retrieved 2009. 
45. ^ "Gang activities". CrimeUSA. http://www.crimeusa.com/prison_gangs.html. Retrieved 2009. 
46. ^ "Organized_crime". source. http://www.docstoc.com/docs/6452688/Organized_crime. Retrieved 2009. 
47. ^ "Gang territory or "turf"". source. http://www.streetgangtips.com/index.php/3. Retrieved 2009. 
48. ^ "Gang influence and gain revenue". source. http://www.trincoll.edu/~anselmi/ChildDevelopment/solutions/2006%20Fall%20-%20Gang%20Involvement.pdf. Retrieved 2009. 
49. ^ Stars and Stripes - Army defends recruit screening process
50. ^ Intelligence Assesment - Gang-Related Activity in the US Armed Forces Increasing
51. ^ [7]
52. ^ CBS2Chicago - Chicago Gang Graffiti Showing Up In Iraq
53. ^ New York Times - Hate Groups Are Infiltrating the Military, Group Asserts

^ http://www.insideprison.com/prison_gang_profile_TRINITARIOS.asp ^ http://gangrelated.net/resources/articles-mainmenu-92/124-trinitarios-overview-an-emerging-threat-on-the-east-coast.html ^ http://www.nypost.com/seven/01142008/news/regionalnews/schools_gang_scourge_128917.htm

External links

• About gangs
• http://forcesgangstoriots.googlepages.com/home
• Gangresearch.net/Archives/hagedorn/gangcomref.html A bibliography on the sociological study of Gangs]
• A 1923-26 map of Chicago gangs made by Fredric Thrasher
• Jeanne Weiler, The Sociology of Female Gangs
• A list of the names of the Gangs of London
• Robert Snyder, Gangs: the Family in Turmoil
• Ben Leapman, London's criminal families replaced by ethnic gangs, The Telegraph, 22 April 2006
• Gang Profiles - Gang Prevention Services
• John Hancock, Combating Gang Activity in Prison, Gangs Across America

This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)

Dansk (Danish)
1.
n. - arbejdshold, sjak, kolonne, bande
v. intr. - slutte sig sammen, angribe i flok
v. tr. - rotte sig sammen

idioms:

• gang up    angribe i flok

2.
v. intr. - gå i slæng

3.
n. - gangmasse, metalmoder

Nederlands (Dutch)
bende, vriendenkring, meute, ploeg (arbeiders), samenstel (gereedschap)

Français (French)
1.
n. - bande (péj), équipe, (Tech) jeu
v. intr. - former un gang, se grouper, s'allier
v. tr. - former un gang, se grouper, s'allier

idioms:

• gang up    former un gang, se liguer, s'allier

2.
v. intr. - aller, avancer, circuler

idioms:

• gang agley    s'en aller à vau-l'eau, mal tourner (un projet), marcher de travers

3.
n. - (Minér) gangue

Deutsch (German)
1.
n. - Bande, Haufen, Kolonne
v. - zusammenstellen, zu einer Gruppe zusammenschließen, eine Bande bilden

idioms:

• gang up    sich zusammentun

2.
v. - gehen, weitergehen

idioms:

• gang agley    scheitern

3.
n. - Gangmineralmasse, Gangmineralgestein

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - παρέα, συντροφιά, σπείρα, συμμορία, συνεργείο (εργατών), (ναυτ.) πλήρωμα (κν. τσούρμο)
v. - σχηματίζω ομάδα ή σπείρα, συσπειρώνομαι

idioms:

• gang up    συνασπίζομαι

Italiano (Italian)
banda

idioms:

• gang up    formare una combriccola, riunirsi

Português (Portuguese)
n. - grupo (m) de pessoas, quadrilha (f), jogo (m) de ferramentas, gangue (f)
v. - agrupar-se

idioms:

• gang up    atacar em bando, agir em conjunto como um grupo

Русский (Russian)
шайка, партия заключенных, компания, рабочая бригада, комплект инструментов, комплектовать инструменты

idioms:

• gang up    ополчаться, сговариваться, собирать шайку

Español (Spanish)
1.
n. - círculo de amigos, banda, cuadrilla
v. intr. - actuar en banda, unirse, confabularse
v. tr. - acomodar en grupos, atacar en banda

idioms:

• gang up    unirse, confabularse, conspirar

2.
v. intr. - hacer, proceder, seguir un curso

idioms:

• gang agley    proceder mal

3.
n. - roca sin valor en la que se encuentran vetas de metales

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - (arbets)lag, gäng, uppsättning (verktyg)
v. - slå sig ihop, gå (skotsk.)

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
1. 一帮, 一群, 恶少帮, 阿飞党, 游伴, 一队人, 一伙人, 一组人, 成群结队, 结伙, 使结成一伙, 使成套排列, 合伙袭击

idioms:

• gang up    集合起来

2. 一帮, 一群, 恶少帮, 阿飞党, 游伴, 一队人, 一伙人, 一组人

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
1.
n. - 一幫, 一群, 惡少幫, 阿飛党, 遊伴, 一隊人, 一伙人, 一組人

2.
n. - 一幫, 一群, 惡少幫, 阿飛党, 遊伴, 一隊人, 一夥人, 一組人
v. intr. - 成群結隊, 結夥
v. tr. - 使結成一夥, 使成套排列, 合夥襲擊

idioms:

• gang up    集合起來

한국어 (Korean)
1.
n. - 떼, 폭력단
v. intr. - 떼를 이루다
v. tr. - 무리로 편성하다

idioms:

• gang up    단체로 행동하다

2.
v. intr. - 가다

3.
n. - 맥석

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 一団, 一味, 遊び仲間, 非行グループ, ギャング
v. - 団結する, 集団で襲う, 一団になる

idioms:

• gang up    徒党を組んでする

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) عصابه, جماعه (فعل) يهاجم‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮כנופיה, חבורה, קבוצה‬
v. intr. - ‮התלכדו לחבורה, פעלו כחבורה‬
v. tr. - ‮ערך (כלים וכו') לעבודה בתיאום‬
v. intr. - ‮הלך, נמשך‬
n. - ‮סלע חסר-ערך בו נמצאו מחצבים‬

If you are unable to view some languages clearly, click here.

To select your translation preferences click here.