Garamond

Category	Serif
Classification	Old-style
Designer(s)	Claude Garamond Jean Jannon
Shown here	Adobe Garamond Pro

Garamond is the name given to a group of old-style serif typefaces named for the punch-cutter Claude Garamond (c. 1480 – 1561). Most of the Garamond faces are more closely related to the work of a later punch-cutter, Jean Jannon. A direct relationship between Garamond’s letterforms and contemporary type can be found in the Roman versions of the typefaces Adobe Garamond, Granjon, Sabon, and Stempel Garamond.

Garamond’s letterforms convey a sense of fluidity and consistency. Some unique characteristics in his letters are the small bowl of the a and the small eye of the e. Long extenders and top serifs have a downward slope.

Garamond is considered to be among the most legible and readable serif typefaces for use in print (offline) applications.^[1]

History

Claude Garamond's roman text face.

Claude Garamond came to prominence in the 1540s, first for a Greek typeface he was commissioned to create for the French king Francis I, to be used in a series of books by Robert Estienne. The French court later adopted Garamond's Roman types for their printing and the typeface influenced type across France and Western Europe. Garamond probably had seen Venetian old-style types from the printing shops of Aldus Manutius. Garamond based much of his lowercase on the handwriting of Angelo Vergecio, librarian to Francis I. The italics of most contemporary versions are based on the italics of Garamond’s assistant Robert Granjon.

Original type

When Claude Garamond died, in 1561, his punches and matrices were sold to Christopher Plantin, in Antwerp, which enabled the Garamond fonts to be used on many printers. This version became popular in Europe.

The only complete set of the original Garamond dies and matrices is at the Plantin-Moretus Museum, in Antwerp, Belgium.

Jean Jannon misattribution

In 1621, sixty years after Garamond’s death, the French printer Jean Jannon issued a specimen of typefaces that had some characteristics similar to the Garamond designs, though his letters were more asymmetrical and irregular in slope and axis. After the French government raided Jannon's printing office, Cardinal Richelieu named Jannon's type Caractère de l'Université,^[2] and it became the house style of Royal Printing Office.

In 1825, the French National Printing Office adapted the type used by Royal Printing Office in the past, and claimed the type as the work of Claude Garamond.

In 1919, Thomas Maitland Cleland and Morris Fuller Benton produced the first 20th-century commercial Garamond, based on the Jannon's design, called Garamond #3.

Revivals

Revivals of the Garamond type came as early as 1900, when a typeface based on the work of Jean Jannon was introduced at the Paris World’s Fair as "Original Garamond", whereafter many type foundries began to cast similar types, beginning a wave of revivals that continued throughout the 20th Century.^[3] These revivals followed the designs from Claude Garamond and Jean Jannon. The designs of italic fonts mainly came from a version produced by Robert Granjon. In a 1926 article in The Fleuron, Beatrice Warde revealed that many of the revivals said to be based on Claude Garamond's designs were actually designed by Jean Jannon; but the Garamond name had stuck.

Various examples of Garamond

Digital versions include Adobe Garamond and Garamond Premier (both designed by Robert Slimbach), Monotype Garamond, Simoncini Garamond, and Stempel Garamond. The typefaces Granjon and Sabon (designed by Jan Tschichold) are also classified as Garamond revivals.

A version called ITC Garamond, designed by Tony Stan (1917–1988) was released in 1977. The design of ITC Garamond, more than any other digital versions, takes great liberty with Garamond's original design by following a formulary associated with the International Typeface Corporation (ITC), including an increase in the x-height; a wide range of weights, from light to ultra bold; and a condensed width, also in weights from light to ultra bold.

Popular examples of Garamond types

• The large picture books of Dr. Seuss are set in a version of Garamond.
• nVidia uses it in their scientific PDF documents.^[4]
• All of the American editions of J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter books are set in twelve-point Adobe Garamond.^[5]

• A variation on the Garamond typeface was adopted by Apple in 1984 upon the release of the Macintosh. For branding and marketing the new Macintosh family of products, Apple's designers used the ITC Garamond Light and Book weights and digitally condensed them twenty percent. The result was not as compressed as ITC Garamond Light Condensed or ITC Garamond Book Condensed. Not being a multiple master font, stroke contrast in some characters was too light, and some of the interior counters appeared awkward. To address these problems, Apple commissioned ITC and Bitstream to develop a variant for their proprietary use that was similar in width and feeling, but addressed the digitally condensed version's shortcomings. Designers at Bitstream produced a unique digital variant, condensed approximately twenty percent, and worked with Apple to make the face more distinct. Following this, Chuck Rowe hinted the TrueTypes. The fonts delivered to Apple were known as Apple Garamond.^[6]

• One of the initial goals of the literary journal Timothy McSweeney's Quarterly Concern was to use only a single font: Garamond 3. The editor of the journal, Dave Eggers, has stated that it is his favourite font, "because it looked good in so many permutations—italics, small caps, all caps, tracked out, justified or not."^[7]

References

Sources

• Carter, Rob; Ben Day, Philip Meggs. Typographic Design: Form and Communication, Second Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold, Inc: 1993. ISBN 0-442-00759-0.
• Lawson, Alexander S. Anatomy of a Typeface. Godine: 1990. ISBN 978-0879233334.
• Loxley, Simon. The Secret History of Letters. I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd: 2004. ISBN 1850433976/978-1850433972.
• Updike, Daniel Berkeley. Printing Types Their History, Forms and Use. Dover Publications, Inc: 1937, 1980. ISBN 0-486-23929-2.

External links

• Just what makes a “Garamond” a Garamond?
• URW Fonts including GaramondNo8
• jGaramond: Free Garamond-based TrueType font (deprecated by the author)
• Garamond v Garamond | Physiology of a typeface
• Illuminating Letters #1: Garamond